生物有机肥对香蕉植株生长和香蕉枯萎病防治的研究

通过盆栽试验,研究了生物有机肥(BIO)对香蕉植株生长和香蕉枯萎病防治效果的影响。结果表明,1)香蕉植株移栽45 d后,施用BIO的处理香蕉植株地上部鲜重、干重、株高和假茎围分别比对照增加了31.9%~93.8%、5.9%~43.1%、43.9%~62.9%和12.3%~18.5%。2)香蕉苗移栽25 d时,施用BIO的香蕉植株根尖几丁质酶活性提高了2.64~12.88个酶活单位,显著高于对照;营养钵育苗施用BIO的处理,香蕉植株根尖β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性显著地高于营养钵育苗未施BIO的处理,是其酶活的5.22~7.22倍。施用BIO的处理香蕉植株根尖和茎基部中胼胝质含量分别只有对照的59.7%~77.9%和47.6%~68.9%,显著低于对照处理。3)营养钵育苗施用BIO的处理,根际的细菌数量和放线菌数量分别比对照增加了1.56~1.76倍和1.11~1.55倍,而根际真菌数量却减少了19.2%~52.2%,根际尖孢镰刀菌的数量也大大减少。4)营养钵育苗施用BIO的处理,到香蕉植株移栽45 d时,香蕉植株枯萎病的病情指数未超过2.4,比对照降低47.8%~56.5%。上述结果表明,采用营养钵育苗和移栽时都施用BIO的方法种植香蕉,能显著地促进香蕉植株生长,有效地降低香蕉枯萎病的发病指数。     

香蕉间作模式和香蕉茎秆堆沤还田对土壤酶活性的影响

采用大田试验研究了香蕉3种间作模式(香蕉-大豆、香蕉-花生、香蕉-生姜)和香蕉茎秆堆沤处理后2种不同还田量(2.5 kg·株^-1、1.5 kg·株^-1)对蕉园土壤脲酶、过氧化氢酶、碱性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶活性的影响。结果表明, 香蕉间作可提高土壤脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶活性, 其中对蔗糖酶活性的影响最为明显, 碱性磷酸酶、脲酶次之; 香蕉间作模式的过氧化氢酶活性低于香蕉单作。不同间作模式对酶活性影响的大小总体表现为: 间作大豆>间作花生>间作生姜>香蕉单作。茎秆堆沤还田处理的蔗糖酶、脲酶活性明显上升, 其中对蔗糖酶活性提高的幅度最大, 达34.6%~39.2%, 脲酶达9.7%~28.7%; 茎秆堆沤还田对过氧化氢酶活性影响相对较小, 而对碱性磷酸酶活性则表现为明显的抑制作用。不同还田量处理对土壤酶活性的影响表现为: 随还田量增加, 脲酶活性增强, 蔗糖酶增加不显著, 过氧化氢酶活性在还田量低于2.5 kg·株^-1时比对照略有下降。     

喷雾干燥工艺对香蕉抗性淀粉保留率的影响

该文就喷雾干燥中香蕉浆液浓度、进料速度、进风温度3个工艺参数对香蕉抗性淀粉保留率的影响进行研究,采用二次回归正交旋转组合和响应而优化喷雾干燥条件,建立香蕉抗性淀粉保留率随香蕉浆液浓度、进料速度、进风温度变化的标准回归模型,分析三者对香蕉抗性淀粉保留率的影响规律.结果显示:进风温度对香蕉抗性淀粉的保留率影响最大,其次是进料速度,而香蕉浆液浓度影响虽小;当香蕉浆液浓度为10.66% 进料速度为14.70mL/min、进风温度为156.88℃时.香蕉抗性淀粉的保留率最高,为93.80%,产品品质良好.     

氮、钾营养对香蕉生长的影响

研究了氮、钾不同供应水平对香蕉产量、品质、贮藏性和抗冻能力的影响。结果表明,以适量配施氮钾肥的N2PK2处理香蕉果实农艺性状最佳,品质最优,产量最高,较不施肥处理增产16.1%;且果实贮藏性好,吸芽受冻死亡率最低。在广州市番禺区香蕉产区,为获得第一年蕉45 t/hm2左右的高产,需要施 N 667～709、P2O5 200～213、K2O 748～851 kg/hm2;保持氮钾肥施用比例N: K2O为1: 1.12～1.20为宜。     

