洮河流域气候变化及其对水资源的影响

利用洮河流域气象观测资料和水资源定位观测资料,分析气候变化特征、水资源变化特征及其二者的关系,建立水资源气候模式。分析表明:洮河流域降水量年际变化呈下降趋势,降水量变化曲线线性拟合倾向率在-14.5~-4.6 mm/10 a之间,降水量递减以夏季降水量递减为主。气温年际变化趋势呈显著上升趋势,气温变化曲线线性拟合倾向率在0.12~0.59℃/10 a之间,增温率以冬季最大,年际变化趋势从20世纪70年代之后持续上升。年干燥指数变化呈显著上升趋势,年干燥指数变化曲线线性拟合倾向率在0.05~0.12/10 a之间。近50年来洮河流域气候趋于暖干化。洮河流域水资源呈显著下降趋势,年际变化存在2~3,8~9,15 a的年际周期变化。水资源与降水量呈显著正相关,与干燥指数呈显著负相关,降水量减少,干燥指数上升,导致水资源减少。     

近50年局地气候变化及其对共和盆地贵南县草地退化的影响

利用共和盆地贵南站1961—2007年温度、降水等气象资料,分析了共和盆地贵南县的气候变化趋势,探讨了气候变化对贵南县草地退化的影响。结果表明：共和盆地贵南地区气温年际变化呈上升趋势,倾向率为0．23℃／10a,增温速度大于全国增温速度;年降水量总体上呈不显著的增加趋势,倾向率为3．0mm／10a;草地潜在蒸散量呈显著上升趋势,蒸散量倾向率为22．23mm／10a;年大风、沙尘暴日数呈下降趋势。分析认为：气候变化是草原生态退化的自然诱发因素,温度显著升高,草地蒸散量增加,春季干旱事件增多,秋季降水量减少造成草地牧草生长期的变化和草地生产力的下降,导致贵南草地生态退化。     

松嫩平原50年来气温及降水变化分析

运用趋势系数和气候倾向率分析了松嫩平原地区50a来气温及降水的时空变化规律。结果表明，50a来本区气温有显著上升趋势，平均气温以0．3487℃／10a幅度升高。全年各月气温均呈上升趋势，但是冬春季升温剧烈，达0．5754℃／10a；夏秋季较弱，仅为0．1868℃／10a。由于最冷月平均温度升高比最热月大，导致气温年较差减少。气温升高存在显著的区域差异，平原西北部地区增温强烈，气温倾向率大于0．45℃／10a；平原东部地区气温倾向率较低，小于0．20℃／10a。全区降水总体趋势性变化不显著，但还是呈现弱的减少趋势，平均年降水量倾向率为-0．0783mm／10a，且秋季降水减少明显。     

贵州西部马铃薯生育期气候因子变化规律及其影响分析

利用贵州西部14县(市)1978-2009年连续32a的马铃薯生育期(3-9月)的定位观测和加密观测资料、1960-2009年3-9月地面平行观测气象资料,采用气候变化倾向率、Morlet小波分析、Cubic函数以及积分回归等方法,对贵州西部马铃薯生育期主要气候因子变化规律及其对马铃薯生长的影响进行分析,以期为马铃薯产业发展提供依据。结果表明,研究区马铃薯生育期平均气温年际变化呈极显著上升趋势,倾向率为1.96℃/10a(P<0.01),马铃薯块茎膨大期(7-8月)气温日较差呈显著下降趋势,倾向率为-1.82℃/10a(P<0.05);马铃薯生育期降水量年际变化呈显著下降趋势,倾向率为-50.26mm/10a(P<0.05),日照时数年际变化呈显著下降趋势,倾向率为-0.62h/10a(P<0.05)。同时降水量存在3a和9a的周期变化,日照时数存在3a、8a和48a的周期变化。马铃薯播种到收获需历时155～175d,>10℃积温达2100～3800℃.d,降水量730～1300mm,日照时数820～1100h。气温对马铃薯产量形成为负效应,但块茎膨大期气温日较差对其为正效应,且该期对气温变化十分敏感;降水量对马铃薯产量形成除开花期(5月中旬-6月下旬)为负效应外,其余时段均为正效应,马铃薯开花期到块茎膨大期(5月中旬-8月下旬)对降水量变化十分敏感;日照时数对马铃薯产量形成除苗期(3月下旬-5月中旬)为负效应外,其余时段均为正效应,马铃薯开花前期(5月中旬-下旬)和块茎膨大期对日照时数变化十分敏感。     

