黄土坡面细沟间和细沟侵蚀对有机碳流失贡献的定量分析

细沟间和细沟侵蚀剥离和输移土壤的机制不同导致有机碳输移存在差异,然而因研究手段限制,这两种侵蚀方式对有机碳输移的贡献、影响等研究有待深入。本文利用模拟降雨与7Be示踪技术,在定量化分析细沟间和细沟侵蚀对黄土坡面侵蚀产沙贡献的基础上,进一步分析其对有机碳输移的贡献及影响。结果表明5°小区以细沟间侵蚀为主,其产沙贡献率为86%,大于5°的小区以细沟侵蚀为主,其产沙贡献率介于61%～71%之间,在降雨过程中甚至可达96%。降雨过程中坡面侵蚀泥沙有机碳平均富集比为1.16±0.15,细沟间侵蚀泥沙有机碳平均富集比为1.50±0.50,富集可导致有机碳流失率增加0.008～0.028 g·m^-2·min^-1。坡度大于5°的小区细沟侵蚀对有机碳流失贡献率介于55%～62%之间,低于对侵蚀产沙的贡献,但仍占主导地位。坡面侵蚀产沙量可解释有机碳流失量变化的97%,细沟间侵蚀产沙可解释细沟间有机碳流失量变化的89%。侵蚀过程中剧烈的细沟侵蚀可导致细沟间侵蚀泥沙有机碳的富集比增大。     

玉米秸秆缓冲带防治黄土坡面细沟侵蚀的效果

采用室内人工模拟降雨试验,设计降雨强度100 mm/h,坡度20°,在2个玉米秸秆缓冲带布设坡位(斜坡长4.5~5.5 m和6.5~7.5 m)与2个降雨历时(单次降雨30 min和2次连续降雨30 min+30 min)的试验处理组合,研究在黄土坡面不同坡位布设玉米缓冲带对防治细沟侵蚀的影响。结果表明:1)玉米秸秆缓冲带可减少坡面侵蚀量和细沟侵蚀量,其中,坡面侵蚀量减少7.3%~14.2%,细沟侵蚀量减少11.0%~30.6%,细沟侵蚀量对坡面侵蚀的贡献率减少3.4%~15.0%,径流含沙量降低5.5%~12.8%;2)单次降雨情况下在斜坡长4.5~5.5 m处布设玉米秸秆缓冲带防治侵蚀的效果最佳,坡面侵蚀量、细沟侵蚀量和径流含沙量分别减少14.2%、30.6%和11.6%,细沟平面密度和细沟平均深度分别减少12.9%和21.9%;3)2次连续降雨情况下在斜坡长6.5~7.5 m处布设玉米秸秆缓冲带防治侵蚀的效果较好,坡面侵蚀量、细沟侵蚀量和径流含沙量分别减少13.5%、25.0%和5.5%,细沟平面密度和细沟平均深度分别减少15.5%和16.3%。     

黄土区坡耕地细沟间侵蚀和细沟侵蚀的研究

利用人工模拟降雨试验,通过在径流小区上覆盖纱网消除雨滴动能和增加雨滴除落高度来增加雨滴功能,并采用翻耕裸露作对照的试验处理,对黄土区坡耕地细沟间侵蚀和细沟侵蚀过程及其机理进行了研究。结果表明,坡面侵蚀产沙过程可明显的分为四个阶段,即溅蚀,细沟间侵蚀、细沟侵蚀和雨后径流侵蚀阶段。     

