宏基因组学探究原料乳冷藏过程菌群变化规律

为探究原料乳4 ℃冷藏期间细菌群落的变化规律，使用Illumina Hiseq测序平台，对原料乳冷藏期间微生物变化及功能注释进行宏基因组学分析。随着冷藏时间的延长，原料乳中的微生物在数量和种群构成上均发生了显著改变。冷藏72 h期间，优势菌群由不动杆菌属、链球菌属、无浆体属和梭菌属向黄杆菌属、假单胞菌属和乳球菌属逐渐演替。功能注释结果显示：复制重组修复、翻译/核糖体结构与生物发生、细胞壁/膜的生物发生、脂质代谢在冷藏前期相对丰度较高。氨基酸、碳水化合物的转运与代谢在冷藏后期相对丰度较高。其中脂质代谢与不动杆菌属显著相关（P<0.001），氨基酸代谢、碳水化合物代谢与假单胞菌属显著相关（P<0.01）。表明冷藏原料乳中不动杆菌属及假单胞菌属对乳成分影响较大。通过控制冷藏原料乳有害微生物繁殖，能够维持乳成分稳定。该研究结果可为生鲜乳保藏、液态乳灭菌控制、奶酪加工等提供理论依据。     

猪肉提取净化过程中脂质含量变化及其对β-受体激动剂残留分析的影响研究

采用靶向脂质组学方法分析了猪肉提取净化过程中24种磷脂的含量变化,考察了其对β-受体激动剂残留检测基质效应的影响。结果表明,磷脂总量随着提取溶液中水比例的增大而增加,其中磷脂酰胆碱(PC)脂质的增加最为明显。净化吸附剂C_(18)和PSA的使用可以降低磷脂总量,C_(18)的除脂效果优于PSA,且对磷脂酰乙醇胺(PE)、磷脂酰肌醇(PI)和磷脂酰丝氨酸(PS)脂质的去除效果好于PC脂质。随着水的增加,基质效应处于90%～100%范围内的化合物个数有所降低,但对弱基质效应(80%～120%)的化合物个数总体影响不大,当使用50 mg PSA和50 mg C_(18)对样品进行净化时化合物个数达到最大。磷脂含量的降低一定程度上降低了基质效应,减少了对目标分析物的影响,这些结果为明确样品前处理过程中基质动态变化,从而针对性地优化建立残留分析方法提供了重要依据。     

南美白对虾空气油炸过程中脂质组学快检技术研究

为实时监测南美白对虾在空气油炸过程中脂质组学轮廓变化,本研究采用iKnife-REIMS联用技术、主成分分析(PCA)和正交偏最小二乘判别分析(OPLS-DA)探究了不同空气油炸温度(140、170、200℃,10 min)对南美白对虾肌肉组织脂质组成的影响。结果表明,经结构鉴定和相对含量测定,南美白对虾样品中共检出10种脂肪酸与31种磷脂分子,其中,亚油酸(m/z 279,21.88%)、EPA(m/z 301,16.59%)与DHA(m/z 327,15.14%)为主要脂肪酸离子;[PE 36:1-H]^-(m/z 744,20.16%)与[PE 38:5-H]^-/[PC O-36:5-H]^-(m/z 764,15.92%)为主要磷脂离子。随着油炸温度的升高,油炸南美白对虾中饱和脂肪酸与甘油磷脂酸(PA)分子的相对含量呈上升趋势,而不饱和脂肪酸、磷脂酰乙醇胺(PE)、磷脂酰胆碱(PC)与磷脂酰肌醇(PI)分子的相对含量不断减少。通过共享与特有化合物结构分析图(SUS-plot)确定了6个潜在标记物(m/z 277、m/z 770、m/z 810、m/z 818、m/z 844及m/z 836),可用于空气油炸样品的实时鉴别。经方法学验证,该iKnife-REIMS联用实时检测方法的灵敏度和精密度均可满足空气油炸过程中南美白对虾脂肪酸和磷脂的脂质组学轮廓分析测试要求。本研究结果为食品加工过程中脂质组学变化研究提供了新的检测技术手段。     

乙醇提取冷冻结晶去杂精制磷脂酰胆碱

该文研究了在低温条件下，用乙醇作为溶剂，通过冷冻结晶去杂，从粗制大豆磷脂中精制磷脂酰胆碱的方法。通过单因素试验确定了影响磷脂酰胆碱纯度的相关因素。用响应面试验对精制条件进行了优化，结果表明冷冻时间、冷冻温度、液料比都对磷脂酰胆碱的纯度产生一定的影响。其中冷冻时间，冷冻温度的影响最为显著。经响应面分析优化得到了最佳工艺条件为:温度为-20℃、冷冻时间为23.56 h、液料比为8.73∶1(V/m)。在此条件下得到磷脂酰胆碱的预测纯度为70.73%。经过验证实验和高效液相法检测，实测在此条件下：磷脂酰胆碱的纯度为70.1%,得率为23.0%。中试结果为：磷脂酰胆碱的纯度为68.8%,得率为22.7%。表明此方法简单可行，适宜于工业化生产。     

