湖北省粮食生产及其影响下的土地资源承载力格局

[目的]为科学评估湖北省土地资源和人口可持续发展现状,对湖北省1949—2012年的粮食生产特征和土地资源承载力进行分析。[方法]通过引入粮食生产相对波动指数、土地资源承载力模型和土地资源承载指数模型进行详细评估。[结果]研究期内湖北省粮食生产呈周期性波动特征,生产过程受自然灾害和政策影响显著,平衡外界影响因素能力薄弱,容易出现起伏;人口增幅小于粮食产量增幅,人均粮食占有量呈4个明显波动周期;2012年湖北省土地资源承载力主要以人口超载、粮食短缺为主要特征。中部平原湖区耕地资源丰富,人粮关系协调,为粮食盈余区域;西部山区和东南部武汉城市圈耕地资源缺乏,人口压力较大,粮食短缺,为人口超载区域。[结论]保护耕地,发展农业科技,提高单产,扩大农业生产规模和稳定粮食生产政策是切实保障湖北省农业稳定发展的重要途径。     

基于人粮关系的陕西省耕地资源承载指数时空变化与预测

[目的]分析陕西省2010—2019年耕地承载指数的时空变化特征,并对2020—2025年的耕地承载指数与人粮关系进行预测,为该区国土空间规划和耕地保护政策制定提供理论参考。[方法]基于统计年鉴面板数据,运用重心迁移模型、地理探测器、GM(1,1)模型等方法开展研究。[结果](1)2010—2019年陕西省总体粮食产量、人口、耕地承载力都有所上升,耕地资源承载指数(LCCI)小幅度波动下降,人粮关系稍微缓和;各地级行政区耕地资源承载指数波动较大,变化剧烈的时间段为2010—2011年、2014—2015年、2017—2018年。(2)2010—2019年陕西省耕地承载指数区域差异明显,呈现出南高北低的空间格局,西安市、杨凌示范区为高值中心,榆林市为低值中心;从分区角度,耕地资源承载指数排序为：陕南地区>关中地区>陕北地区。10 a间陕西省的耕地资源承载指数重心位于咸阳市境内,总体迁移方向为从东北向西南,指向西安市与杨凌示范区。2013—2015年、2017—2018年两个时间段的路径存在明显的突变,与各地级行政区耕地承载指数的消长有关。(3)陕西省耕地资源承载指数时空变化最...     

唐山市耕地压力动态变化与调控策略

根据唐山市1984-2008年相关数据,分析了耕地-粮食-人口系统的动态变化,计算了耕地压力指数,并分析了该指数的动态变化及成因.分析结果表明:1984年以来唐山市耕地面积及其人均量持续减少;粮食总产量及人均产量呈先增加后减少的变化趋势;受其影响最小人均耕地面积和耕地压力指数呈现相似的变化趋势.最后探讨了缓解耕地压力的调控策略,即保持区域内一定数量的耕地和种植高产作物是缓解耕地压力的重点.     

基于耕地压力指数的山东省粮食生产动态分析与预测

[目的]对山东省1994—2014年的粮食生产进行动态分析,并对2015—2025年的粮食安全状况进行预测,为该省制定合理的粮食生产规划和农业经济政策提供科学依据。[方法]从耕地压力角度出发,采用最小人均耕地面积和耕地压力指数模型,通过对文献资料进行搜集、整理与统计,并运用Logistic人口预测模型和灰色GM(1,1)模型开展研究。[结果](1)山东省1994—2014年中的大多数年份耕地压力指数大于1,处于粮食不安全状态;(2)1994—2014年耕地压力指数呈现出缓慢上升趋势,且其变化具有明显的周期性,每个波动周期大约为4~5a;(3)未来10a粮食产量、年末人口总数呈增加的态势,而耕地面积、人均耕地面积、最小人均耕地面积和耕地压力指数均呈现出降低趋势,且大多数年份的耕地压力指数值小于1。[结论]通过大力发展粮食经济,未来10a山东省粮食生产与供给都将处于安全状态。     

河南省土地资源承载力时空演变分析与预测

为了探究土地资源的合理人口承载量,依据2000—2016年河南省相关数据,运用粮食生产波动指数模型、土地资源承载指数模型、土地资源限制度模型和灰色预测模型GM(1,1),借助ArcGIS软件对河南省总体和分地市土地资源承载力进行动态分析,并对河南省分地市2017—2026年土地资源承载力进行了预测。结果表明:(1) 2000—2016年,河南省总体土地资源承载指数呈现下降趋势,土地资源承载力由平衡有余转变至富裕级别。(2) 2000—2016年河南省分地市中,人口超载类型区集中在豫西山区(三门峡、洛阳和平顶山)以及经济相对发达的郑州和济源;17年间,土地资源承载指数均呈现出"西高东低"的特征;2016年与2000年相比,河南省各地市中土地资源限制度较低的地市数和人口数均减少明显,不受土地资源限制的地市数量增多,其中省会郑州的土地资源限制度由轻度转向中度,呈现恶化趋势,需单独关注。(3) 2017—2026年河南省除郑州和三门峡人口超载外,其余地市的土地资源承载力均呈现逐年上升的趋势,粮食盈余类型区的地市数量稳定,且盈余级别不断优化,表明区域土地资源承载力将会逐步增强,在未来仍满足经济发展需要和具备向省内外人口超载区域大量输出粮食的条件和基础。     

