坡地等高植物篱带间距对表土养分流失影响

等高植物篱带间距选择是坡地植物篱－农作系统的表土养分流失控制的重要一环,通过对植物篱带间养分流失的发展过程分析,认为在带间径注以侵蚀处于溅蚀公散－片流搬运为主的阶段时,篱前淤积层宽度应使水流流速衰减至小于一定粒径的土壤细颗粒的起动流速,才能有效减少养分流失,通过推导的一些公式估算,在三峡库区秭归县的植物篱试验区,带间距相当于细沟侵蚀发生的临界坡长（６m)时,天然降雨条件下片流侵蚀仍不足以侵蚀携带＜０.02mm的土壤颗粒,因此,细沟侵蚀是决定此类地区土壤细粒物质侵蚀的关键因素,从控制带间表土表失出发,等高植物篱带间距控制在细沟侵蚀发生的临界坡长以内。     

等高植物篱控制紫色土坡耕地侵蚀的特点

应用等高植物篱能在较低投入下有效控制坡地土壤侵蚀和养分流失。三峡库区紫色土 2 5°坡地的大雨强模拟降雨实验表明 ,香根草等高植物篱能减少相当于对照坡耕地的 82 .2 %的侵蚀量 ( 1 997年 1 1月 ) ,通过施肥促进植物篱生长密闭能进一步提高对流失土壤的拦截效率 ,效果不逊于带间覆盖。经过 31个月的侵蚀过程 ,各植物篱小区最明显的坡形变化是篱带处及其前部堆淤成接近水平的淤积带。由于植物篱的阻滞和坡形的变缓 ,径流和表土作用的时间延长 ,由径流携带的养分损失成为坡面养分流失的重要途径 ,控制径流损失是控制养分流失的重要方式之一 ,同时也有助于减少坡面侵蚀     

三峡库区皇竹草植物篱对坡面土壤分形特征及可蚀性的影响

基于土壤颗粒分形维数及EPIC模型研究定植皇竹草植物篱,对三峡库区坡耕地土壤分形特征及土壤可蚀性的影响作用。结果表明：植物篱对坡面土壤粘粒的拦截作用显著,粘粒在篱前富集含量升高;土壤分形维数与土壤砂粒含量呈负相关,与粉粒、粘粒含量呈正相关,总体上表现为：粘粒〉砂粒〉粉粒,土壤颗粒分形维数值受细颗粒含量的影响作用显著;土壤可蚀性K值与土壤砂粒含量呈极显著的正相关,相关系数为0.870;与土壤粉粒含量、粘粒含量、有机碳含量、团聚度及土壤颗粒分形维数呈负相关,相关系数分别为-0.538,-0.739,-0.603,-0.486,-0.538;有机质及粘粒含量的高低是反映库区土壤抗侵蚀能力强弱的有效指标。皇竹草植物篱带间距对三峡库区坡耕地土壤颗粒分形特征及可蚀性的影响作用总体上表现为：4.5 m带间距〉5.5 m带间距〉7.5 m带间距。库区10°坡耕地篱带间距布设在6 m以内时,植物篱对改善坡面土壤分形特征、降低坡面土壤可蚀性、控制农业面源污染的作用最显著。     

东北黑土区不同坡段等间距植物篱减流减沙特征

植物篱作为一种有效的水土保持措施,带间距是其配置的关键参数,当前大部分植物篱布设时采用等间距设计,但不同坡段等间距植物篱的作用效果如何尚不明确。以东北黑土区不同坡段等间距植物篱为研究对象,通过含沙径流冲刷试验,模拟不同坡段等间距植物篱在坡度5°,雨强100 mm/h降雨条件下的产流产沙过程。结果表明:与裸地对照相比,各坡段植物篱能够阻延坡面径流,且随坡段的下移,滞后时间逐渐缩短;各坡段植物篱产流、产沙速率在时间尺度上表现基本一致,在上、中坡段植物篱坡面相对平稳,下坡段植物篱坡面后期呈明显波动,其变化趋势与坡面侵蚀形态密切相关,且整体均小于对照坡面;不同坡段植物篱减流效益为5.40%～10.16%、减沙效益为51.90%～75.72%,尽管有较好的减沙作用,但下坡段植物篱坡面的侵蚀模数已达到259.96 t/km~2,超过东北黑土区允许土壤流失量。可见,等间距植物篱需设计改进后,方可应用于东北黑土区。研究结果为东北黑土区植物篱设计提供重要科学依据。     

坡面水流速度与坡面含砂量的关系

通过组合不同坡度（10°、15°、20°、25°）、不同坡长（5、10 m）、不同雨强（1.5、2 mm/min）的室内纯净水模拟降雨试验,对坡面细沟侵蚀发生过程中的坡面流速的沿坡变化进行了研究,并讨论了流速与坡面含沙量的关系。试验结果显示：从坡顶至坡脚,坡面细沟流的速度逐渐增加;坡面流速主要受雨强和其流动距离影响,与坡度无关,并得到流速与雨强和距坡顶距离的关系式。坡面含沙量与坡度、雨强和坡面流速相关,而10 m坡长所测的含沙量与5 m坡长相近。将坡面流的能量分配为自身流动所需能量、剥蚀土壤消耗能量以及携带搬运土壤所需能量,在一定坡长内,径流的能量足以剥蚀并携带搬运坡面土壤,但超过此范围,虽然流动速度在增加,但是径流消耗于携带搬运泥沙的能量也增加,从而使坡面流的能量不足以支撑剥蚀土壤耗能,而坡面含沙量不会有显著的增加。     