基于7Be示踪和细沟沟网分形维数研究坡面土壤侵蚀

本文试图结合7Be示踪和分形理论定量化描述降雨对坡面的侵蚀过程。7Be示踪结果显示,降雨初期,坡面细沟间侵蚀贡献率高,细沟侵蚀贡献率低,随着降雨的进行,细沟间侵蚀贡献率降低,而细沟侵蚀贡献率增大并处优势,在降雨后期,细沟间侵蚀贡献率又有增大的趋势。整个降雨过程坡面细沟沟网分形维数整体呈增大趋势,在细沟发育中前期增加快,后期增加变缓,中间有波动。细沟沟网分形维数与总侵蚀量和细沟侵蚀量均呈正相关,分维变与相对应总侵蚀量和细沟侵蚀量也均呈正相关,但与细沟侵蚀量的相关性最好,说明细沟沟网分形维数可表征细沟发育过程和坡面侵蚀强度的变化。     

黄土坡面细沟侵蚀发育阶段的影响因素及其效应分析

通过组合不同坡度(10°,15°,20°,25°)、不同坡长(5,10 m)、不同降雨强度(1.5,2 mm/min)的室内纯净水模拟降雨试验,对坡面细沟侵蚀发生过程进行阶段划分,并探索分析各阶段影响因素及其效应.试验结果显示,细沟侵蚀可以分为面蚀、细沟雏形、细沟发育和细沟调整4个阶段;面蚀阶段的坡面平均含沙量随着坡度的增大呈增大的趋势,降雨强度在此阶段对坡面侵蚀速率影响较坡度影响明显;细沟发育阶段坡面侵蚀产沙比例占总侵蚀比例最大,坡面总侵蚀量与细沟发育阶段最大15 min侵蚀量之间呈线性关系.     

细沟侵蚀过程与细沟水流水力学参数的关系研究

利用供沙土槽和试验土槽的双土槽径流小区 ,定量研究了在不同降雨强度下上方来水来沙对陡坡地细沟侵蚀产沙过程和细沟水流水力学参数的影响及其细沟水流水力学特征参数与细沟侵蚀产沙量的关系。结果表明 :坡面细沟侵蚀过程以侵蚀—搬运过程为主 ,坡上方来沙不仅被径流全部搬运 ,且上方来水在坡下方引起了另外的侵蚀产沙量 ,其值随上方来水含沙量的减少和降雨强度的增加而增大。上方来水的汇入或降雨强度的增大可使细沟水流流态由层流转化为紊流。上方来水对细沟水流水力学参数 (流速、水力半径、雷诺数、弗劳德数和阻力系数 )有重要影响。定量分析了细沟水流水力学特征参数 (流速、雷诺数和阻力系数 )与上坡来水引起坡下方净侵蚀产沙量的关系 ,建立了净侵蚀产沙量与细沟水流流速、雷诺数和阻力系数统计模型。     

黄土坡面细沟发育过程及侵蚀产沙特征研究

研究细沟发育及其产沙特征对细沟侵蚀预报模型至关重要.采用室内纯净水模拟降雨试验的方法,在不同坡度(10°,15°,20°,25°)和不同雨强(1.5,2.0 mm/min)条件下,研究了细沟的发育过程,并讨论分析各发育阶段产沙特征及其影响因素.结果表明,根据坡面含沙量与细沟形态的变化特征,细沟侵蚀过程可划分为面蚀、细沟雏形、细沟发育、细沟调整4个阶段;各阶段的侵蚀量占坡面总侵蚀量的比例均不同,其中细沟发育阶段最大,约占总侵蚀量的40％;各阶段持续时间随着坡度的改变而改变;雨强增大对细沟间与细沟流速有促进作用,细沟流速为细沟间流速的0.75～1.77倍;坡面侵蚀速率受雨强与坡度的影响很大,在同一坡面上细沟流速与侵蚀速率的关系更紧密,但二者的定量关系有待进一步探索.     

