中国耕地空间格局变化及其生态系统服务价值响应

研究耕地空间格局变化对耕地生态系统服务供给能力的影响,能为我国耕地空间格局优化和耕地生态保护提供科学参考,具有重要的理论和实践意义。以往研究缺乏全国耕地生态系统服务供给能力动态变化的综合研究,因此在深入分析耕地空间格局演变的基础上,构建了图斑尺度的耕地生态系统服务价值时空异质评估模型,全面评估2000—2015年我国耕地生态系统服务价值,探究了我国耕地生态系统服务供给能力时空变化规律。结果表明:(1)2000—2015年,中国耕地重心持续向西北方向迁移,水田和旱地重心分别向西北和东北迁移。北方干旱半干旱区旱地持续增加,东北平原区水田持续增加,其他农业区耕地持续减少;(2)2000—2015年我国耕地生态系统服务总价值和单位面积价值均减少,减幅分别为1.35%和0.55%。耕地供给服务总价值和单位面积价值增加,调节服务、支持服务和文化服务总价值与单位面积价值均减少。(3)中国耕地生态系统服务价值变化空间分异明显。北方的北方干旱半干旱区、东北平原区耕地生态系统服务总价值增加,单位价值减少; 青藏高原区耕地生态系统服务总价值和单位价值均减少; 其他农业区耕地生态系统服务总价值减少,而单位价值增加。应通过优化耕地空间格局、精准实施耕地休养生息策略、建立耕地保护生态补偿机制等有效提升耕地生态系统服务供给能力。     

浙江省耕地多功能价值时空变化与权衡-协同关系

耕地多功能价值的时空演变与权衡-协同关系测度对于深化耕地可持续利用和管理具有重要意义。该研究以经济快速发展地区浙江省为例,采用价值量化方法对2000、2010和2015年浙江省耕地多功能进行价值评估并分析其时空变化特征。运用Spearman秩相关系数法、双变量空间自相关模型以及可拓展随机性环境影响评估(StochasticImpactsby Regression on Population,Affluence and Technology,STIRPAT)模型探究耕地多功能之间的权衡-协同关系及影响因素。结果表明:1)2000—2015年浙江省耕地多功能总价值下降,地均耕地多功能价值呈现先下降后上升的趋势。其中气体调节、水源涵养和社会保障功能价值下降明显,食物生产和美学景观功能价值增加;耕地多功能总价值在空间上呈现北高南低的分布格局,2000—2015年大部分县市耕地多功能总价值均有不同程度的下降,西南山地丘陵区耕地多功能总价值有所提升。2)浙江省耕地多功能之间主要表现为协同关系,各项功能之间的协同-权衡关系存在空间异质性;2000—2015年,浙江省耕地多功能协同关系总体减弱,在空间上主要表现为高值协同区减少。3)城镇居民可支配收入和地均农业机械总动力对耕地多功能总价值有负面影响,农村居民可支配收入增加有助于耕地多功能总价值的提升。该研究成果可为科学划定耕地利用与保护区,促进耕地多功能的协同利用和提升耕地资源价值提供科学依据。     

基于耕地保护价值空间特征的非农化区域补偿方法

耕地资源是中国重要的基础性、战略性资源,保护耕地资源是国家重大战略。基于耕地价值评价模型对中国31个省（市、自治区）耕地保护价值进行测算,通过定量刻画耕地保护价值空间特征,并建立耕地非农化区域补偿模拟,以期为耕地保护与耕地非农化区域补偿机制构建提供创新性思路。研究结果表明:1)耕地资源保护价值地区差异明显,最高为北京市,达185.21万元/hm~(2),最低为青海省,为44.61万元/hm~(2),两者相差近4.2倍。2)全国31个省（市、自治区）单位面积耕地保护价值具有一定的空间分布特征,经济价值呈现出东北及东部高、西部低的空间分布特征;社会价值中西部区域较高,主要受人口、耕地资源禀赋、经济社会发展水平等因素影响;生态服务价值整体呈现出北部及西北低、东南高的空间分布特征。3)根据耕地非农化区域补偿机制,中央政府作为耕地保护主体之一,2012年需向各省（市、自治区）支付耕地社会稳定与生态服务价值26764.068亿元,占当年全国GDP的5.15%;上海、安徽、广东、广西、宁夏减少的耕地保护收益与耕地非农化补偿支付成本总额分别达10.907亿元、10.283亿元、74.680亿元、66.495亿元、8.529亿元。基于此理论模型,地方政府与中央政府在耕地保护博弈过程中,耕地非农化成本收益自然会成为一个重要决定性因素,这也是耕地资源保护由单一的行政管理向市场配置管理转变的理论和实践基础。     

