狭鳕鱼皮脂肪酸组成分析及其营养评价

为研究狭鳕鱼皮脂肪酸的营养价值,对狭鳕鱼皮的一般营养成分和脂质组成进行分析,同时采用气相色谱-质谱法对其脂肪酸组成进行分析和营养评价。结果表明,狭鳕鱼皮总脂含量为干重的6.09%,且总脂以甘油三酯(53.85%)和磷脂(25.54%)为主;脂肪酸组成丰富,以C16∶0、C18∶1n-9、C20∶1n-11、C20∶5n-3(EPA)和C22∶6n-3(DHA)为主,且C20∶5n-3和C22∶6n-3占总脂肪酸含量的27.64%;饱和脂肪酸、单不饱和脂肪酸和多不饱和脂肪酸三者之比为0.85∶1.00∶0.92,且脂肪酸致动脉粥样硬化指数和血栓形成指数分别为0.50和0.23,表明狭鳕鱼皮具有促进神经系统发育以及降血脂、抗动脉粥样硬化和抗血栓形成等功效。本研究为狭鳕鱼皮的营养评价及其产品的高值化综合利用提供理论依据。     

辣木籽油脂微波提取工艺优化及其脂质分析

为优化辣木籽油脂的微波提取工艺并分析其油脂的营养价值,以辣木籽为原料,采用微波辅助提取技术优化辣木籽油脂的提取工艺,并通过傅里叶红外光谱、核磁共振碳谱及气相色谱-质谱技术对辣木籽油脂的脂质组成和脂肪酸组成进行分析。结果表明,辣木籽油脂的最佳提取工艺条件为提取溶剂二氯甲烷-甲醇(3∶2,v/v)、液料比7 m L·g~(-1)、提取时间10 min、提取温度70℃,在此优化条件下,辣木籽的油脂提取率为38.43%。辣木籽油脂的主要成分为甘油三酯,脂肪酸以油酸(C18∶1n-9,75.77%)、山嵛酸(C22∶0,6.74%)、棕榈酸(C16∶0,6.04%)和亚油酸(C18∶2n-6,5.30%)为主,是典型的高油酸型油脂,具有较高的营养价值和脂质开发潜力。本研究为辣木籽油脂的微波提取、营养评价和开发提供了一定的理论依据。     

转fat-1基因对绵羊胎儿组织脂肪酸组成的影响

n-3多不饱和脂肪酸具有多种重要生理功能,哺乳动物只能通过食物摄取n-3多不饱和脂肪酸,以满足机体的健康所需。脂肪酸去饱和酶-1基因(fatty acid desaturase-1,fat-1)以18~20碳的n-6多不饱和脂肪酸为底物进行脱氢反应,产生相应的n-3多不饱和脂肪酸,为了解转fat-1基因绵羊(Ovis aries)具体脂肪酸的组成,本研究利用fat-1表达质粒转染绵羊胎儿成纤维细胞,筛选获得阳性单克隆细胞系,通过体细胞核移植,得到转fat-1基因绵羊。通过脂肪酸质谱测定仪对5种组织脂肪酸含量进行测定,研究了fat-1基因对5种组织3类32种脂肪酸含量变化的影响。结果发现,在脑和臀肌中,饱和脂肪酸、单不饱和脂肪酸和多不饱和脂肪酸类别百分含量变化不显著;在肝脏、心脏和睾丸中,fat-1基因能够使饱和脂肪酸下降、使肝脏和睾丸的单不饱和酸量升高、使心脏中单不饱和脂肪酸含量降低;单不饱和脂肪酸中C18:1n-9c和饱和脂肪酸中C16:0、C18:0的含量变化决定了转基因绵羊组织单不饱和脂肪酸和饱和脂肪酸的变化趋势,在脑和臀肌中,这3种脂肪酸在转基因与对照组之间差异不显著;fat-1基因引起肝脏多不饱和脂肪酸降低,心脏和睾丸中多不饱和脂肪酸含量增高,主要由二十碳二烯酸C20:2(eicosadienoic acid,EDA)、二十碳三烯酸C20:3n-3(eicosatrienoic acid,ESA)、花生四烯酸C20:4n-6(arachidonic acid,ARA)、二十碳五烯酸C20:5n-3(eicosapentaenoic acid,EPA)和二十二碳六烯酸C22:6n-3(docosahexaenoic acid,DHA)的含量起主导作用;在5种组织中,转基因组EPA与DHA的含量均升高,尤其是EPA差异显著(P0.05)。fat-1基因降低了多不饱和脂肪酸中C20:3n-3和C20:4n-6的含量而增加了C20:5n-3和C22:6n-3的含量,从而提高了n-3/n-6的比值。本研究解析了转fat-1基因绵羊的脂肪酸组成和特点,对开发优质绵羊品种、改善人类膳食中脂肪酸结构及降低肥胖症风险提供了理论依据。     