湖北省耕地变化与粮食生产的特征分析

耕地资源是保障粮食安全及社会稳定的基石.在分析湖北省1978-2008年耕地面积和粮食产量变化的基础上,进一步分析了最小人均耕地面积和耕地压力指数的变化特点;采用GM(1,1)方法对未来10 a耕地、人口、粮食产量、最小人均耕地面积和耕地压力指数进行了预测.结果表明:(1)1978年来,湖北省人均耕地面积和人均粮食产量不断减少,最小人均耕地面积总体变化呈波浪式降低而耕地压力指数呈波浪式上升.(2)未来10 a,最小人均耕地面积将逐年降低而耕地压力指数将逐年升高,人均耕地面积降低速度快于实际最小人均耕地面积的降低速度,耕地面积难以保证粮食生产安全.并对此提出了相关建议.     

黑龙江省宝泉岭垦区粮食生产动态分析与预测

保持一定数量的耕地资源是实现区域粮食安全的重要保障.以黑龙江省宝泉岭垦区为研究区,从耕地压力角度出发,采用耕地压力指数模型,基于商品粮基地具有向国家提供商品粮的特殊地位,综合考虑国家粮食安全和区域粮食安全的关系,对1989-2008年宝泉岭垦区耕地与粮食生产状况进行了分析,运用时间序列、灰色系统模型及DPS数据处理系统软件,对2011-2020年宝泉岭垦区的粮食安全状况进行了预测.结果表明:20 a来宝泉岭垦区粮食一直处于安全状态,宝泉岭垦区粮食安全动态变化情况大致分为三个不同阶段:1989-2000年耕地压力指数波动上升,2001-2003年耕地压力指数下降,2004-2008年耕地压力指数波动上升.在未来10 a,在满足商品率为91%的条件下,年末总人口、耕地面积、粮食总产量逐年增加,耕地压力指数持续降低,在满足区域粮食安全的基础上,粮食商品率有很大的提升空间.最后,提出继续加强政策支持力度、依靠科技进步、严格保护耕地等建议以进一步提高宝泉岭垦区的粮食生产能力.     

陕西省米脂县耕地动态变化与粮食安全研究

根据米脂县1990-2007年粮食生产的相关数据,对该县耕地、人口和粮食生产动态变化以及粮食总产与其影响因素进行了灰色关联度分析.结果表明,退耕还林还草工程是耕地总面积迅速减少的主要原因;提高粮食单产保障粮食总产是实现粮食安全的最关键因子;持续增长的人口造成耕地的承载压力越来越大,并对该区实现粮食安全提出了更大的挑战.最后,根据分析结果提出了增加科技投入,提高单产,保护耕地,挖掘耕地潜力等措施以保障该区域的粮食安全,为政府部门制定相关粮食安全政策提供科学的理论依据.     

安徽省1995-2013年粮食生产与耕地压力动态变化特征及驱动因素

[目的]探索安徽省粮食安全与耕地压力动态变化及驱动因素,为管理层制定粮食安全政策提供决策参考.[方法]运用耕地压力指数模型、C-D生产模型,采用偏最小二乘回归方法,对安徽省1995-2013年粮食生产与耕地压力的动态特征及驱动因素进行综合分析.[结果](1)人口增长与耕地面积减少的矛盾突出.人口由1995年6 000万,增至2013年6 929万,呈线性增长态势,而耕地面积则由1995年4.29×106 hm2减少至2013年4.19×106 hm2,呈下降态势;(2)研究时序内,耕地压力指数均值为0.345,承载力指数均值为0.747,耕地资源禀赋尚处盈余状态,为全国商品粮盈余地区,平均盈余率达25.32％;(3)粮食作物播种面积、农业固定资产投资对粮食生产具有正向影响,边际弹性系数分别为0.001 458,0.116 508,有效灌溉面积、劳动力、农机总动力、化肥、农膜、农药、农村用电量对粮食生产具有弱负向影响.[结论]加大财政支持力度,加快推进农业现代化进程,增强科技对粮食生产的贡献率,是保障安徽省粮食生产可持续发展的重要途径.     

乌鲁木齐市近16年建设用地和耕地变化驱动力比较分析

以新疆乌鲁木齐市1996—2011年自然、人文和土地利用数据为依据,基于数理统计分析方法和统计软件,对乌鲁木齐市16 a的建设用地和耕地变化特征和驱动机制进行了探讨和对比分析。结果表明:（1）1996—2011年乌鲁木齐市建设用地经历了平缓上升→迅速增长→减速增长的变化历程,耕地则为平缓减少→迅速增加→逐渐较少。（2）经济发展、人口增长、农业技术进步和产业结构调整是影响乌鲁木齐市建设用地和耕地动态变化的因素,而政策措施对该市的建设用地和耕地变化起直接导向作用。（3）各驱动力对建设用地和耕地驱动方向、驱动力大小、驱动因素影响的敏感性均表现出差异性,且同一土地利用类型在不同时期驱动因素也有差异。本研究旨在揭示建设用地和耕地变化规律及机制的同时为区域土地的可持续利用和生态环境保护提供科学依据。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.