模拟降雨条件下3种类型土壤氮磷钾养分流失量的比较

通过模拟降雨试验方法,研究比较了褐土、棕壤与红壤氮磷钾养分流失量。结果表明:在模拟降雨条件下,3种类型土壤中褐土径流量及产沙量最小,红壤最大;土壤全氮、有效磷、速效钾养分随径流流失量占到流失总量的77.27%~99.79%,径流是土壤养分流失的主要驱动力;红壤全氮、有效磷、速效钾养分流失总量最大,褐土最小,棕壤与褐土相比高出4.70%~41.01%,比红壤减少0.30%~17.69%。土壤类型及性质不同使土壤养分流失量存在根本差异,有效地改良土壤,控制及减少径流与泥沙流失是防治土壤养分流失的关键。     

典型石漠化地区不同植被类型地表水土流失特征研究

在典型喀斯特石漠化地区广西凌云县设置径流小区,通过对不同植被类型地表径流及养分流失观测与分析,结果表明,喀斯特石漠化地区,在降雨历时短且大雨以上强度的降雨条件下存在地表径流,单次径流系数平均值在1.5%～13.8%之间,年平均径流量为75.86 mm.地表径流量与每次降雨量之间具有显著的相关性,其相关系数在0.896 7～0.947 5之间.不同植被类型间年径流量差异极显著,农耕地产生的年径流量最大,达122.75 mm,灌木林地产生的年径流量最小,达54.08 mm.径流中泥沙浓度整体表现出春秋季浓度高,夏季浓度低的趋势.不同植被类型间的侵蚀模数差异极显著,侵蚀模数平均达到45.88 t/km2·a,属微度侵蚀.耕作加剧了土壤扰动,对土壤流失有显著的影响,农耕地土壤侵蚀模数(98.91 t/km2·a)最大,灌木林地土壤流失量(5.42t/km2·a)最小.径流中全N浓度呈现出随时间而下降的趋势,全P、全K浓度呈现出春秋季高、夏季低的趋势.不同植被类型间流失全N、全P、全K总量差异极显著,植被能够有效减少地表径流及养分的损失,在该地区应该促进植被恢复.     

退耕还林后榆林市土壤侵蚀和养分流失功效研究

为了研究退耕还林后植被覆盖变化对黄土高原地区土壤侵蚀的影响,利用RUSLE土壤侵蚀模型结合RS、GIS技术估算了陕西省榆林市2000—2013年土壤侵蚀模数。结果表明,2000年以来NDVI从0.20增加到0.33,表现出东南部增长快于西北部的空间特征。降雨量最小和最大年份是2000年和2001年,对应的土壤侵蚀模数分别为2 071.97t/(km~2·a)和8 968.82t/(km~2·a)。在模拟最大和最小降雨条件下,2013年土壤侵蚀模数分别为1 218t/(km~2·a)和5 375t/(km~2·a),土壤流失总量比2000年和2001年分别减少了40%和41%,约0.35×10~8 t和1.52×10~8 t。随着侵蚀量的减少,土壤养分流失得到了有效控制,2013年比2002年土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量累计减少562 049.65t。退耕还林后,榆林市土壤侵蚀呈现总量减少、侵蚀强度降低的趋势,表明退耕还林政策取得了明显的水土保持效益。     

不同治理措施在红壤坡耕地的水土保持效益

在云南省抚仙湖流域澄江尖山河小流域坡耕地建立了野外标准径流小区,并布设了1.2m宽等高反坡阶和2.0m宽草带两种坡耕地水土保持措施,观测次降雨的地表径流量和土壤流失量,并与原状坡耕地进行对比,分析两种措施的水土保持效益。结果表明:(1)两种措施之间的地表径流量和土壤流失量差异性均显著。修筑等高反坡阶的地表径流深为113.64mm,比原状坡耕地减少了61.9%,土壤流失量为714.7t/km2,比原状坡耕地减少了77.4%;布设草带的地表径流深为82.76mm,比原状坡耕地减少了72.2%,土壤流失量为370.1t/km2,比原状坡耕地减少了88.3%。(2)两种措施之间的减流和减沙效益差异性均显著,等高反坡阶的减流和减沙效益指数平均分别达0.57和0.97,草带的减流和减沙效益指数平均分别达0.79和0.76。(3)两种措施均大幅削减了地表径流和泥沙的氮、磷养分输出总量,发挥了较好的保肥作用。与原状坡耕地相比,等高反坡阶对总氮削减率为81.9%,对总磷削减率为44.3%;草带对总氮削减率为74.7%,对总磷削减率为83.7%。     

赣北第四纪红壤坡耕地水土及氮磷流失特征

坡耕地水土及养分流失严重,该研究于2011年利用赣北第四纪红壤区野外径流小区定位观测试验数据,分析坡耕地水土及氮、磷、有机质流失特征。结果表明：地表产流产沙为裸露地最高、顺坡耕作和顺坡+植物篱次之,横坡耕作最小,横坡耕作比顺坡耕作减少径流62.71%、减少土壤侵蚀82.9%;坡耕地径流携带的可溶性氮、铵氮、硝态氮、可溶性磷的流失量都表现为裸地最大,横坡耕作最小;坡耕地泥沙携带的全氮、全磷、碱解氮、速效磷的流失量表现为裸地最大,横坡耕作最小;坡耕地可溶性氮中以有机氮流失为主,无机氮中以铵氮流失为主,泥沙中磷的流失主要以泥沙结合态流失。该研究可为坡耕地水土流失和面源污染防治提供科学依据。     

