用人工模拟降雨仪研究我国亚热带土壤的可蚀性

用人模拟降雨仪研究了我国亚热带７种有代表性土壤的可蚀性，结果表明土壤可蚀性因子Ｋ值以紫色土最高，第四纪红色粘土发育的土类最低，该文还用诺谟方法估算了土壤可蚀性因子Ｋ值，但其中大部分与人工模拟降雨仪测得的相差较大，因此，认为该地区极大多数土壤类型不能直接用诺谟图方法来估算土壤可蚀性因子Ｋ值。     

我国亚热带土壤可蚀性的对比研究

本文用人工模拟降雨法和田间实测法对比研究了我国亚热带七种代表性土壤的可蚀性,结果表明,两种方法测得的土壤可蚀性Ｋ值都以红砂岩土发育的（耕作）铝质湿润淋溶土和紫色砂页发育的紫色湿润雏形为最高,最低的是第四纪红色粘土发育的红色湿润新成土,本文还对每个供试土壤分别建立了这两种条件下求得Ｋ值间的定量关系,为今后利用人工模拟降雨试验开展各种研究提供了基础。     

土壤可蚀性因子的研究

该文采用人工模拟降雨试验方法，研究福建红壤区２６个土壤样品的可蚀性与土壤性质的关系，结果表明，土壤有机质，机械组成、渗透率和紧实度等是影响土壤可蚀性的重要因素，据此建立福建土壤可蚀性的数学模型，评价福建红壤区土壤可蚀性（Ｋ）值的变化范围在０．０３８～０．２８４。     

中国土壤可蚀性值及其估算

土壤可蚀性是评价土壤对侵蚀敏感程度的重要指标，也是进行土壤侵蚀预报的重要参数。本文运用野外观测资料，研究了我国不同水土流失区的土壤可蚀性值问题。根据实测资料，计算给出了一组土壤可蚀性实测值。并利用这组实测值。对我国土壤可蚀性估算问题进行了探讨。结果表明，国外现有的可蚀性估算模型不能直接应用于我国土壤的可蚀性计算，估算值明显大于实测值。但估算值与实测值之间存在有良好的线形关系。最后提出了我国不同地区及不同资料占有情况下的土壤可蚀性估算方法。本文研究结果可以直接用于我国土壤侵蚀预报中土壤可蚀性计算。     

土壤可蚀性特征及其K值图制作研究

在土壤普查结果与实地采样的基础上，应用EPIC模型计算出南安市不同土壤的K值，并研究了土壤的可蚀性特征及K值图的编制方法。研究表明：研究区土壤类型表层平均K值为0．184－0．371；不同土壤层次K值明显不同，表层抗蚀性较强：不同土地利用方式其土壤可蚀性不同，密林地抗蚀性强，裸地最弱；随着土壤侵蚀的加剧，土壤可蚀性K值有增加的趋势；土壤K值图制作对水土流失定量遥感监测有重要意义。     

用人工模拟降雨研究亚热带坡耕地土壤的沟蚀和沟间侵蚀

用人工模拟降雨研究亚热带地区粘淀湿润富铁土和铝质湿润淋溶土的坡耕地土壤沟蚀和沟间侵蚀。研究结果表明，类似于当地花生、山芋垄作的沟垄，在无外来径流影响下土壤沟蚀与沟间侵蚀程度相当，土壤沟侵蚀率与土坡自身特性和外来径流量大小关系密切，相同的外来径流量对不同类型土壤的沟侵蚀率的影响程度也不同。同时利用ＷＥＰＰ中的土壤可蚀性关系式计算出上述两种土壤的沟间可蚀性气值分别为０．１６４６和０．１３６２（１０－６ｋｇ ｓｍ－４）。     