不同减量施肥对香蕉幼苗生长的影响

广西是我国的香蕉主产区,在香蕉种植过程中大多数蕉农依照传统经验进行施肥管理,不能客观依据土壤的实际肥力水平进行适量施肥,因此常出现实际施肥量过多、肥料结构及比例失调的情况,以致出现肥料浪费、作物肥害、作物减产等弊病,严重时还会导致环境污染等。试验以目前生产上香蕉苗期的常规施肥量为对照,研究不同减量施肥量对香蕉幼苗生长及其生理特性的影响。结果表明,C施肥处理(幼苗单株施肥量为N元素:7 g、P_2O_5:3.5 g、K_2O:12 g)的香蕉苗生长最好,在香蕉苗期少量多次施放氮磷钾肥较有利于香蕉幼苗生长,能显著增加香蕉幼苗的根茎叶鲜重、根干重、根体积、叶片数、分根数与根活力;而多量施肥能使幼苗干物质的吸收与合成增加,叶片中可溶性糖与氮磷钾元素含量与施肥量呈正相关。通过不同减量施肥对香蕉幼苗生长的影响,筛选出最合理的施肥方案。     

抑菌剂和筛选剂对香蕉受体系统的影响

本研究将抑制农杆菌生长的两种抑菌剂头孢霉素和特泯丁，以及3种筛选剂潮霉素B、卡那霉素和PPT除草剂，以不同浓度添加到香蕉的3种受体系统中，研究它们对香蕉组织生长与分化的影响。实验结果表明：不同抑菌剂和筛选剂对香蕉再生体系的影响程度不同，不同香蕉再生体系对相同抑菌剂和筛选剂的敏感性也不同，因此不同香蕉再生体系需要选择不同的抑菌剂与筛选剂的最佳的配比和组合配比。3种筛选剂在香蕉的3种再生体系中的筛选能力顺序都为：PPT〉潮霉素B〉卡那霉素。     

低温胁迫下自由基清除剂对香蕉的保护作用

用抗坏血酸、半胱氨酸和二苯胺为外源自由基清除剂 ,喷施于有 5张展开叶威廉斯香蕉组培苗的叶片 ,经 4～ 5℃处理 12 h后 ,研究自由基清除剂对香蕉的保护作用。结果表明 ,外源自由基清除剂预处理降低了低温胁迫下香蕉叶片细胞膜脂过氧化水平和膜透性增加的程度 ,减小了超氧歧化酶活性的下降幅度 ,并延缓了叶片可溶性蛋白和叶绿素含量的下降 ,证明外源自由基清除剂对减轻低温胁迫引起的自由基伤害 ,提高香蕉的抗冷能力具有积极的作用。抗坏血酸预处理的保护效果最好     

两株香蕉枯萎病拮抗菌在香蕉体内的定殖

本研究将2株香蕉枯萎病拮抗细菌0202和1112分别涂布于含有不同浓度的利福平培养基上,筛选出抗药性标记菌株0202-r和1112-r。将香蕉枯萎病菌Foc4接种于香蕉植株根部,3d后再将抗药性标记菌株接种在同一部位或位点,于不同时间测定拮抗细菌在根际、根内、球茎和假茎的定殖情况。研究结果显示,将拮抗细菌接种香蕉根部1～3d后,在植株根际土壤内存在大量拮抗细菌,而根内、球茎和假茎内存在少量拮抗细菌;接种7～14d后,在植株根内、球茎和假茎内定殖的拮抗细菌增多,并达到最大量;在接种14～21d后,在植株根内、球茎和假茎内定殖的拮抗细菌量急剧下降;在接种28~35d后,在植株根内、球茎和假茎内定殖的拮抗细菌量稍有回升。     