沧州地区近40年来气温和降水量的变化趋势分析

采用线性分析方法和R／S方法相结合,对沧州地区年降水量和年均气温的变化特点和未来趋势进行分析。结果表明,该地区气温和年降水量的变化特点与未来趋势不尽相同。气温在过去35a间呈上升趋势,变化率为0．394℃／10a,同时Hurst指数为0．848,说明当地未来气温增加的趋势可能还将持续;过去51a的年降水量呈现减少趋势,但降水量的Hurst指数仅为0．53,说明当地年降水量在未来有可能发生改变或者将保持基本稳定。     

渠江流域降水时空分布特征

基于1961-2020年渠江流域13个气象站点降水数据,运用累积距平、Mann-Kendall检验、小波分析和Kriging插值等方法研究分析了流域降水量及暴雨事件的时空分布特征。结果表明:渠江流域60年年均降水量1 126.17 mm,年降水量整体呈缓慢上升趋势,降水倾向率为6.9 mm/10 a。年降水量波动剧烈,存在27年、15年的周期性变化。年均降水量呈现由西部向东北部递增的趋势,降水量高值区位于流域东北部万源地区,低值区位于西部巴中地区。年降水量倾向率呈现由西北部向东南部递增的趋势,东部及南部降水倾向率为10~15 mm/10 a。渠江流域降水呈季节性变化,春季、秋季降水量呈下降趋势,夏季、冬季降水量呈上升趋势。5年滑动平均数据表明,夏季降水倾向率为16.9 mm/10 a,秋季降水倾向率为-7.7 mm/10 a。季节降水量波动明显,突变点较多,春、夏、秋季突变点主要集中于1961-1980年和2010-2020年间,冬季突变点集中于1985-2005年间。渠江流域春、夏、秋、冬四季降水倾向率最高值分别位于流域南部、东北部、东南部和西部。渠江流域汛期暴雨年均日数为4.28日,暴雨日数整体呈上升趋势,60年内暴雨日数以0.21 d/10 a的速率增加。汛期暴雨日数年际波动明显,1965年、1983年、1984年呈显著增加趋势。汛期暴雨日数存在14年、21年的周期性变化。渠江流域多年平均暴雨日数呈现由西南部向东北部递增的趋势,流域南部达川地区的上升趋势最快,较流域整体上升趋势高0.15 d/10 a。     

黔东南地区近49年的气候变化特征

利用黔东南地区16个气象观测站1961-2009年的逐日气象观测资料,采用常规统计方法和墨西哥帽小波变换方法,分析了黔东南地区近49a气温、降水、相对湿度和日照的地理分布及气候特征、年际变化趋势等。结果表明：黔东南地区近49a来年平均气温、平均最高气温的变化趋势不显著,而平均最低气温呈显著的上升趋势,其上升速率为0.146℃.10a-1;且具有3a、17a和36a的振荡周期特征,同时年平均气温具有从东南向西北递减、东部的等值线呈经向分布的特征。年平均降水量的线性变化趋势不显著但暴雨日数有显著增加趋势;年降水量具有3a和18a的准周期变化特征,同时呈由东向南、由西向北递减的趋势。年平均相对湿度的线性变化趋势也不显著,但具有3a、8a和11a的振荡周期变化特征。年平均日照时数呈显著的下降趋势,其下降速率为25.835h.10a^-1,且具有4a、10a和20a的振荡周期变化特征。黔东南地区近49a来总体上气候向暧干方向发展,同时还具有气温偏高时,降水量就偏少;气温偏低时,降水量就偏多的气候特征。     