不同产地海带脂肪酸组成的比较分析

为比较分析不同产地海带的脂肪酸组成,本研究采用溶剂法对海带总脂提取条件进行优化,并通过气相色谱-质谱技术对福州、宁波和青岛3个产地海带的总脂脂肪酸组成进行比较分析。结果表明,二氯甲烷-甲醇法提取海带总脂的效率较高,是海带总脂提取的理想方法;福州、宁波和青岛海带的总脂含量依次为0.75%、0.69%和0.86%,且无显著差异。从海带总脂中共鉴定出30种脂肪酸,以 C16:0、C18:1n-9、C20:4n-6(AA)和C20:5n-3(EPA)为主,且3个产地海带在脂肪酸组成上存在显著差异。福州产地海带中的C20:4n-6和C20:5n-3含量分别为10.12%、6.18%,其中C20:4n-6含量显著高于宁波(9.41%)和青岛(8.77%),C20:5n-3含量显著低于宁波(8.13%)和青岛(9.40%),进而使3个产地海带中的n-3 PUFA、n-6 PUFA、n-3/n-6、EPA+AA和EPA/AA等指标存在显著差异。本研究结果为不同产地海带总脂提取、脂肪酸比较分析及营养评价提供了一定的理论依据。     

褐藻糖胶对黄颡鱼幼鱼中脂肪酸的影响

为研究褐藻糖胶作为饲料添加剂对黄颡鱼幼鱼脂肪酸的影响,选取大小、体重相近的黄颡鱼幼鱼,随机分为对照组和试验组,对照组饲喂不添加褐藻糖胶的基础饲料,试验组饲喂添加0.1%褐藻糖胶的饲料,采用气相色谱质谱联用技术(GC-MS)分析不同喂养时间(1、2、4、8周)下试验组和对照组黄颡鱼幼鱼脂肪酸含量的变化。结果表明,黄颡鱼幼鱼体内共检测出15个总脂肪酸(TFA)和17个游离脂肪酸(FFA)。方差分析结果表明,黄颡鱼幼鱼TFA中C18:1 (n-9)、C20:4(n-5)和C22:6 (n-3)具有交互作用,而大部分FFA间都存在交互作用。喂养时间对黄颡鱼幼鱼脂肪酸有显著影响(P<0.05),随着喂养时间的延长,游离的单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)含量呈先减少后增加趋势,而总MUFA含量呈先增加后减少趋势;黄颡鱼幼鱼游离脂肪酸和总脂肪酸中饱和脂肪酸(SFA)均呈先增加后减少趋势,而多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)呈先下降后升高趋势。0.1%褐藻糖胶对黄颡鱼幼鱼TFA中C18:1 (n-9)、C20:4(n-5)和C22:6 (n-3)含量影响显著(P<0.05),对FFA组分含量的影响均显著(P<0.05),试验组黄颡鱼幼鱼SFA含量高于对照组,MUFA含量低于对照组,PUFA在喂养第2周时高于对照组,喂养第8周时低于对照组。此外,黄颡鱼幼鱼C20:3(n-3)/C22:6(n-3)的比值小于0.4,且喂养0.1%褐藻糖胶第8周时,黄颡鱼幼鱼C22:6(n-3)和C20:4(n-5)含量明显高于对照组,说明褐藻糖胶有益于黄颡鱼产卵和孵化,有助于黄颡鱼幼鱼的发育生长。本研究结果为黄颡鱼的健康养殖提供了基础数据。     