紫色土区不同植物篱模式控制坡耕地氮素流失效应

为优选紫色土区控制农田氮磷等养分流失的复合农林模式,利用野外径流小区试验,结合室内分析与数理统计法研究了植物篱模式控制紫色土区坡耕地氮素流失效应。结果表明,植物篱模式减少了坡耕地总氮及各形态氮流失负荷,就总氮而言,20°坡耕地紫穗槐与香根草模式下年均总氮流失负荷分别比横坡农作模式降低92.4%、90.0%;13°坡耕地紫花苜蓿与蓑草模式的年均总氮流失负荷分别比横坡农作模式降低88.7%、83.9%。径流与泥沙流失量的减少与径流氮浓度的降低是植物篱控制坡耕地氮素流失的主要机制。紫穗槐、香根草、紫花苜蓿与蓑草植物篱模式可作为西南紫色丘陵区农业非点源氮素污染的源头控制技术,特别是20°以上坡耕地推广与实施灌木类植物篱模式,能长期有效地控制农田盈余氮素流失。     

坡面细沟流速与坡度关系的数值模拟

对于相同的净雨强过程,分别采用动力波模式(一维非恒定流方程组)和运动波模式计算了不同细沟宽度下沟内流速与坡度的关系.计算结果表明,动力波模式的最大流速对应的坡度约为35°,而运动波模式的最大流速对应的坡度约为45°.在坡面土壤的起动流速为恒定值的情况下,最大流速对应的坡度就等于细沟沟宽发展最大的坡度,即细沟侵蚀最活跃的坡度.     

云南省高速公路弃渣场土壤流失特征研究——以昆明—石林高速公路为例

为探求云南省高速公路建设过程中弃渣场的土壤流失特征,以昆明—石林高速公路弃渣场为研究对象,在弃渣场边坡上布设观测小区进行了定位监测,分析了渣体粒径、降雨、堆渣坡度对弃渣场土壤流失的影响以及渣体坡面土壤流失的特点。结果表明:在不考虑其他影响渣体坡面侵蚀因素的情况下,弃渣场渣体的土壤颗粒粒径越大、砾石含量越高,土壤流失量就越大;降雨量越大,土壤流失量就越大;坡度越大,土壤流失量也越大;在渣体坡面侵蚀中,沟蚀现象比较严重,有的流失强度高达37656 t/km2,且以细沟、浅沟侵蚀为主,细沟、浅沟侵蚀量占沟蚀总量的60%以上。     

7Be示踪坡耕地次降雨细沟与细沟间侵蚀

对于坡面细沟与细沟间侵蚀过程的了解是建立侵蚀预报模型的基础,但传统方法难以对其进行深入研究。利用7Be示踪技术并结合人工模拟降雨,考虑坡脚沉积作用,研究了25°坡耕地径流小区次降雨过程中细沟与细沟间侵蚀动态。结果表明：根据流出径流小区泥沙7Be含量变化计算坡面明显细沟出现时间,由于坡脚沉积作用使得A、B两试验小区这一时间比实际细沟出现分别延迟了45 min和11 min;根据坡面-侵蚀泥沙中7Be总量守恒和泥沙质量平衡原理,坡面细沟间侵蚀及细沟侵蚀在坡面总侵蚀、坡脚沉积区泥沙及流出径流小区泥沙中的比例被定量区分开;总体上,细沟间侵蚀量在径流泥沙中的比例逐渐减少,而细沟侵蚀量逐渐增加。两试验小区中7Be示踪计算坡面细沟侵蚀量和坡脚沉积量与实测值相比相对误差均较小,因此7Be示踪技术可以对土壤侵蚀进行较为准确地定量研究。     

长江三峡花岗岩区不同地类土壤流失量研究

 研究长江三峡库区泥沙来源,并以此为依据开展水土保持工作,对于保障长江三峡水利枢纽工程安全运行和效益发挥,具有重要意义。在长江三峡花岗岩地区选定的典型小流域内,采用土壤剖面法及土壤侵蚀调查、坡面径流小区等方法,分析不同土地利用现状下的土壤物理特性及其与土壤侵蚀的关系,不同土地利用坡面及沟道的土壤侵蚀量。结果表明:研究区域不同土地利用状况土体内,土壤颗粒特性与土壤流失程度密切相关。随着土壤流失程度的增大,流域不同土地利用状况下的A层土壤颗粒粒径分选系数降低。不同土地利用状况下,土壤颗粒粒径组的对称性均较低;长江三峡花岗岩区的泥沙,主要来源于坡面土壤侵蚀;坡面侵蚀的泥沙主要来源于坡耕地,25°以上陡坡耕地侵蚀的泥沙量,约占坡面产沙总量的50%。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。