施用生物有机肥抑制香蕉镰刀菌萎蔫病的研究

Fusarium wilt is one of the most serious diseases of banana plants caused by soil-borne pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense(FOC). In this study a pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of different bio-organic fertilizers(BIOs) on Fusarium wilt of banana, including the investigations of disease incidence, chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase activities of banana plants, and FOC populations as well as soil rhizosphere microbial community. Five fertilization treatments were considered, including chemical fertilizer containing the same N, P and K concentrations as the BIO(control), and matured compost mixed with antagonists Paenibacillus polymyxa SQR-21 and Trichoderma harzianum T37(BIO1), Bacillus amyloliquefaciens N6(BIO2), Bacillus subtilis N11(BIO3), and the combination of N6 and N11(BIO4). The results indicated that the application of BIOs significantly decreased the incidence rate of Fusarium wilt by up to 80% compared with the control. BIOs also significantly promoted plant growth, and increased chitinase andβ-1,3-glucanase activities by 55%–65% and 17.3%–120.1%, respectively, in the banana roots. The population of FOC in the rhizosphere soil was decreased significantly to about 104 colony forming units g-1with treatment of BIOs. Serial dilution plating and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis revealed that the application of BIOs increased the densities of bacteria and actinomycetes but decreased the number of fungi in the rhizosphere soil. In general, the application of BIOs revealed a great potential for the control of Fusarium wilt disease of banana plants.     

Trichoderma harzianum T-E5 significantly affects cucumber root exudates and fungal community in the cucumber rhizosphere

The Fusarium wilt in cucumbers, caused by the pathogenic fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum, is a serious and destructive disease worldwide. An effort was made to explore the role of Trichoderma harzianum T-E5 in reducing the incidence of Fusarium wilt. Three treatments (Control, T1, and T2) were established in the greenhouse experiment. The effects of T-E5 on the composition of root exudates and fungal community in the cucumber rhizosphere were measured. Compared with the control, the application of a bio-organic fertilizer (BIO) enriched with T-E5 was found to decrease the incidence of Fusarium wilt notably and promote the growth of cucumber plants. Based on real-time PCR, the population of F. oxysporum in the control without T-E5 increased from 10³ to 10⁴ ITS copies g⁻¹ soil, whereas the population decreased from 10³ to 10² ITS copies g⁻¹ soil in the T1 and T2 treatment groups when T-E5 was included. Significant difference in fungal community was also found among the treatment groups. HPLC analysis showed that the detected levels of phenolic compounds in control were significantly higher than the levels in the samples subjected to T1 and T2 treatments. The root exudates from the control group significantly increased the numbers of germinating spores of the pathogen compared with those from the samples treated with T1 and T2. In conclusion, the modification of root exudates and the fungal community by the application of BIO might account for the effective suppression of Fusarium wilt disease in cucumbers.     

施用不同生物有机肥对连作黄瓜枯萎病防治效果及其机理初探

采用营养钵育苗和盆钵试验的方法,研究了以枯草芽孢杆菌SQR9和哈茨木霉T37这两株拮抗菌制成的三种生物有机肥（BIOⅠ、 BIOⅡ和BIOⅢ）对黄瓜生长、 土传枯萎病防治效果及其生防菌株在黄瓜根系中的定殖情况的影响。结果表明, 1）未施用生物有机肥的对照处理（CK）完全发病,有机肥处理（OF）发病率高达88.2%。施用BIO处理都不同程度地降低了黄瓜土传枯萎病的发病率,施用生物有机肥BIOⅠ、 BIOⅡ和BIOⅢ后发病率分别降至51.0%、 19.6%、 13.7%。2）与对照相比,BIOⅠ、 BIO Ⅱ和BIO Ⅲ处理能够显著提高黄瓜生物量,分别是对照的 2.55、 2.46 和 2.58 倍。3）菌株SQR9和T37通过有效的根际定殖降低了病原真菌对根系的侵染,荧光定量PCR（real-time PCR）测定黄瓜根际尖孢镰刀菌数量的结果表明,施用BIOⅡ和BIOⅢ能够将病原菌数量控制在103 copies/g, 土,而对照土壤高达 107 copies/g, 土。     

Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria alter rooting patterns and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi colonization of field-grown spring wheat

The impact of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) inoculants on the growth, yield and interactions of spring wheat with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) was assessed in field studies. The pseudomonad inoculants P. cepacia R55, R85, P. aeruginosa R80, P. fluorescens R92 and P. putida R104, which enhance growth and yield of winter wheat, were applied at a rate of ca. 10⁷–10⁸ cfu seed^-1 and plots established on pea stubble or summer fallow at two different sites in Saskatchewan. Plant shoot and root biomass, yield and AMF colonization were determined at four intervals. Plant growth responses were variable and dependent on the inoculant strain, harvest date and growth parameter evaluated. Significant increases or decreases were measured at different intervals but these were usually transient and final seed yield was not significantly affected. Harvest index was consistently increased by all pseudomonad inoculants; responses to strain R55 and R104 were significant. Root biomass to 60 cm depth was not significantly affected by inoculants except strain R104, which significantly reduced root dry weight. However, root distribution, root length and AMF colonization of roots within the soil profile to 60 cm were significantly altered by inoculants. Most of these responses were reductions in the assessed parameter and occurred at depths below 15 cm; however, strains R85 and R92 significantly increased root dry weight in the 0- to 15-cm zone. These results indicate that some PGPR inoculants may adversely affect mutualistic associations between plants and indigenous soil microorganisms, and suggest a possible reason as to why spring wheat growth was not consistently enhanced by these pseudomonad PGPR.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Bacillus subtilis</Emphasis> SQR 9 can control <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fusarium</Emphasis> wilt in cucumber by colonizing plant roots