坡度对坡面细沟侵蚀的影响——基于三维激光扫描技术

采用室内人工模拟降雨试验,降雨用水为纯净水,试验坡度为10°、15°、20°、25°,降雨强度为1.5和2.0 mm/min,试验土槽分别为5和10 m,同时采用三维激光扫描仪对降雨前后坡面进行监测,分析不同坡度对细沟侵蚀的影响。结果表明:1)坡度对坡面产沙量影响显著,二者的关系可以采用二次项式拟合,坡面产沙量随着坡度的变陡先增加后减少;2)三维激光扫描技术能够准确地计算坡面细沟发育形态数据和细沟侵蚀量,不同坡度条件下细沟发育不同,细沟宽深比随着坡度的变陡而逐渐变小;3)细沟密度、细沟侵蚀量与坡度呈正相关关系,细沟发育程度随坡度的变陡而加剧。     

坡面细沟侵蚀垂直分布特征研究

基于土壤侵蚀ＲＥＥ示踪法的技术需要，对全坡长小区细沟侵蚀垂直分布特征进行了分析研究。在野外实地量测的基础上，首先提出了表征细沟侵蚀形态，强度的三个参数，即细沟平面密度细沟平均深度及细沟侵蚀强度，并对上述参数垂直变化特征进行了分析、计算，最后分析了全坡长小区细沟相对侵蚀量在垂直方向上的变化，初步得出细沟侵蚀强烈地段在坡面的中下部位，约占坡面细沟侵蚀总量的７０％以上。     

鲁中山区小流域坡面土壤侵蚀的磁性示踪法研究

在木质径流小区布设人工磁性示踪剂,利用模拟降雨和自然降雨研究了连续降雨条件下的鲁中山区小流域坡面侵蚀形态的演变以及径流小区侵蚀泥沙量与坡面磁化率变化值的相关性。结果表明,坡面侵蚀方式以溅蚀、面蚀和细沟侵蚀为主。坡面顶部以溅蚀为主,为净侵蚀区;细沟侵蚀在坡面中下部最先发育,试验结束时细沟侵蚀部位已上溯至坡面中上部;坡脚处为侵蚀、沉积的交汇处。坡面的侵蚀程度以细沟发生部位最严重,坡面顶部其次,坡脚处最轻。在模拟降雨和自然降雨条件下,侵蚀泥沙量与坡面磁化率降幅完全吻合,呈极显著性相关,R2分别为0.851 4和0.832 0。因此,磁性示踪法可以准确的监测坡面的侵蚀沉积状况。     

Developing a magnetic tracer to study soil erosion

Soil erosion is commonly measured as the quantity of sediment leaving a plot or watershed. The techniques for measuring soil erosion patterns and sediment redistribution within plots or watersheds by direct monitoring are very limited. The objective of this study was to develop a direct and non-intrusive tracer method to study the sources, patterns and rates of erosion and deposition of sediments in erosion plots. The magnetic tracer developed in this study consisted of polystyrene plastic beads embedded with a magnetic powder (magnetite). The “magnetized” beads, with a mean weight diameter of 3.2 mm and particle density of about 1.2 g cm⁻³, were uniformly mixed with soil and tested in the laboratory using simulated rainfall and inflow studies to simulate the interrill and rill components of soil erosion, respectively. In the interrill and rill experiments, the tracer was transported in the same proportion it was initially mixed with the soil. Given this fact, a magnetometer, which measures the soil's magnetic susceptibility, could be used to identify areas of deposition or detachment. The magnetic susceptibility would be increased or reduced depending on whether deposition or detachment occurs. To simulate detachment and deposition, a magnetometer was tested for different tracer concentrations and different thickness of soil containing the tracer. The magnetometer promises to be a sensitive, accurate, and useful tool to study the spatial variation of soil erosion when magnetic tracers are used.     

