东北典型黑土区土壤可蚀性K值研究

土壤可蚀性因子K是表征土壤性质对侵蚀作用敏感程度的指标,对K值准确估算是构建土壤侵蚀模型的前提。研究以试验小区的野外观测资料和室内土壤理化性质分析数据为基础,运用通用土壤流失方程和诺谟公式分别实测和估算K值。结果显示,实测值均大于估算值,说明现有K值估算模型不能直接应用于东北典型黑土区。但分析发现实测值与估算值之间具有良好的线性相关,可建立回归方程,以此来修正诺谟公式。利用修正诺谟公式估算东北典型黑土区内不同地区及不同资料占有情况下的土壤可蚀性K值,并编制K值空间分布图。研究成果可以为东北典型黑土区土壤侵蚀模型构建及水土保持提供基础资料。     

水蚀过程的土壤可蚀性研究述评

土壤可蚀性是建立土壤侵蚀预报模型的重要参数,在土壤侵蚀研究中占有重要地位.该文基于土壤内在性质和侵蚀动力对土壤可蚀性评价指标与体系、土壤可蚀性的测定与计算方法以及土壤可蚀性动态变化等方面进行阐述,全面评述了目前国内外土壤可蚀性的研究进展,分析了当前土壤可蚀性研究存在的问题,指出了尚需加强的研究领域,包括土壤可蚀性评价指标体系、土壤可蚀性动态变化规律和土壤侵蚀机理研究等.     

红壤坡地次降雨通用土壤侵蚀模型研究

针对土壤侵蚀规律定量研究的经验模型通用性欠缺和机理性模型参数多且较为复杂的缺点,结合我国南方红壤区的降雨、土壤、地形等特征,探索建立一个结构简单、使用方便,同时具有一定通用性的红壤坡地次降雨通用土壤侵蚀模型。该模型包括地表径流系数、降雨侵蚀力、土壤可蚀性、地形和水土保持措施等五个因子,并给出了各因子的计算方法。利用在江西省水土保持生态科技园内的10组实测资料对模型进行验证,计算值与实测值平均相对误差21.67%。结果表明,本研究提出的次降雨通用土壤侵蚀模型是合理的,可为南方红壤地区土壤侵蚀预报与治理提供参考。     

四川自然土壤和旱耕地土壤可蚀性特征研究

应用美国通用土壤流失方程 (USLE)和土壤侵蚀预报模型 (WEPP)中的土壤可蚀性K值 ,对四川各类自然土壤和旱耕地土壤可蚀性特征进行了研究。结果表明 :土壤可蚀性K值与土壤理化性质直接相关 ,自然土壤和旱耕地土壤可蚀性K值在 0 2 68～ 0 3 44之间 ,紫色土的分布面积和K值较大 ,是易遭受侵蚀的土壤。应采取增施有机肥、实行坡改梯等措施 ,加强对耕地、高可蚀性土壤侵蚀的综合防治     

土壤可蚀性研究进展综述

土壤可蚀性是表征土壤对降雨渗透能力及其对降雨和径流剥蚀、搬运敏感程度的一个综合指标,是反映土壤侵蚀的重要参数。介绍了国内外学者提出的土壤可蚀性指标,评述了直接测定法、公式法和诺谟图法的优缺点与应用范围;结合我国土壤可蚀性研究现状,介绍了我国土壤侵蚀严重区的典型土壤可蚀性指标值的最新研究成果,分析了我国土壤可蚀性研究的不足,指出应加强并完善土壤可蚀性指标、土壤可蚀性影响因子和土壤可蚀性计算方法的研究。     

广东省土壤可蚀性现状及影响因素分析

土壤可蚀性是土壤侵蚀预报和土地利用规划的重要参数,本文采用EPIC(Erosion Productivity Im-pact Calculator)模型中土壤可蚀性因子K值为指标,利用第二次土壤普查资料,探讨广东省土壤可蚀性K值及分布特征,并绘制了广东省土壤可蚀性K值图,结果表明:广东土壤可蚀性K值为0.116~0.415,加权平均K值为0.25,主要分布在较低-中高可侵蚀性范围;以铁铝土为例,成土母质对土壤侵蚀影响是多因素的,由于母质的特性差异,母质所发育土壤可蚀性K值并不能完全代表其侵蚀危害性,从总体上看,土壤经过多年耕种,抗侵蚀能力明显下降。     