Fusarium wilt is one of the major constraints on cucumber production worldwide. Several strategies have been used to control the causative pathogen, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum J. H. Owen, including soil solarization, fungicide seed treatment and biological control. In this study, F. oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum was successfully controlled by a newly isolated strain, Bacillus subtilis SQR 9, in vitro and in vivo. Greenhouse experiments were carried out to evaluate the effect of inoculation and solid fermentation of organic fertilizer with B. subtilis SQR 9, hereby defined as bio-organic fertilizer (BIO), on the control of Fusarium wilt. In comparison with the control, the wilt incidence was significantly reduced (49–61% reduction) by application of BIO. The rhizosphere population of F. oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum, as detected both by selective plating and realtime PCR, was significantly lower in BIO-treated plants than the control. The localization of bacterial cells, pattern of colonization and survival of B. subtilis SQR 9 in the rhizsosphere of cucumber, was examined by fluorescent microscopy and explored following recovery of the green fluorescent protein (gfp)-labeled SQR 9 with the new gfp-marked shuttle vector pHAPII through selective plating. The preferential sites of the labeled strain were the differentiation and elongation zone, root hair and the lateral root junctions. The population of the strain was 10⁶ cfu/g root in rhizoplane. These results indicate that the strain was able to survive well in the rhizosphere of cucumber, suppressed growth of F. oxysporum in the rhizosphere of cucumber and protected the host from the pathogen.     

不同抗性蚕豆品种根系分泌物对枯萎病菌的化感作用及根系分泌物组分分析

蚕豆枯萎病是土传病害,其发生与蚕豆根系分泌物有密切关系。本文以3个枯萎病不同抗性蚕豆品种——‘89-147’(高抗)、‘8363’(中抗)和‘云豆324’(感病)为材料,通过水培试验收集根系分泌物,测定根系分泌物对镰刀菌孢子萌发和菌丝生长的影响,分析对枯萎病表现出不同抗性的蚕豆品种根系分泌物中糖、氨基酸和有机酸的含量,分离鉴定了根系分泌物中氨基酸和有机酸的组分。结果表明,抗病品种的根系分泌物抑制了尖孢镰刀菌的孢子萌发和菌丝生长,在加入5 mL中抗品种根系分泌物时,显著促进尖孢镰刀菌孢子萌发,但对菌丝生长无显著影响;而在加入1 mL感病品种根系分泌物时,就能显著促进尖孢镰刀菌孢子萌发和菌丝生长。不同抗性蚕豆品种根系分泌物中氨基酸总量和总糖含量随抗性的降低而升高,有机酸分泌总量则随蚕豆品种对枯萎病的抗性增加而升高。感病品种和中抗品种中检出15种氨基酸,而高抗品种中检出14种,组氨酸只存在于中抗品种中,脯氨酸仅在感病品种中检出,3个蚕豆品种根系分泌物中均未检出精氨酸。蚕豆根系分泌物中天门冬氨酸、谷氨酸、苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸和亮氨酸含量高,可能会促进枯萎病的发生,而蛋氨酸、赖氨酸和丝氨酸含量高可能抑制枯萎病发生。酒石酸仅在抗病品种中存在,根系分泌物中有机酸种类丰富,有助于提高蚕豆对枯萎病的抗性。蚕豆对枯萎病的抗性不同,根分泌物对镰刀菌孢子萌发和菌丝生长的影响也不同,而这种抗病性差异与蚕豆根系分泌物中糖、氨基酸、有机酸的含量和组分密切相关。     

Pineapple–banana rotation reduced the amount of Fusarium oxysporum more than maize–banana rotation mainly through modulating fungal communities