长沙市东郊不同母质发育耕型红壤的可蚀性因子K值估算

采集了长沙市东郊第四纪红土和花岗岩风化物两种母质发育的耕型红壤样品,通过室内分析获得了土壤的颗粒组成和土壤有机质含量。利用诺谟图法、修正诺谟图法、EPIC模型、几何平均粒径模型和Torri模型分别估算了两种母质发育红壤的可蚀性因子K值,并将估算结果与江西省鹰潭市中国科学院红壤生态试验站通过自然降雨实测方法获得的K值进行了比较。结果显示,Torri模型和几何平均粒径模型比较适合估算长沙市东郊第四纪红土发育红壤的可蚀性K值,Torri模型、几何平均粒径模型和EPIC模型比较适合估算长沙市东郊花岗岩风化物发育红壤的可蚀性K值。     

花岗岩崩岗区土壤可蚀性因子估算及其空间变化特征

土壤可蚀性K值是土壤侵蚀模型的必要参数,研究花岗岩崩岗区土壤可蚀性K值有助于宏观判断和定量分析崩岗区土壤侵蚀的空间变化特征.采集湖北通城花岗岩典型崩岗淋溶层、淀积层、母质层土壤,运用5种土壤可蚀性K值估算方法分析各层土壤可蚀性差异,通过室内人工模拟降雨实验验证花岗岩风化土可蚀性K值的有效性及5种估算方法的灵敏度.结果表明:花岗岩风化土的各层土壤可蚀性差异显著,母质层平均K值最大,是淋溶层的1.20倍,淀积层的1.03倍,且各层土壤的稳定含沙率和各粒径流失量差异显著;诺莫法估算的各层土壤的可蚀性K值与40 min每层土的稳定含沙率之比最接近,诺莫法估算各层土壤可蚀性K值的灵敏度最高,为修正诺莫的1.5倍,EPIC模型法的6倍.因此,针对南方花岗岩风化土可采用诺莫法准确评价土壤可蚀性K值.通过估算崩岗不同层次土壤的可蚀性K值及其空间变化特征,对针对性地研究崩岗形成机制及其治理具有一定指导意义.     

中国亚热带土壤不同前期含水量对可蚀性K值的影响

采用人工模拟降雨试验的方法，研究我国亚热带7种有代表性土壤在干，湿两种状态下的土壤可蚀性K值。结果表明，相同类型土壤在干，湿两种状态下的可蚀性K值存在着明显的差异，耕作土壤的可蚀性K值高于非耕作土壤。     

长江以南东部丘陵山区土壤可蚀性K值研究

以土壤亚类为基础,从土种入手,依据第二次土壤普查资料建立了我国东产丘陵区各土种的理化性质数据库。应用土壤可蚀性方法,计算出各土种的土壤可蚀性Ｋ值,用面积进行加权平均,经分类分级后,连续到相应的土壤图上,得到我国东部丘陵区土壤可蚀性Ｋ值图及其分布规律。     

基于小区实测数据的不同类型土壤可蚀性因子计算

[目的]对不同类型土壤可蚀性因子进行计算,为土壤侵蚀定量评价、水土流失动态监测提供科学依据。[方法]通过收集全国范围野外径流小区实测资料,采用一定的数据遴选标准,利用小区法计算我国主要土壤的K值;同时考虑实测值评价Wischmeier和EPIC K值估算公式在我国的适用性。[结果]我国主要土壤的K值范围分布在0.0008～0.0705 (t·hm~2·h)/(hm~2·MJ·mm)之间。黑土、黄绵土和褐土的K值较大,红壤和紫色土因子值较小。全国范围内,公式估算得到的K值与实测值存在较大误差;修订后的Wischmeier公式估算东北黑土区K值精度相对较高。[结论]基于全国实测站点数据和文献数据,计算出修正到标准小区的K值,K值空间变化幅度较大,大体呈现出从北向南减小的趋势。为获得比较准确的K值,建立相关经验公式需进一步加强监测点管理和长序列观测数据的积累。     

Interrill erosion from disturbed and undisturbed samples in relation to topsoil aggregate stability in red soils from subtropical China

