基于耕地保护价值空间特征的非农化区域补偿方法

耕地资源是中国重要的基础性、战略性资源,保护耕地资源是国家重大战略。基于耕地价值评价模型对中国31个省（市、自治区）耕地保护价值进行测算,通过定量刻画耕地保护价值空间特征,并建立耕地非农化区域补偿模拟,以期为耕地保护与耕地非农化区域补偿机制构建提供创新性思路。研究结果表明:1)耕地资源保护价值地区差异明显,最高为北京市,达185.21万元/hm~(2),最低为青海省,为44.61万元/hm~(2),两者相差近4.2倍。2)全国31个省（市、自治区）单位面积耕地保护价值具有一定的空间分布特征,经济价值呈现出东北及东部高、西部低的空间分布特征;社会价值中西部区域较高,主要受人口、耕地资源禀赋、经济社会发展水平等因素影响;生态服务价值整体呈现出北部及西北低、东南高的空间分布特征。3)根据耕地非农化区域补偿机制,中央政府作为耕地保护主体之一,2012年需向各省（市、自治区）支付耕地社会稳定与生态服务价值26764.068亿元,占当年全国GDP的5.15%;上海、安徽、广东、广西、宁夏减少的耕地保护收益与耕地非农化补偿支付成本总额分别达10.907亿元、10.283亿元、74.680亿元、66.495亿元、8.529亿元。基于此理论模型,地方政府与中央政府在耕地保护博弈过程中,耕地非农化成本收益自然会成为一个重要决定性因素,这也是耕地资源保护由单一的行政管理向市场配置管理转变的理论和实践基础。

Method of quantitative compensation for cultivated land conversion based on spatial characteristics of cultivated land protection value

Abstract: Cultivated land is a type of fundamental and strategic resources for China. Therefore, cultivated land protection has become China's national strategy. Along with the economic development and the population increase, the occupation of cultivated land for urban construction purpose has been an inevitable tendency. The understanding about the value loss associated with the continuous diminution of cultivated land resource, and the corresponding compensation mechanism, has become critical for land conservation. This paper constructed a land-value-evaluation model, which was based on cultivated land value classification, integrating income capitalization method, equivalent substitution approach, and market value method. By using of this model, we estimated cultivated land protection values for 31 provinces/municipalities in mainland China. Further, by use of GIS techniques, the spatial characteristics for the cultivated lands' protection values over the entire country were quantitatively described. Then, the simulated compensation mechanism for cultivated land conversion was established. Such work offered innovative approaches for structuring the cultivated land protection policies and regional compensation mechanisms for cultivated land conversion. The results indicated that there was a significant regional difference associated with the cultivated land protection values. The highest value, 185.21×104 Yuan RMB/hm2, was at the Beijing city; while the lowest value, 44.61×104 Yuan RMB/hm2, was at Qinghai province. The former was 4.2 times of the latter. Second, there were certain spatial characteristics associated with the distribution of cultivated land protection values over the 31 provinces/municipalities in China. In detail, the economic values showed a tendency that the higher values were at Northeast/East regions while the West regions had the lower values. Such tendency was related with the different levels of economic development and conditions for agricultural production in different regions. But the social values showed a different tendency that higher values were at Middle/West regions. This tendency was resulted from the influences by the population, the natural conditions of cultivated land recourses, and the levels of socioeconomic development in different regions. Specifically, the pattern for the areas with high basic guarantee value, which was a specific type of social values, was relatively scattered. It was majorly related with the level of the area per capita of cultivated land resource in different regions. The employment security value, which was another specific type of social values, showed a tendency that was higher at the West while lower at the East. This was significantly influenced by the levels of socioeconomic development and the difference in resource endowment. The areas with high social stability value, which was the third type of social values, showed a scatter pattern as well. This was majorly resulted from the total amount of cultivated land and the levels of grain production in different regions. The ecologic service value presented a different spatial tendency that the higher values emerged at the Southeast regions while the North and Northwest regions possessed lower values. This tendency can be explained by the regions' natural ecological environments. Third, according to the regional compensation mechanism for cultivated land conversion established in this research, the central government, as one of the cultivated land protection agents, shall pay 26764.068×108 Yuan RMB to all the provinces/municipalities in the year of 2012. Such payment shall be used for protecting the cultivated land for holding its functions such as social stability and ecological service. This approximately takes 5.15% of national GDP in that year. In detail, the sum of the benefits loss for cultivated land protection and the costs for the compensation of cultivated land conversion was 10.907×108 Yuan RMB, 1.175×108 Yuan RMB, 3531.345×108 Yuan RMB, 66.495×108 Yuan RMB, and 8.529×108 Yuan RMB for Shanghai city, Anhui province, Guangdong province, Guangxi province, and Ningxia province, respectively. Based on this theoretical model constructed in this paper, the benefits/costs of cultivated land conversion become a critical factor in the process between the central and local governments. The research also provides the theoretical and practical reference for a conversion of cultivated land protection mechanism, which will be good for land management in China.