Continuous cropping with banana results in an enrichment of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense race 4 (FOC) in soil, causing the soil-borne disease Fusarium wilt. Crop rotation has been an effective method of controlling various soil-borne diseases. However, no information is currently available concerning variations in soil microbial community structure in banana crop rotations. Thus, the influence of two-year crop rotation systems of pineapple–banana and maize–banana on the population density of FOC and soil microbial community structure was investigated to identify which rotation system is more effective in FOC suppression and differences in microbial community composition among different rotations. Bacterial and fungal communities were interrogated by pyrosequencing of the 16 S RNA gene and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. The pineapple–banana rotation was more effective than maize–banana in reducing FOC abundances and suppressing Fusarium wilt disease incidence. Allelopathic effects of pineapple root exudates on FOC were not observed. Greater fungal community variations than bacterial were identified between the two rotation systems, suggesting that fungal communities may play a more important role in regulating FOC abundances. Furthermore, in the pineapple–banana rotation, Acidobacteria, Planctomycetes, Chloroflexi phyla, Gp1, Gp2 and Burkholderia bacterial genera increased while the fungal phyla Basidiomycota, (esp. Gymnopilus) increased and Sordariomycetes decreased. Such changes may be important microbial factors in the decrease in FOC.     

Effects of novel bioorganic fertilizer produced by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens W19 on antagonism of Fusarium wilt of banana

Banana production has been severely hindered by the long-term practice of monoculture agriculture. Fusarium wilt, caused by the Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (FOC), is one of the most destructive diseases that can afflict banana plants. It is both necessary and urgent to find an efficient method for protecting banana production worldwide. In this study, 57 antagonistic bacterial strains were isolated from the rhizospheres of healthy banana plants grown in a heavily wilt-diseased field; of the 57 strains, six strains with the best survival abilities were chosen for further study. Compared with the control and the other strains in the greenhouse experiment, W19 strain was found to observably decrease the incidence of Fusarium wilt and promote the growth of banana plants when combined with the organic fertilizer (OF). This strain was identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens based on its morphological, physiological, and biochemical properties, as well as 16S rRNA analysis. Two kinds of antifungal lipopeptides (iturin and bacillomycin D) produced by W19 strain were detected and identified using HPLC–ESI-MS. Another lipopeptide, called surfactin, was also produced by the thick biological film forming W19 strain. In addition to lipopeptides, 18 volatile antifungal compounds with significant antagonistic effect against F. oxysporum were detected and identified using gas chromatography–mass spectrometer (GC–MS). The work described herein not only highlights how the bioorganic fertilizer with B. amyloliquefaciens can be used to control Fusarium wilt of banana but also examines some of the potential mechanisms involved in the biocontrol of Fusarium wilt.     

Biocontrol efficiency of Fusarium wilt diseases by a root-colonizing fungus Penicillium sp.

Soil-inhabiting fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum often causes severe yield losses in many crops. We investigated the effect of a plant growth-promoting fungus, Penicillium sp. EU0013 on Fusarium wilt disease. In dual culture experiments, EU0013 inhibited the growth of Fusarium wilt pathogens by producing an inhibition zone. In experiments using sterile potting medium under controlled conditions, EU0013 significantly reduced the severity of Fusarium wilt on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) and cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata). In non-sterile soil, benomyl-resistant mutants of EU0013 were selected by exposing the conidial solution of EU0013 to ultraviolet light. The selected mutant EU0013_90S isolate did not show any distinct differences from EU0013 in colony characteristics, growth rate or antifungal activity against Fusarium wilt pathogens in dual culture. The effect of EU0013_90S on tomato wilt was studied under greenhouse conditions using non-sterile soil. Two-weeks old tomato seedlings were dipped in four different concentrations of EU0013_90S conidial suspension (1?×?10³, 1?×?10⁴, 1?×?10⁵, and 1?×?10⁶ conidia mL^–1). Seedlings were then planted in soil inoculated with either F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici race 1 CU1 or race 2 JCM 12575 (1?×?10⁶ bud-cells g^–1). We found the greatest disease suppression occurred when seedlings were dipped in the highest concentration of EU0013_90S conidia. This same inoculum concentration of EU0013_90S also resulted in the highest disease reduction in soil infested with JCM 12575. Higher root colonization with EU0013_90S showed a significant reduction in Fusarium wilt disease, suggesting that colonization by Penicillium sp. EU0013_90S is important for efficient biocontrol of these diseases.