洮河干流径流量变化趋势分析

河流径流量变化是对区域气候和下垫面变化的综合反映,了解和认知其变化对流域水资源开发具有重要意义。根据洮河流域上、中、下游的下巴沟、岷县、李家村、红旗四个控制水文站点实测月、年径流量资料,运用不同指标对洮河干流径流量的变化规律和趋势进行了分析,并采用最新的经验模态分解法进行佐证。结果表明:50年代至今,洮河流域径流量年内分配不均匀性越来越低,上游向下游逐渐由均匀向不均匀变化;该流域径流量年际变化大,总体表现为逐渐减小的趋势,丰平枯水年交替出现;洮河上游、下游径流量年际变化稳定,中游有部分支流汇入,径流量年际变化剧烈。洮河径流过程与降雨过程呈对应关系,径流量随雨量的变化而变化,径流量有滞后现象。     

1960-2017年江淮地区降水的时空变化特征

[目的]探究江淮地区降水量的时空变化特征,并在此基础上研究了大气环流因子对降水量的影响,为江淮地区水资源管理和灾害防治提供科学基础。[方法]基于1960—2017年江淮地区15个气象站点的逐日降水及大气环流数据,采用Mann-Kendall趋势检验、累计距平曲线、小波分析、交叉小波变换及小波相干方法,揭示了江淮地区时空变化特征及影响该地区降水量的因素。[结果]江淮地区降水量存在多尺度的周期性震荡,其中冬季降水量表现为显著增加趋势(p<0.05),经历最少次偏多—偏少过程,且存在55.6 a的主周期;年、夏季降水量呈不显著增加趋势,经历最多次偏多—偏少过程,但其在该地区南部多呈显著性变化;春、秋季降水量呈不显著下降趋势,全地区不存在显著性变化站点。该地区降水量与大气环流指数在年际尺度上均存在一定的共振周期,东亚夏季风(EASM)对其影响最显著;南方涛动指数(SOI)对其影响最不显著。[结论]江淮地区降水在年际及季节性尺度上时空变化特征具有明显差异,且在年际尺度上受大气环流一定的显著影响,研究结果能为该地区科学制定水资源规划、预防气候型风险、达到生态平衡提供理论支撑。     

冀北地区近50 a马铃薯需水量及水分盈亏时空变化特征

为高效利用水资源,提高农业生产效益,根据联合国粮农组织(FAO)推荐的参考作物蒸散计算方法和相关作物系数法,利用河北省马铃薯主要种植区域(冀北地区)23个地面气象站的资料,计算了冀北地区近50a(1969—2018年)马铃薯生育期内的需水量和缺水量,并分析了马铃薯生育期内降水量、有效降水量、需水量、缺水量变化趋势,以及不同区域不同生育期马铃薯需水量、缺水量的变化特征。结果表明:1)近50 a冀北地区马铃薯生育期内降水量、有效降水量年际变化可分为2个阶段:1969—2003年呈减少趋势,气候倾向率分别为–15.68 mm·(10a)~(–1)、–6.61 mm·(10a)~(–1);而2004—2018年呈显著增加趋势,气候倾向率分别为60.07 mm·(10a)~(–1)、9.68 mm·(10a)~(–1)。近50 a平均降水量、有效降水量分别为356.5 mm和148.6 mm;空间上均呈自西向东逐渐递减的带状特征。2)近50a马铃薯生育期需水量和缺水量年际变化也表现出1969—2003年减少、2004—2018年增多的趋势,且需水量多的年份缺水量也多,近50 a平均需水量和缺水量分别为497.8 mm、349.1 mm;空间分布上均呈自坝上高原向坝下山地增多特点,且需水量大的地区缺水量也多。3)马铃薯块茎膨大期需水量最多,期间也是缺水量最多的时期。研究结果显示1969—2018年冀北地区马铃薯生育期内水资源一直处于严重亏缺状态,在生产中需充分考虑马铃薯需水量对气象要素变化的响应,加强水分管理,确保水资源高效利用。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.