土壤侵蚀磁性示踪剂的研制及其示踪效果研究

Soil erosion, which includes soil detachment, transport, and deposition, is one of the important dynamic land surface processes. The magnetic tracer method is a useful method for studying soil erosion processes. In this study, five types of magnetic tracers were made with fine soil, fly ash, cement, bentonite, and magnetic powder (reduced iron powder) using the method of disk granulation. The tracers were uniformly mixed with soil and tested in the laboratory using simulated rainfall and inflow experiments to simulate the interrill and rill components of soil erosion, in order to select one or more tracers which could be used to study detachment and deposition by the erosive forces of raindrops and surface flow of water on a slope. The results showed that the five types of magnetic tracers with high magnetic susceptibility and a wide range of sizes had a range of 0.99-1.29 g cm?3 in bulk density. In the interrill and rill experiments, the tracers FC1 and FC2 which consisted of ?y ash and cement at ratios of 1:1 and 2:1, respectively, were transported in phase with soil particles since the magnetic susceptibility of sediment approximated that of the soil which was uneroded and the slopes of the regression equations between the detachment of sediment and magnetic tracers FC1 and FC2 were very close to the expected value of 20, which was the original soil/tracer ratio. The detachment and deposition on slopes could be accurately reffected by the magnetic susceptibility differences. The change in magnetic susceptibility depended on whether deposition or detachment occurred. However, the tracer FS which consisted of fine soil and the tracers FB1 and FB2 which consisted of fly ash and bentonite at ratios of 1:1 and 2:1, respectively, were all unsuitable for soil erosion study since there was no consistent relationship between sediment and tracer detachment for increasing amounts of runo?. Therefore, the tracers FC1 and FC2 could be used to study soil erosion by water.     

Magnitude of soil erosion on the northern slope of the Uluguru Mountains,Tanzania: Interrill and rill erosion

The magnitude of interrill and rill erosion was determined on the northern slopes of the Uluguru Mountains, Tanzania which is representative for larger areas of East African Arch Mountains, where population pressure is high and land degradation is severe. The aim of the study was to develop a database to support soil conservation in the area. The study was done on two distinct geomorphic units with respect to altitude and hence rainfall distribution pattern: mountain ridges with an altitude ranging from 1000 to 1500 masl and mean annual rainfall of 2300 mm and mountain foothills whose altitude and mean annual rainfall are 550 to 900 masl and 900 mm, respectively. Total soil loss was measured on 36 individual bounded plots measuring 1.2 m × 20 m using Gerlarch troughs on each day with rain from July 2000 to June 2001. The plots were located on six different geopedologic units, nine on mountain ridges and the rest on the mountain foothills. The slope gradient on the terrain ranged from 30% to 70%. The plots were put under maize cultivation as the main crop. Soil loss through rill erosion was estimated by volumetric measurements of rills on each soil erosion plot. The soil loss due to interrill erosion was obtained by subtracting soil loss through rill erosion from the total soil loss measured in the Gerlarch troughs. The results indicate that soil loss due to both interrill and rill erosion was very high with mean soil loss of 69 and 163 t/ha/year, respectively. Rill erosion accounted for about 58% of the total soil loss while interrill erosion contributed to the remaining 42%. Both interrill and rill erosion were higher in the mountain ridges with mean soil loss of 88 t/ha/year and 210 t/ha/year compared to 49 and 116 t/ha/year in the mountain foothills, respectively. Rill erosion was significantly higher (P ≤ 0.001) in all geopedologic units with slope gradient above 40% (mean soil loss ranged between 91 and 258 t/ha/year) compared to interrill erosion with mean soil loss varying from 41 to 115 t/ha/year. In geopedologic units with slope gradient above 60% both interrill and rill erosion were highly active while in geopedologic units with slope gradient below 40% the two processes were less active. The results demonstrate that rill erosion is more important than interrill erosion in the study area particularly where the slope gradient exceeds 40%. The results further show that the major part of the studied area has moderate interrill erosion (10–50 t/ha/year) and severe to very severe (> 100 t/ha/year) rill erosion. This study clarifies the magnitude of interrill and rill erosion which is important for designing soil conservation on agricultural fields.     