土壤可蚀性特征及其K值图制作研究

在土壤普查结果与实地采样的基础上，应用EPIC模型计算出南安市不同土壤的K值，并研究了土壤的可蚀性特征及K值图的编制方法。研究表明：研究区土壤类型表层平均K值为0．184－0．371；不同土壤层次K值明显不同，表层抗蚀性较强：不同土地利用方式其土壤可蚀性不同，密林地抗蚀性强，裸地最弱；随着土壤侵蚀的加剧，土壤可蚀性K值有增加的趋势；土壤K值图制作对水土流失定量遥感监测有重要意义。     

中国亚热带地区土壤可蚀性的季节性变化研究

开展土壤可蚀性K值季节性变化规律的研究,对于精确预报土壤侵蚀及深入了解土壤可蚀性K值的机理具有重要意义.基于14个自然降雨条件下的田间小区实测数据.研究了中国亚热带有代表性的不同类型土壤可蚀性K值季节性变化规律,并对其季节性变化的原因作了初步分析.结果表明:各小区土壤可蚀性K值在不同季节间都存在动态变化,总体变化趋势是春、夏季高.而秋、冬季低,并且不同小区土壤其可蚀性K值的变动趋势和变动幅度不同,同一土壤可蚀性K值不同季节间最高和最低值之间相差最高达6倍.     

土壤可蚀性在WEPP模型中的应用

影响土壤侵蚀过程的关键因素是侵蚀力和土壤可蚀性。土壤可蚀性是定量计算土壤流失的重要指标和土壤侵蚀预报模型中的必要参数。WEPP是由美国农业部开发的新一代水蚀预测模型 ,该模型以土壤可蚀性为必要参数 ,并将其分解为细沟间可蚀性 (Ki)、细沟可蚀性 (Kr)和临界剪切力 (τc)来预报流域径流形成与土壤侵蚀过程     

东北典型薄层黑土区土壤可蚀性模型适用性分析

土壤可蚀性是土壤侵蚀预报和环境效应评价模型的重要参数。该文选取东北典型薄层黑土区宾州河流域为研究区,通过校验极细砂粒含量转换式,分析侵蚀—生产力影响模型(erosion productivity impact calculator,EPIC)、通用土壤流失方程(universal soil loss equation,USLE)和修正土壤流失方程(revised universal soil loss equation,RUSLE2)3种模型K值估算方法间的差异,以探讨各估算方法在东北典型薄层黑土区的适用性。结果表明:与实测值相比,RUSLE2模型整体"低估"极细砂粒含量,平均低估22.5%;建立的薄层黑土区极细砂粒含量转换方程可使估算精度提高95%以上。RUSLE2模型K值估算方法适用于薄层黑土区。EPIC与USLE模型K值估算方法均"高估"薄层黑土区的土壤可蚀性,但通过建立的修正方程进行校正,仍可用于中国东北薄层黑土区K值估算。该研究可为薄层黑土区及相似地区的土壤侵蚀定量评价和土壤质量危险性评价提供必要的科学依据。     

Erodibility of agricultural soils on the Loess Plateau of China

Soil erodibility is thought of as the ease with which soil is detached by splash during rainfall or by surface flow. Soil erodibility is an important factor in determining the rate of soil loss. In the universal soil loss equation (USLE) and the revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE), soil erodibility is represented by an erodibility factor (K). The K factor was defined as the mean rate of soil loss per unit rainfall erosivity index from unit runoff plots. Although high rate of soil loss from the Loess Plateau in China is well known and widely documented, it is remarkable that there is little systematic attempt to develop and validate an erodibility index for soils on the Loess Plateu for erosion prediction. Field experimental data from four sites on the Loess Plateau were analyzed to determine the K factor for USLE/RUSLE and to compare with another erodibility index based on soil loss and runoff commonly used for the region. The data set consists of event erosivity index, runoff, and soil loss for 17 runoff plots with slope ranging from 8.7 to 60.1%. Results indicate that the K factor for USLE/RULSE is more appropriate for agricultural soils on the Loess Plateau than the erodibility index developed locally. Values of the K factor for loessial soils range from 0.0096 to 0.0269 t h/(MJ mm). The spatial distribution of the K value in the study area follows a simple pattern showing high values in areas with low clay content. For the four sites investigated, the K factor was significantly related to the clay content, (K=0.031−0.0013 Cl, r²=0.75), where Cl is the clay content in percent. The measured values of the K factor are systematically lower than the nomograph-based estimates by a factor of 3.3–8.4. This implies that use of the nomograph method to estimate soil erodibility would considerably over-predict the rate of soil loss, and local relationship between soil property and the K factor is required for soil erosion prediction for the region.     