银杏花粉抗氧化成分的提取工艺优化

为了开发银杏花粉深加工产品,以银杏花粉为试材,以其提取液的DPPH清除率为指标,研究加热回流法、超声波法、微波法、超声-微波法提取银杏花粉抗氧化成分的效果,并通过单因素和响应面法对微波法提取工艺进行优化。结果表明,4种提取方法中,微波法提取银杏花粉抗氧化成分的效果最好。微波提取的最佳工艺为:乙醇浓度59.38%、料液比1∶30、微波功率109.85 W、微波时间13 min。本研究为银杏花粉抗氧化成分的开发利用奠定了基础。     

超声辅助水热法提取牛骨油工艺参数优化

为提高工业生产中牛骨油的提取率,以黄牛骨为原料,采用超声辅助水热提取法提取牛骨油。通过单因素及响应面试验研究牛骨油提取工艺,并对牛骨油的酸价、过氧化值及脂肪酸组成进行分析。结果表明,牛骨油提取的最佳工艺为超声功率300 W、超声时间50 min、超声温度100℃、热提温度125℃、热提时间90 min、料液比为(质量比)1∶1,此工艺条件下,牛骨油提取率可达98.86%。利用Design expert软件对影响牛骨油提取率的主要因素及其相互作用进行探讨,结果表明热提温度和热提时间对骨油提取率的影响显著大于其他因素(P0.01),料液比对骨油提取率的影响较小。与当前食品企业采用的牛骨油水热提取工艺相比,超声辅助水热提取法骨油提取率提高约12%。优化工艺得到牛骨油的酸价、过氧化值均小于GB10146-2015规定值,且脂肪酸含量不低于传统的水热提取工艺(不饱和脂肪酸(unsaturated fatty acid,UFA)总量和C18∶1n9c除外)。牛骨油中共检测出17种脂肪酸,C18∶1n9c、C16∶0和C18∶0是其主要脂肪酸,分别约达总脂肪酸的44%、23%和19%,饱和脂肪酸(saturated fatty acid,SFA)与UFA比值约为1∶1,UFA略高于SFA。研究结果为牛骨油的工业生产提供了理论参考。     

超声波辅助提取杠柳脂溶性成分工艺优化

为了优化超声波辅助提取杠柳脂溶性成分的工艺,该文在单因素试验基础上,选取超声波功率、提取时间、液料比为主要影响因素,分析了3个主要影响因素对杠柳脂溶性成分提取结果的影响,应用响应面分析法优化了超声波辅助提取杠柳脂溶性成分的工艺方法,并使用GC-MS联用仪检测了杠柳脂溶性提取物的主要成分。结果表明:超声波辅助提取杠柳营养体脂溶性成分的最佳工艺为:在室温(20℃)及超声波频率20kHz条件下,提取试剂为石油醚,超声波辅助提取时间为70min,超声波功率为730W,料液比为1∶10g/mL。该工艺条件下,杠柳脂溶性成分的实际提取得率可达到6.14%。     

单甘酯硅烷化衍生及气相色谱-质谱分析

为分析罗氏海盘车性腺的单甘酯组成,本研究对单甘酯的衍生方法和色谱条件进行优化,并对单甘酯硅烷化衍生物的断裂规律和质谱特征进行分析,同时对罗氏海盘车性腺的单甘酯组成进行分析测定。结果表明,三甲基硅烷化法对单甘酯具有理想的衍生效果,且通过弱极性毛细管柱HP-5MS(30 m×0.25 mm×0.25 μm)对单甘酯硅烷化衍生物取得了理想的色谱分离效果。根据断裂规律和质谱特征,1-单甘酯硅烷化衍生物的特征离子为m/z 73、m/z 205、[M-103]⁺(基峰离子)和[M-15]⁺;2-单甘酯硅烷化衍生物的特征离子为m/z 73(基峰离子)、m/z 129、m/z 218、[M+H-162]⁺和[M-15]⁺。单甘酯硅烷化衍生物的色谱保留时间具有一定的规律性,其中2-单甘酯衍生物先于1-单甘酯衍生物出峰。同时,从罗氏海盘车中共鉴定出8种单甘酯,以1-单软脂酸甘油酯(1-C16:0-MG)和1-单硬脂酸甘油酯(1-C18:0-MG)等1-单甘酯为主,而2-单甘酯含量较低。本研究结果为单甘酯的衍生、色谱分析和质谱鉴定提供了一定的理论参考。     