Comparing surface erosion processes in four soils from the Loess Plateau under extreme rainfall events

This research aims to improve erosion control practice in the Loess Plateau, by studying the surface erosion processes, including splash, sheet/interrill and rill erosion in four contrasting soils under high rainfall intensity (120 mm h⁻¹) with three-scale indoor artificial experiments. Four contrasting soils as sandy loam, sandy clay loam, clay loam and loamy clay were collected from different parts of the Loess Plateau. The results showed that sediment load was significantly impacted by soil properties in all three sub-processes. Splash rate (4.0–21.6 g m⁻²∙min⁻¹) was highest in sandy loam from the north part of the Loess Plateau and showed a negative power relation with the mean weight diameter of aggregates after 20 min of rainfall duration. The average sediment load by sheet/interrill erosion (6.94–42.86 g m⁻²∙min⁻¹) was highest in clay loam from middle part of the Loess Plateau, and the stable sediment load after 20 min showed a positive power relation with the silt content in soil. The average sediment load increased dramatically by rill and interrill erosion (21.03–432.16 g m⁻²∙min⁻¹), which was highest in loamy clay from south part of the Loess Plateau. The average sediment load after the occurrence of rill showed a positive power relation with clay content and a negative power relation with soil organic matter content. The impacts of slope gradient on the runoff rate and sediment load also changed with soil properties. The critical factors varied for different processes, which were the aggregate size for splash erosion, the content of silt particles and slope gradient for sheet/interrill erosion, and the content of clay particles, soil organic matter and slope gradient for rill erosion. Based on the results of the experiments, specific erosion control practices were proposed by targeting certain erosion processes in areas with different soil texture and different distribution of slope gradient. The findings from this study should support the improvement of erosion prediction and cropland management in different regions of the Loess Plateau.     

Quantifying spatial distribution of interrill and rill erosion in a loess at different slopes using structure from motion (SfM) photogrammetry

The spatial distribution of interrill and rill erosion is essential for unravelling soil erosion principles and the application of soil and water conservation practices. To quantify interrill and rill erosion and their spatial development, four 30-min rainfalls at 90 mm h^?1 intensity were consecutively simulated on runoff plots packed with a loess at six slopes of 10°, 15°, 20°, 25°, 30° and 35°. The soil surface was measured using the structure from motion (SfM) photogrammetry upon each simulation run, and the runoff and sediment samples were collected and measured at every 10 min. Rills did not develop until the third simulation run. During the initial two runs, the lower third section was more severely eroded than the upper and middle thirds along the slope direction, yet the interrill erosion was statistically uniform from left to right. Rills tended to emerge by both sidewalls and in the lower portion in the third run. The corresponding rill erosion increased with slope from 10° to 20° and then decreased for the slopes steeper, which was consistent with the slope trend of the sediment yield directly measured. The rills expanded substantially primarily via head retreat and to a lesser extent via sideward erosion after receiving another 30-min rainfall. Rill erosion contributed 69.3% of the total erosion loss, and shifted the critical slope corresponding to the maximum loss from 20° to 25°. These findings demonstrate the significance of rill erosion not only in total soil loss but also in its relation to slope, as well as the effectiveness of SfM photogrammetry in quantifying interrill and rill erosion.     

Relative Contribution of Rill/Interrill and Gully/Channel Erosion to Small Reservoir Siltation in Mediterranean Environments

Reservoir siltation because of water erosion is an important environmental issue in Mediterranean countries where storage of clear surface water is crucial for their economic and agricultural development. The high density of gully systems observed in Mediterranean regions raises the question of their contribution to reservoir siltation. In this context, this study quantified the absolute and relative contributions of rill/interrill and gully/channel erosion in sediment accumulation at the outlet of small Tunisian catchments (0·1–10 km²) during the last 15 years (1995–2010). To this end, a fingerprinting method based on measurements of caesium‐137 and total organic carbon combined with long‐term field monitoring of catchment sediment yield was applied to five catchments in order to cover the diversity of environmental conditions found along the Tunisian Ridge and in the Cape Bon region. Results showed the very large variability of erosion processes among the selected catchments, with rill/interrill erosion contributions to sediment accumulated in outlet reservoirs ranging from 20 to 80%. Overall, rill/interrill erosion was the dominant process controlling reservoir siltation in three catchments whereas gully/channel erosion dominated in the other two catchments. We identified the presence of marly gypsum substrates and the proportion of catchment surface covered by soil management/conservation measures as the main drivers of erosion process variability at the catchment scale. These results provided a sound basis to propose guidelines for erosion mitigation in these Mediterranean environments and suggested to apply models simulating both rill/interrill and gully/channel erosion in catchments of the region. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