采用UHPLC-QTOF-MS技术筛选亚麻籽油脂质分子标志物

为了探究亚麻籽油中脂质的真实属性和发掘其有价值的脂质分子,该研究基于超高效液相色谱-四级杆飞行时间质谱联用技术（Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Spectroscopy, UHPLC-QTOF-MS）表征了亚麻籽油的脂质轮廓。结果表明：在正离子模式下检测到15个脂质分子小类共668种脂质分子;在负离子模式下检测到31个脂质分子小类共404种脂质分子;共有7个脂质分子小类脂质在正、负离子下均被检测到;甜菜碱脂、甘油糖脂、神经节苷脂、鞘磷脂、神经酰胺、羟基脂肪酸的脂肪酸酯、酰基肉碱和植物固醇在亚麻籽油首次在该研究中被发现,它们都具有特殊的生物学功能。多元变量统计分析结果表明每两个品种亚麻籽油间相对定量值差异显著的脂质分子均超过200种（P<0.05）,并筛选出6种甘油磷酸肌醇、1种甘油磷酸胆碱、1种甘油磷酸乙醇胺和1种三酰基甘油作为亚麻籽A油的标志性脂质分子;6种三酰基甘油和1种半单酰基甘油磷酸酯作为亚麻籽B油的标志性脂质分子;1种神经节苷脂和1种硫代异鼠李糖甘油二酯作为亚麻籽C油的标志性脂质分子。总之,该研究在亚麻籽油中鉴定出39个脂质分子小类共1 072种脂质分子,其中有22个脂质分子小类共415种脂质分子首次在亚麻籽油中被检测到,此外不同品种亚麻籽油在脂质分子层面存在显著差异（P<0.05）,这些脂质分子作为标志物,可用于植物油的品质判别、营养评价,真伪鉴别和安全性评价等,同时该研究也为其他植物油的分析提供方法参考。     

秦川牛腿骨油的脂质组成分析

为了实现畜禽骨副产物的有效利用,本研究采用超声波辅助溶剂浸出法提取秦川牛腿骨油,应用高效液相色谱(HPLC)、气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)法和基于多维质谱“鸟枪法”脂质组学技术(MDMS-SL)综合分析牛腿骨油的脂质组成,并对牛腿骨油的氧化稳定性、酸价和过氧化值等理化性质以及酚类化合物进行测定。结果表明,秦川牛腿骨油中含有丰富的甘油酯,其中甘油三酯(TAG)含量为93.85%,同时含有少量的甘油二酯(DAG)。在秦川牛腿骨油中共检测出24种脂肪酸,单不饱和脂肪酸和多不饱和脂肪酸含量分别为62.85%和2.18%;24种酰基肉碱,总含量为1.18 nmol·g^-1;17种鞘磷脂,总含量为35.36 nmol·g^-1;38种磷脂酰胆碱,总含量为22.16 nmol·g^-1。样品具有较强的氧化稳定性,酸价和过氧化值分别为16.43 mg KOH·g^-1和5.22 mmol·kg^-1,含有α-生育酚、α-三烯酚及γ-三烯酚3种酚类化合物。丰富的TAG、不饱和脂肪酸及鞘磷脂含量使秦川牛腿骨油在促进营养吸收、降血糖血脂及抗炎等方面具有较大的利用潜力。本研究为秦川牛腿骨油相关高附加值产品的开发提供了理论基础。     

罗氏海盘车性腺脂质的微波提取及其成分分析

为优化罗氏海盘车性腺脂质的微波提取工艺并分析其脂质成分和脂肪酸组成,该研究采用微波辅助提取技术对罗氏海盘车性腺脂质的提取工艺进行优化,同时通过核磁共振和气相色谱-质谱分别对其脂质成分和脂肪酸组成进行分析。试验结果表明,罗氏海盘车性腺脂质的最佳提取工艺条件:以乙酸乙酯为提取溶剂、液料比7 mL/g、提取时间12 min、提取温度60℃,在此优化条件下,罗氏海盘车性腺脂质的提取率为33.82%。罗氏海盘车性腺脂质的主要成分为甘油三酯和磷脂,胆固醇和游离脂肪酸含量较低;脂肪酸以C14:0、C16:0、C18:1n-7、C20:1n-11、C20:5n-3(eicosapentaenoic acid,EPA)和C22:6n-3(docosahexaenoic acid,DHA)为主,C20:5n-3和C22:6n-3总质量分数为21.56%,且n-3型与n-6型多不饱和脂肪酸的比值高达8.72;同时罗氏海盘车性腺脂质的脂肪酸致动脉粥样硬化指数(atherogenic index,AI)和血栓形成指数(thrombogenic index,TI)分别为0.81和0.29,表明罗氏海盘车性腺脂质能有效预防动脉粥样硬化和血栓形成,具有很高营养价值和脂质开发潜力,可作为C20:5n-3和C22:6n-3等功能性脂肪酸的重要膳食来源。该研究为罗氏海盘车性腺脂质的微波提取、成分分析和综合开发利用提供了一定的理论依据。     