The assessment of soil erodibility to water erosion in the field is often expensive and time-consuming. This study was designed to reveal the effects of aggregate breakdown mechanisms on interrill erosion dynamics and develop an improved model for assessing interrill soil loss, which incorporated the soil aggregate stability tests as a substitute for the interrill erodibility parameter, from both disturbed and undisturbed samples for red soils in subtropical China. Six cultivated areas of sloping land with red soils were selected, and topsoil aggregate stability was analyzed using the Le Bissonnais method to determine the different disaggregation forces. Laboratory rainfall simulations were designed to distinguish the effects of slaking (at different wetting rates) and mechanical breakdown (with and without screening) on soil erosion characteristics. Field rainstorm simulations with medium and high rainfall intensities were conducted on runoff plots (2 m 1 m) with slope gradients varying from 10% to 20% for each soil type. A new instability index, Ka, which considers aggregate breakdown mechanisms in interrill erosion processes, was proposed based on the disturbed sample results. Ka showed a close relationship with erosion rates in both disturbed and undisturbed samples. Following from the results of undisturbed sample experiments, Ka was used as a substitute for the erodibility factor, and introduced into the WEPP model, establishing a new erosion predication formula for red soils which had a good correlation coefficient (R² = 0.89**). This research made a good attempt at estimating the interrill erosion rate on the basis of aggregate stability from simple laboratory determinations. These results extend the validity of soil aggregation characterization as an appropriate indicator of soil susceptibility to interrill erosion in red soils from subtropical China. The formula based on the instability index, Ka, has the potential to improve the methodology used for assessing interrill erosion rates.     

不同土壤抗蚀性能研究

该对四川省农业科学院资阳水土保持试验所布设的７种土壤试验小区，用模拟降雨装置进行了土壤抗蚀性能的初步试验研究，结果表明：（１）７种土壤的抗蚀能力大小依次为：冷沙黄泥＞棕紫泥＞红棕紫泥＞灰色潮土＞红紫泥＞黄红紫泥＞暗棕紫泥；（２）７种土壤的么径流过程累积量与降雨历时、产沙过程累积量与降雨历时，径流过程累积量与产沙过程累积量之间均有显的线性相关关系，以及６种土壤的土壤含水量与开始产流时间之间有非常     

西南干暖河谷土壤细沟可蚀性垂直地带性差异

为探究以干暖河谷为基带的西南山地土壤细沟可蚀性垂直地带性差异,选择该区不同垂直带典型土地利用类型(林草地和耕地)下不同土壤类型(红壤、黄壤、棕壤和暗棕壤)为研究对象,利用室内“V”形细沟模拟装置,分别进行6种流量(150,300,450,600,750,900mL/min)和3种水文状态(排水状态、饱和状态和渗流状态)的模拟冲刷试验。结果表明:(1)该区土壤颗粒组成无明显的垂直地带性,林草地的砂粒含量偏高,各土壤的颗粒含量差异在9%以内,所有土壤均为粉质壤土,但有机质差异较大,且随着海拔增加而增加;(2)土壤的细沟可蚀性具有明显的垂直地带性,随海拔升高,林草地土壤可蚀性Kr值逐渐减小,相比于红壤,暗棕壤的Kr值减小幅度平均为47.74%,耕地土壤中黄壤略大于红壤,可能与人为活动强度和土壤熟化程度有关;(3)不同土地利用方式下,林草地土壤Kr值显著大于耕地土壤Kr值,平均增幅为22.63%,这可能与有机质促进土壤抗侵蚀性能的提高有关;(4)不同近地表水文状态下,土壤的细沟可蚀性表现为渗流状态>饱和状态>排水状态,表明随着近地表水文状态变化,尤其是垂直水力梯度的增加会显著导致土壤的细沟可蚀性增大;试验还发现,土壤的临界剪切力仅在不同的水文状态下具有渗流状态>饱和状态>排水状态的规律性,而在不同海拔和土地利用类型之间没有明显的规律性。     

典型石漠化植被恢复区土壤理化特征及多指标聚类研究

为揭示造林20年后不同石漠化恢复模式对土壤结构和理化性质的影响,以滇中地区7种恢复模式下样地土壤为研究对象,研究不同石漠化恢复模式下土壤理化性质分布特征并进行多指标聚类分析。结果表明：除油杉林外,其他样地土壤养分等级均为中高级;土壤颗粒组成较为合理,分形程度较好,抵抗侵蚀的能力较强;不同恢复类型对石漠化土壤的改良存在明显不同,混交林明显优于纯林;由于受土壤母质、地形以及水文等因素的影响,相同恢复类型间存在差异,华山松林和油杉林总体较差;研究区土壤可蚀性因子K值与粉粒含量呈正向变化特征;对土壤理化性质进行Q型聚类可以将受试样地土壤分为4类,油杉林和华山松林被单独分出。研究结果可为地方政府制定科学合理的喀斯特石漠化地区生态防治措施提供理论基础和技术支撑。     