微波辐射预处理提取香椿老叶总黄酮工艺研究

为探讨微波辐射预处理提取香椿老叶总黄酮的机理,在单因素试验基础上,选择浸润时间、微波辐射时间、微波功率和汽化剂用量为自变量,以香椿老叶总黄酮得率为响应值,采用响应面法优化提取工艺,并借助扫描电镜观察细胞微观结构。结果表明,香椿老叶总黄酮最佳提取工艺为:浸润时间20min、微波辐射时间75s、微波功率420W、汽化剂用量3m L,此条件下香椿老叶总黄酮的提取率为7.97%。香椿老叶经微波辐射预处理后,细胞结构破坏严重,黄酮类化合物得到充分解吸,得率提高。因此,微波辐射预处理法能快速破坏植物细胞壁,后续提取时间缩短,得率提高,是一种理想的提取方法。本研究增加了香椿产业附加值,对微波辐射预处理提取香椿老叶总黄酮具有现实的指导意义。     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Collection and preliminary evaluation of native turfgrass accessions in Italy

Despite a raising interest on turfs in Italy, all theavailable varieties of this kind in the Country are of foreign origin, and areoften poorly adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions. This prompted tobegin a collection activity of indigenous turfgrass species, with the ultimategoal of identifying promising materials for future breeding based on localgenetic resources. The collection was carried out in three areas of Italy, viz.the northern Po Plain, the coastal region of Liguria, and the island of Sardiniathat are characterised, respectively, by subcontinental, warm temperate, andtypical Mediterranean climate. Altogether, 141 sites were visited, yielding 226accessions belonging to eight species of potential interest for turfs:Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis,Festuca rubra, Festuca arundinacea,Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera,Agrostis tenuis, and Cynodon dactylon,this last being a warm-season grass. Poa pratensis andCynodon dactylon were mostly collected in northern Italyand Sardinia, respectively, whereas Festuca arundinacea andLolium perenne were rather ubiquitous. The collection sitesranged from 0 to 1040 m asl, but sites over 750 m wereonly visited in the inner part of Sardinia. All the accessions, collected aswhole plants, were transplanted at Lodi, northern Italy, where they are beingevaluated. Their preliminary evaluation for traits of importance for turf use,such as sward colour and overall quality, highlighted the great variation andthe occurrence of interesting accessions in all species. Other characters wererecorded, bearing specific importance in individual species, and in all casespromising accessions were identified. The germplasm of Festucarubra, Festuca arundinacea, and Loliumperenne proved highly infected by endophytic (symbiotic) fungi of thegenus Neotyphodium.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Leaf position and genotype differences for mineral element concentrations in sorghum grown on tropical acid soil 1

Mineral element deficiencies and toxicities are common problems associated with sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production on acid soils. To better understand some of the mineral element problems and the analysis of plant tissue of sorghum plants grown on acid soils, four sorghum genotypes were grown on an acid Oxisol at Carimagua, Colombia limed with dolomite at 2 and 6 Mg ha^‐1.

Samples for mineral element analyses were obtained from leaves at different positions on the four genotypes. Concentrations of P and Mg were highest in the flag leaf (Leaf No. 1) and decreased as the position on the plant declined from the top of the plant for plants grown at 2 Mg lime ha^‐1. Similar decreases in P, Mg, K, and Zn concentrations occurred in plants grown with 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. Concentrations of Ca, S, Si, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Al increased as leaf position declined from the flag leaf for plants grown at 2 and 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. The higher lime supply enhanced Ca and reduced Mn and Fe concentrations in leaves. Differences in mineral element concentrations for the four genotypes used were fairly extensive. The elements to show the greatest range among genotypes were Al and Si and the elements to show the least range among genotypes were P, K, and S. Care should be used in collecting leaf samples for plant analysis and genotypic differences for accumulation of mineral elements should be considered in interpretation of results.