黄土丘陵沟壑区细沟发育形态的变化及其与侵蚀产沙的关系

细沟发育及形态特征研究对理解坡面侵蚀过程和机理具有重要意义。然而，已有细沟侵蚀研究多基于室内模拟试验，无法反映野外真实细沟侵蚀规律。该研究以黄土丘陵沟壑区辛店沟流域为例，于野外自然坡面设置5个径流小区，结合放水冲刷试验（流量为25、40、55、70、85 L/min）与地基三维激光扫描技术，研究细沟几何形态（长、断面宽、断面深），衍生特征（细沟宽深比、细沟密度、细沟割裂度和细沟平均深度等）和分形维数、地貌信息熵、分叉比的变化过程，以及不同指标与侵蚀量、沉积量、产沙量间的关系。结果表明：1）随着冲刷时间增加，各流量梯度细沟断面宽度、断面深度、细沟平均深度和细沟割裂度均呈递增趋势。而细沟宽深比与流量大小相关，低流量（25 L/min）下细沟发育主要呈"宽浅式"，较低流量（40 L/min）和高流量（85 L/min）下发育主要呈"窄深式"，中流量（55 L/min）和较高流量（70 L/min）细沟发育在"宽浅式"与"窄深式"间交替变化。2）随着冲刷时间增加，低流量下分形维数整体趋于平稳，其余流量波动较大；中流量下分叉比呈上升趋势，其余流量下均呈下降趋势；各流量梯度下地貌信息熵无明显变化规律，但其与产沙量的变化趋势基本一致，能够较好反映土壤侵蚀的动态变化。3）细沟平均长度、平均断面深度和细沟平均深度可分别用于评估较低流量下累计沉积量、侵蚀量和产沙量；同时，可用细沟平均深度评估低流量下累计侵蚀量和产沙量。平均断面宽度、平均断面深度及细沟平均深度可用于评估较高流量下累计侵蚀量。此外，随着流量的增大，各形态指标与累计侵蚀量、沉积量和产沙量关系的显著性减弱。研究可为深化认识坡面细沟侵蚀过程和机理提供参考。     

砾石覆盖对土壤水蚀过程影响的研究进展

 土壤中砾石的存在对水蚀过程有着重要的影响,有关砾石特别是表土砾石覆盖对土壤水蚀影响的研究结果表明,表土砾石对溅蚀分散、细沟间及细沟侵蚀等坡面侵蚀过程有重要影响:1)泥沙溅蚀分散量与砾石覆盖度呈负相关关系;2)砾石覆盖与细沟间侵蚀的关系较为复杂,这取决于表土的结构、砾石的位置和大小以及坡度等因素,当砾石嵌入结皮表土时,二者呈负相关关系,当砾石置于表土之上或嵌入具有结构孔隙的表土时,二者呈正相关关系;3)砾石覆盖对细沟间侵蚀产沙的作用效率与砾石粒径呈负相关关系,砾石置于表土之上的表土产沙量总低于砾石嵌入表土的产沙量;4)表土砾石覆盖能抑制细沟的形成,增加细沟糙度,降低细沟径流速率以及径流的侵蚀速率。鉴于砾石对水蚀过程的重要影响,RUSLE、WEPP和EUORSEM等土壤侵蚀模型预报含砾石土壤流失量时对相关参数做了修正。