利用~(137)Cs技术研究土壤可蚀性的时空变异(英文)

土壤可蚀性的研究变异性是当代土壤侵蚀预测预报研究的核心。本综述了土壤可蚀性变异性研究的进展及存在的问题,提出了利用＾１３７Ｃｓ法定量测定土壤可蚀性时空变异的新技术。     

用田间实测法研究我国亚热带土壤的可蚀性K值

本文在自然降雨条件下用全裸地小区田间实测了我国亚热带七种有代表性的不同类型土壤可蚀性Ｋ值。结果表明这七种不同类型土壤间的Ｋ值差别很大，其中紫色和红砂岩发育的耕种普通红壤的Ｋ值最大，分别达到０．４４４和０．４３８，最小的是第四纪红色粘土发育的红色土，其值只人０．１０４，还不到紫色土Ｋ值的１／４。我们变用国际上十分流行的诺谟图方法估算了这七种不同类型土壤的可蚀性Ｋ值，其中有二类土壤用这种方法所估算的Ｋ     

青藏高原土壤可蚀性K值的空间分布特征

土壤可蚀性反映了土壤对水力侵蚀作用的敏感性,是进行土壤侵蚀评价和预报的重要参数。收集了青藏高原1 255个典型土壤剖面资料,采用模型计算和面积加权分析方法确定了每一个土壤亚类的土壤可蚀性K值,结合青藏高原1∶100万土壤类型图,分析了青藏高原土壤可蚀性K值的空间格局特征。结果表明,青藏高原土壤可蚀性K值平均为0.230 8,低可蚀性、较低可蚀性、中等可蚀性、较高可蚀性和高可蚀性土壤面积分别占该区面积的5.60%,18.23%,24.35%,44.02%和7.80%。土壤可蚀性以中等可蚀性和较高可蚀性为主,二者分布面积之和达1.77×106 km2,占青藏高原总面积的68.37%;较高可蚀性、高可蚀性土壤主要分布在青藏高原中西部的羌塘高原、柴达木盆地和横断山区的低海拔河谷中。青藏高原土壤可蚀性K值具有明显的垂直分异特征,在横断山区最为显著,土壤可蚀性随海拔高度升高而降低。不同海拔高度的水热分异影响了土壤的理化特性,进而决定了青藏高原土壤可蚀性的垂直分带特征。     

Interrill erosion from disturbed and undisturbed samples in relation to topsoil aggregate stability in red soils from subtropical China

The assessment of soil erodibility to water erosion in the field is often expensive and time-consuming. This study was designed to reveal the effects of aggregate breakdown mechanisms on interrill erosion dynamics and develop an improved model for assessing interrill soil loss, which incorporated the soil aggregate stability tests as a substitute for the interrill erodibility parameter, from both disturbed and undisturbed samples for red soils in subtropical China. Six cultivated areas of sloping land with red soils were selected, and topsoil aggregate stability was analyzed using the Le Bissonnais method to determine the different disaggregation forces. Laboratory rainfall simulations were designed to distinguish the effects of slaking (at different wetting rates) and mechanical breakdown (with and without screening) on soil erosion characteristics. Field rainstorm simulations with medium and high rainfall intensities were conducted on runoff plots (2 m 1 m) with slope gradients varying from 10% to 20% for each soil type. A new instability index, Ka, which considers aggregate breakdown mechanisms in interrill erosion processes, was proposed based on the disturbed sample results. Ka showed a close relationship with erosion rates in both disturbed and undisturbed samples. Following from the results of undisturbed sample experiments, Ka was used as a substitute for the erodibility factor, and introduced into the WEPP model, establishing a new erosion predication formula for red soils which had a good correlation coefficient (R² = 0.89**). This research made a good attempt at estimating the interrill erosion rate on the basis of aggregate stability from simple laboratory determinations. These results extend the validity of soil aggregation characterization as an appropriate indicator of soil susceptibility to interrill erosion in red soils from subtropical China. The formula based on the instability index, Ka, has the potential to improve the methodology used for assessing interrill erosion rates.     

红壤团聚体特征与坡面侵蚀定量关系

为明确红壤结构特征对坡面侵蚀过程的影响,选取6种典型红壤为研究对象,通过团聚体稳定性分析和野外原位人工模拟降雨试验,就红壤团聚体稳定性特征与坡面侵蚀过程定量关系进行了初步探讨。结果表明：在野外尺度上,红壤团聚体稳定性是影响坡面侵蚀的重要因素;能定量描述土壤可蚀性的团聚体特征参数Ka,与径流强度、产沙强度等侵蚀参数显著相关;将Ka代入WEPP模型,建立了细沟间侵蚀预测方程,方程可决系数较高（R2＝0.86）,显示了较好的预测性能。该研究扩展了团聚体稳定性作为土壤可蚀性指标的适用范围,为红壤侵蚀机理研究提供了新思路。     