干旱区绿洲土地利用变化的生态系统服务价值响应——以甘肃省金塔县为例

通过运用土地利用类型动态度、土地利用程度模型、生态系统服务价值估算模型和土地利用调查和变更数据等,分析1990年、2000年和2008年金塔县土地利用变化及其生态系统服务价值变化特征。结果表明:(1)1990—2008年间,耕地、园地、林地、建设用地和水域呈现增加趋势,牧草地和未利用地面积表现为减少趋势,总体土地利用程度为中下水平,处于发展阶段。(2)研究期间生态系统服务总价值呈现上升趋势,从1990年的47.238亿元增加到2008年的48.228亿元(+0.989 9亿元)。水域在研究区生态系统服务总价值中所占份额最大,草地生态服务功能的下降对生态系统服务总价值有明显的负贡献。(3)研究区各类生态系统的生物多样性保护、水源涵养和废物处理等服务性功能价值远大于其粮食生产和原材料等生产性功能价值。因此,该区域水土资源的合理利用与有效管理是实现生态系统服务功能维持和可持续发展的根本。     

我国河西走廊生态系统效益价值研究

研究将生态价值纳入国民经济核算体系 ,计算得出我国河西走廊陆地年生态系统效益总价值为 2 0 7.90亿元 ,为同期该区年国内生产总值 (1997年GDP188.0 3亿元 )的 1.11倍 ,其中森林年生态系统效益价值为 2 3.6 8亿元 ,占生态系统效益总价值的 11.39% ;草地生态系统效益价值最高 ,占生态系统效益总价值的 79.4 9% ;而绿洲生态系统价值则很低 ,表明了绿洲生态系统的脆弱性。     

干旱区县域土地覆被变化特征及其生态环境效应——以内蒙古自治区翁牛特旗为例

[目的]研究翁牛特旗的土地利用变化特征及其生态环境效应,为该地区生态环境重建提供支持。[方法]选取2006及2015年8月Landsat卫星影像,通过ENVI 5.1提取出翁牛特旗土地利用数据,进而利用土地利用动态度、土地利用类型的空间转移矩阵,以及生物丰度指数、生态系统服务价值和敏感性指数,分别对翁牛特旗土地利用结构的时空演化特征和生态环境效应进行分析。[结果](1)翁牛特旗主要土地利用类型为耕地、林地、草地和沙地,近10a来该旗的土地利用变化呈现为耕地、草地、建设用地增加,林地、沙地和水体面积减少的态势。(2)10a间生物丰度指数从2006年的43.47下降为2015年的42.69,降低1.79%,表明区域的生物量减少,不利于生物多样性发展;生态系统服务总价值从2006年的102.31亿元下降至2015年的98.47亿元,减少了3.84亿元,下降了3.75%,生态环境基本维持着平衡,总体上呈现出微弱的退化。(3)各种土地利用类型的敏感性指数(CS)均小于1,表明研究区生态系统服务价值对于生态服务价值系数不敏感、缺乏弹性。[结论]研究区林地、水体面积的减少,建设用地面积的增加是生态系统服务总价值减少的主要原因。研究区土地利用变化引起的生态系统服务价值和生物丰度的减少,加剧了当地生态环境的脆弱性。     

黑龙江省巴彦县耕地资源价值体系及价值定量测算

耕地资源不仅具有经济价值,还具有社会价值和生态价值。其社会价值和生态价值往往在政府决策及耕地流转交易中被忽视,导致大量耕地资源被过度开发及低效利用。全面显化耕地资源价值,有利于耕地保护和农业可持续发展。以巴彦县为例,在界定耕地资源价值内涵基础上,借鉴资源经济学的市场价值法、替代市场法及成果参照法等研究方法,对耕地资源经济价值、社会价值和生态价值进行了测算。结果表明:（1）巴彦县耕地资源每年提供的功能价值高达672 415.79元/hm²,其中,经济价值为67 661.78元/hm²,社会价值为573 852.33元/hm²,生态价值为30 901.68元/hm²,耕地资源总价值是显化的耕地资源经济价值的9.94倍;（2）巴彦县耕地资源价值以社会价值为主,占其总价值的85.34%,而经济价值和生态价值分别占其总价值的10.06%和4.60%,其中,耕地的社会价值主要体现在社会保障功能上,占其社会价值的67.52%。合理确定巴彦县耕地资源的真实价值,对维护市场等价交换交易,激励农民自觉经营生产和保护耕地,促进区域农业经济的健康稳定发展有一定现实意义。     