中国亚热带耕作雏形土及强酸土的可蚀性与渗透性关系

To evaluate the validity of different indices in estimating soil readily mineralizable N, soil microbial biomass (Nmic), soil active N (SAN), soluble organic N (SON), net N mineralization rate (NNR) and gross N mineralization rate (GNR) in mineral soils (0-10 cm) from six forest stands located in central Germany were determined and compared with two sampling times: April and November. Additionally, soil density fractionation was conducted for incubated soils (with addition of ¹⁵NH₄-N and glucose, 40 days) to observe the sink of added ¹⁵N in different soil fractions. The study showed that Nmic and NNR in most stands differed significantly (P ≤ 0.05) between the two sampling times, but not GNR, SAN and SON. In November, no close relationships were found between GNR and other N indices, or between Nmic, SON, and SAN and forest type. However, in April, GNR was significantly correlated (P ≤ 0.05) with Nmic, SAN, and NNR along with Nmic under beech being significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) than under conifers. Furthermore, density fractionation revealed that the light fraction (LF, 0.063-2 mm, > 1.7 g cm^-3) was not correlated with the other N indices. In contrast, results from the incubation study proved that more ¹⁵N was incorporated into the heavy fraction (HF < 0.063 mm, > 1.7 g cm^-3) than into LF, indicaing that more labile N existed in HF than in LF. These findings suggested that attention should be paid to the differences existing in N status between agricultural and forest soils.     

Nomographic estimation and evaluation of soil erodibility under simulated and natural rainfall conditions

To evaluate soil erodibility under different land uses and to study the applicability of nomograph for estimation of soil erodibility a field experiment was conducted under both natural and simulated rainfall conditions under four land uses viz. barren, cultivated, grassland, and forest in the sub‐mountainous tract of Punjab (India). Measured soil erodibility (K) values varied from 0·33 to 0·67 under natural rainfall conditions and from 0·23 to 0·40 under simulated rainfall conditions. Among different land uses, measured K was in the order of barren > cultivated > grassland > forest soils. The values of the K estimated by nomograph were very low as compared to the observed values. The trends were also in contrast to these observed values of K under simulated and natural rainfall conditions. To modify nomograph equation, different ranges of aggregate sizes were correlated with soil loss. It was observed that water stable aggregates (WSA) <2 mm size had a significant correlation with soil loss under both natural (r = 0·88) and simulated (r = 0·76) rainfall conditions. So the nomograph equation was modified to include the M parameter based on WSA <2 mm size. The value of K estimated from the modified nomograph had a significant correlation with measured values of K under both the natural and simulated rainfall conditions. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Erodibilität repräsentativer Böden der Hallertau

Erodibility of representative soils of the Hallertau (South Bavaria) Differences between the USA and the Federal Republic of Germany in geology, soil types, and climate necessitate to verify the erodibility of the soils estimated according to Wischmeier and Smith (1978), when using the Universal Soil Loss Equation under local conditions. The erodibility of 5 representative soils of the region Hallertau within the so-called “Unterbayerisches Hügelland” was checked by measuring soil losses using a laboratory rainfall simulator. The estimated and measured erodibilities for two Aquic Hapludalfs from loess and one Ruptic-Alfic Eutrochrept from Tertiary sand compared very well as shown by coefficients of regression of 1. The estimated erodibilities for a Typic Eutrochrept and an Aquic Chromudert, both from Tertiary materials, however, underestimated the soil losses by a factor of 1.5. For all regressions the coefficients of correlation were 0.90. Due to the small number of soils checked, it is only possible to suggest causes for the observed deviations, particularly since the aggregate stability could not be the only property, as demonstrated by measurements.