Wind tunnel test and Cs tracing study on wind erosion of several soils in Tibet

The soils of alpine meadows and alpine grassland steppes, aeolian soils, coarse-grained soils, and farm soils cultivated from alpine grasslands in Tibet are typical soils that are suffering from different degrees of soil erosion by wind. Based on field investigations, wind tunnel experiments, and a ¹³⁷Cs trace study, this work tested the erodibility of these soils by wind, simulated the protective functions of natural vegetation and the accelerative effects of damage by livestock, woodcutting, and cultivation on erosion, and estimated erosion rates from 1963 to 2001. The results indicated that alpine meadows have the strongest resistance to wind erosion, and that undamaged alpine meadow soils generally sustain only weak or no wind erosion. Alpine grassland steppes with good vegetation cover and little damage by humans exhibit good resistance to wind erosion and suffered from only slight erosion. However, soil erodibility increased remarkably in response to serious disturbance by livestock and woodcutting; wind erosion reached 33.03 t ha⁻¹ year⁻¹. The erodibility of semi-stabilized aeolian soil and mobile aeolian soil was highest, at 52.17 and 56.4 t ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, respectively. The mean erosion rates of coarse-grained soil with various levels of vegetation coverage and of farm soil were intermediate, at 45.85 and 51.33 t ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, respectively. Restricting livestock, woodcutting, and excessive grassland cultivation are the keys to controlling wind erosion in Tibet. In agricultural regions, taking protective cultivation and management to enhance surface roughness is a useful way to control wind erosion.     

A rational method for estimating erodibility and critical shear stress of an eroding rill

Soil erodibility and critical shear stress are two of the most important parameters for physically-based soil erosion modeling. To aid in future soil erosion modeling, a rational method for determining the soil erodibility and critical shear stress of rill erosion under concentrated flow is advanced in this paper. The method suggests that a well-defined rill be used for shear stress estimation while infinite short rill lengths be used for determination of detachment capacity. The derivative of the functional relationship between sediment yield and rill length at the inlet of rill flow, as opposed to average detachment rate of a long rill, was used for the determination of detachment capacity. Soil erodibility and critical shear stress were then regressively estimated with detachment capacity data under different flow regimes. Laboratory data of rill erosion under well defined rill channels from a loess soil was used to estimate the soil erodibility and critical shear stress. The results showed that no significant change in soil erodibility (K_r) was observed for different slope gradients ranging from 5 to 25 while critical shear stress increased slightly with the slope gradient. Soil erodibility of the loess soil was 0.3211 ± 0.001 s m^− 1. The soil erodibility and critical shear stress calculations were then compared with data from other resources to verify the feasibility of the method. Data comparison showed that the method advanced is a physically logical and feasible method to calculate the soil erodibility and critical shear stress for physically-based soil erosion models.     

土壤可蚀性K值的计算和K值图的制作方法研究——以南京市方便水库小流域为例

本文介绍了土壤可蚀性K值的计算和K值图的制作方法。涉及利用公式法计算该区的土壤可蚀性K值的参数设置方法,和运用地统计学的协同克里格空间插值的方法进行K值图的编制方法,并对K值图在水土保持、水土流失定量监测、生态与环境等方面的应用作了简要说明。     

工程堆积体标准小区界定与可蚀性因子改进

将USLE模型应用于工程堆积体侵蚀预报时结果偏差较大,这是因为其标准小区与土壤可蚀性因子不适合直接应用于工程堆积体侵蚀预报。针对这一问题,结合对我国6大水蚀类型区工程堆积体参数的调查、统计、分析,界定工程堆积体标准小区的坡度、坡长;结合国内外已有研究成果,分析论证堆积体可蚀性因子的改进办法,并引用相关数据验证其可行性。结果表明,6大区域工程堆积体坡度、坡长及坡面物质组成均与USLE中规定的标准小区相差较大;为了尽量消除误差,建议工程堆积体标准小区坡度采取众数35°,坡长采取平均值5m;堆积体可蚀性因子更名为土石质因子Tr,并将单位体积土石混合体中石砾总表面积Cs,作为石砾因素指标纳入堆积体土石质因子Tr中,与堆积体物质中土壤可蚀性因子K共同构建工程堆积体土石质因子函数。验证结果表明,堆积体可蚀性因子改进办法是可行的。工程堆积体坡度、坡长的界定及可蚀性因子的改进,对提高基于USLE模型的堆积体侵蚀预报精度有重要意义。