基于GeoSOS-FLUS的涪江流域生态系统服务价值评估及多情景模拟

为了探究涪江流域的土地利用结构及其生态服务价值的时空变化,通过预测情景支持未来土地规划,研究基于1980—2018年5期遥感影像,构建生态系统服务价值评估模型并分析时空动态变化,采用GeoSOS-FLUS模拟自然发展情景、耕地安全情景、生态保护情景和快速发展4种情景下未来的土地利用变化及生态系统服务价值的演变趋势。结果表明:(1)1980—2018年,耕地面积减少542.25 km²,减幅为2.57%; 建设用地扩张面积525.66 km²,增幅达255.50%。(2)对应其生态系统服务价值呈增加趋势,由1980年的776.48亿元增加到2018年的783.67亿元,不同土地利用类型对生态系统服务价值的贡献顺序为林地>耕地>水域>草地>未利用土地。(3)在空间上呈现上游高中下游低,下游地区大致呈现由中部向东西两侧递减趋势,流域西南部是低价值区。(4)4种发展情景下,2030年的生态服务价值分别是784.80亿元、740.31亿元、811.09亿元和751.40亿元,相较于2015年变化了1.44亿元(增加)、-43.05亿元(减少)、27.74亿元(增加)和-31.96亿元(减少)。综上,38年来流域生态价值提高,同时模拟结果显示为维持该流域生态安全,需要加强生态用地的抚育。     

尉犁县土地利用/覆被变化的区域生态系统服务价值变化

基于尉犁县1993年、2001年、2009年和2017年的遥感影像数据,采用中国陆地生态系统服务价值测算方法,结合研究区实际情况,对生态系统服务价值系数进行了修正,分析了尉犁县土地利用/覆被变化导致的生态系统服务价值变化。结果表明:1993—2017年,尉犁县不同土地利用类型面积总体呈“六增三减”态势;即耕地、建设用地、水域、湿地、盐渍化地与沙漠面积有所增加,林地、草地与未利用地面积有所减少;尉犁县土地利用生态系统服务总价值总体呈增加趋势,从1993年的173.61亿元增加到2017年的206.30亿元,增加了32.69亿元。在整个研究时段内,研究区各土地利用类型对生态系统服务总价值的贡献大小从高到低依次为湿地 > 草地 > 未利用地 > 沙漠 > 水域 > 林地 > 耕地 > 盐渍化地 > 建设用地;敏感性分析结果表明各土地利用类型敏感性指数均<1,表明各土地利用类型生态系统服务价值对生态系统服务总价值的影响较小,缺乏弹性,研究结果可信。     

甘肃省森林生态系统保育土壤功能及其价值评估

为更加直观地认识森林的重要生态和经济地位,并为甘肃省生态经济建设的综合决策提供科学的理论依据,实现生态经济可持续发展。以甘肃省重点林区为研究对象,采用物质量和价值量相结合的评价方法,定量地评价甘肃省森林生态系统保育土壤功能和经济价值。结果显示：（1）甘肃省森林生态系统年固土总量为16 620.53万t,年固土总价值为22.10亿元;年保肥总量为988.56万t,年保肥总价值为356.71亿元,森林生态系统年保肥价值占到总固土保肥总价值的94.2%,森林生态系统保肥所产生的价值远远大于固土所产生的价值,占据了主导地位;森林生态系统固土保肥总价值为380.80亿元/年,占甘肃省森林生态系统服务总价值（1 825.92亿元/年）的20.86%。（2）所选取的19种林分类型中,灌木林（222.10亿元/年）在整个森林生态系统固土保肥总价值中占据支配地位,占到总价值的58.32%;乔木林中,其他硬阔类（30.27亿元/年）、栎类（24.25亿元/年）、阔叶混交林（22.22亿元/年）三者固土保肥功能和产生价值较大。甘肃省森林生态系统保育土壤功能及其价值在整个森林生态系统服务中起到至关重要的作用,尤其是灌木林、其他硬阔类、栎类以及阔叶混交林提供的生态系统服务占据优势。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.