环绕式LED光质对蛋白核小球藻生长代谢影响

微藻是一类生长速度快、环境适应能力强的单细胞自养生物，利用其生产的碳水化合物、蛋白质、油脂等已在食品、水产养殖、医疗保健等领域广泛应用，然而，高养殖成本始终是限制其产业化发展的难点之一。光源是微藻培养的重要环境因子，现有研究多报道波段及光照周期对微藻生长代谢的影响，其所用光源几乎均采用单侧排布，光在藻液中分布的均匀性和稳定性易受藻液光径、藻密度等影响。该研究以商业化较成熟的微藻——蛋白核小球藻（Chlorella pyrenoidosa）为对象，将环绕式LED人工光源应用于微藻培养中，采用光强为100 μmol/(m²·s)的白、红、黄、绿、蓝、紫6种光质分别培养蛋白核小球藻21 d，每日监测藻液中生物量和光合色素含量变化，测定培养末期（D21）藻体中的蛋白质、油脂和碳水化合物含量及脂肪酸组成和丰度，分析不同波段光质对蛋白核小球藻生长代谢的影响。结果显示，相较于对照组（白光），绿光和蓝光分别培养蛋白核小球藻7 d和9 d后其生物量显著提高（P<0.05），培养末期（D21）绿光组和蓝光组的生物量分别提高了24.4%和8.0%（P<0.05）；藻液中叶绿素a的变化趋势与生物量变化类似，但绿光组藻体中总光合色素质量分数却显著低于紫光组（P<0.05），可能与微藻对紫光的吸收利用率低有关（需要合成更多光合色素来获取光能）；红光组中碳水化合物质量分数增加11.5%而油脂质量分数显著下降23.8%（P<0.05）；蓝光最利于油脂累积，显著提升26.2%（P<0.05）；紫光使蛋白核小球藻的碳分配从碳水化合物向蛋白质合成方向分流；脂肪酸分析表明，绿光和紫光最利于总脂肪酸累积，较对照组（39.5‰）分别提升20.1%和18.2%（P<0.05）；绿光和蓝光更有利于多不饱和脂肪酸的合成。研究结果可为蛋白核小球藻胞内碳分配的优化调控提供有效的光源配置方案，为蛋白核小球藻的高效优质生产提供理论参考。     

低温热处理对超高温灭菌乳中假单胞菌脂肪酶Ⅷ的活性影响

通过分析不同因素对假单胞菌脂肪酶Ⅷ活性的影响以及假单胞菌脂肪酶Ⅷ活性与超高温灭菌(UHT)乳脂肪上浮的关系，研究了控制UHT乳中假单胞菌脂肪酶Ⅷ活性和延缓脂肪上浮现象的措施。结果表明pH值对假单胞菌脂肪酶Ⅷ的活性有显著性影响(P<0.01)，50、55、60℃(20 min)的低温热处理能显著降低假单胞菌脂肪酶Ⅷ的活性(P<0.01)。贮藏试验表明低温热处理对控制UHT乳在贮存过程中的假单胞菌脂肪酶Ⅷ活性水平(P<0.01)和脂肪上浮现象(P<0.05)有明显的作用，而55℃和15 min的低温热处理对缓解UHT乳在贮藏过程中的脂肪上浮现象最为有效。     

富含EPA/DHA型结构磷脂的酶法合成条件优化及表征

为建立富含二十碳五烯酸(EPA)和二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)型结构磷脂的制备方法,本试验以南极磷虾磷脂为原料,以EPA和DHA总结合率为指标,通过响应面法优化富含EPA/DHA型结构磷脂的酶法合成反应参数,并采用气相色谱(GC)和亲水作用色谱-质谱联用(HILIC-MS)技术对其结构进行表征。结果表明,最优酶催化反应条件为:底物质量比(游离脂肪酸:磷脂, m/m)5.15,反应温度55.22℃,水分添加量(以反应底物总质量计)0.92%,酶添加量(以反应底物总质量计)20%,正己烷3 mL,反应时间24 h,所得结构磷脂中EPA/DHA结合率达64.35%;经GC和HILIC-MS综合分析可知,结构磷脂中磷脂酰胆碱(PC)亚类40:10(20:5/20:5)(18.46%),42:11(20:5/22:6)(12.78%)和38:6(18:1/20:5&16:0/22:6) (7.07%)等分子种含量较高;溶血磷脂酰胆碱LPC亚类20:5(20:5/0:0)(34.40%),22:6(22:6/0:0)(25.99%)和O-16:0(O-16:0/0:0)(10.22%)等分子种含量较高;结构磷脂的PC和LPC组分中脂肪酸单链平均长度≥20的分子种相对含量较原料磷脂分别提高了33.12和37.28个百分点;结构磷脂的PC组分中双键数≥5和双键数≥10的分子种相对含量较原料磷脂分别提高了24.89和27.53个百分点,表明该方法有效提高了结构磷脂中EPA和DHA的含量。本研究结果为进一步探索和丰富酶促合成EPA/DHA型结构磷脂的机理和实践提供了一定的数据支持。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.