重庆南平镇岩溶槽谷区不同土地利用类型地表水土流失

研究岩溶区水土流失特征有助于更好地开展岩溶地区水土保持,防止石漠化。通过在岩溶区不同土地利用类型布设9个径流场,利用2008-01－2010-08野外雨季的监测资料,得到岩溶区地表水土流失特征。结果表明：速效钾在土壤中易被淋失,磷富集度平均值最低,全氮、水解氮、有机质富集度的平均含量居中。从土地利用类型来看,富集度表现明显的是坡耕地（自然坡耕地强于移土培肥坡耕地）,其次是林地,金银花地和草地富集度最低。根据相关系数可知淤泥养分含量与降雨强度呈极显著相关关系,淤泥养分含量与降雨量成正相关,但是相关性差。淤泥养分流失总量是通过泥沙量与淤泥养分含量来共同体现的。土壤侵蚀模数从大到小的顺序依次为自然坡耕地>移土培肥坡耕地>草地>金银花地 >林地。岩溶区并不是每场降雨都要产生径流,主要是大雨尤其是暴雨才生产径流。岩溶区水土流失径流系数平均值在2.31%～14.72%。该研究有助于更好地理解岩溶区水土流失特征,为治理岩溶区水土流失提供科学依据。     

红壤区稀土矿开发导致河流泥沙淤积量的估算--以江西省信丰县崇墩沟小流域为例

不合理的人为活动是侵蚀产沙的主要原因之一。在江西省信丰县崇墩沟小流域内由于稀土矿产的无序开发,导致河流泥沙严重淤积。通过实测河流淤积泥沙断面,计算出在7 500 m长的河道共淤积泥沙30 193 t,考虑到输移比,整个流域内土壤流失量可达3 500 t/km2,平均侵蚀模数也高达1 150 t/(km2.a)以上,属于中等强度的土壤侵蚀。调查结果发现,河流中淤积的泥沙主要来源于稀土矿开发的尾矿流失;土壤流失量高到99 730 t/km2,年平均侵蚀模数为34 000 t/(km2.a)以上,属于极强度的水土流失。治理水土流失,须加强对稀土矿开发的管理,防止形成新的水土流失;将已废弃的稀土尾矿作为治理的重中之重,可有效地降低流域内土壤侵蚀的强度。     

水平阶影响坡地产流产沙及氮磷流失的试验研究

选取我国西南部抚仙湖流域典型小流域——尖山河流域为试验区,在天然降雨条件下,研究有、无水平阶作为拦水带对红壤坡地产流产沙及土壤氮磷素流失的影响。结果表明:与无水平阶相比较,水平阶具有显著降低产流、减少产沙的作用,可使径流量和产沙量分别减少67.9%,79.5%;水平阶使径流中总氮和氨氮浓度以及泥沙中全氮和速效磷的浓度增加,使径流中的总磷浓度及泥沙中的全氮和速效磷浓度降低;水平阶使各形态的氮磷素输出量均显著减少;水平阶使坡耕地氮磷素流失总量分别减少了53.47%和86.83%。其中,泥沙结合态氮、磷素分别减少了30.89%和84.99%,随径流流失量分别减少了22.58%和1.84%。红壤坡耕地在无水平阶措施下,土壤氮素流失以泥沙结合态为主;在水平阶措施下以径流流失为主,但磷素始终都以泥沙结合态流失为主。综上所述,坡耕地推行水平阶作为拦水带,对南方降雨丰沛地区,是提高土地生产力,减少水土流失及面源污染的行之有效的方法。     

碎石含量对三峡库区坡耕地土壤氮磷流失特征的影响

坡耕地是三峡库区水土流失的主要来源,导致土壤养分的损失,严重影响库区生态环境建设与社会经济可持续发展。库区坡耕地土壤浅薄化和砾质化特征明显,但目前对含碎石坡耕地土壤侵蚀和养分流失特征的研究尚不多见。该研究通过设置3个降雨梯度（60、90、120 mm/h）和4种碎石含量（0、10%、20%、30%）,开展人工模拟降雨试验,分析各试验条件下含碎石土壤产流产沙和氮磷流失特征。结果表明：1）碎石主要通过改变土壤结构以增大产流产沙量来促进氮磷流失,而对相应流失速率与流失浓度的变化规律影响较小,不同碎石含量下泥沙产量的变异系数更高,且泥沙中不同碎石含量下的氮磷流失量显著性差异更强（P<0.05）;2）泥沙中累计磷流失量略微大于氮流失量,有效磷几乎不随泥沙流失,有效氮约占全氮流失量的15%;径流中氮素流失量几乎为磷素的10倍且以有效氮为主,占总氮流失量的75%,有效磷占总磷流失量的25%;3）不同碎石含量下有效氮流失规律大致相同,径流中硝态氮约占有效氮流失量的70%,而泥沙中则以铵态氮为主,约占65%;4）不同碎石含量下土壤中氮磷元素均以随侵蚀产沙流失为主,累计产沙量与氮磷元素随侵蚀产沙流失...     

辽宁省不同耕作方式对坡耕地水土及氮磷养分流失的影响效果

在天然降雨条件下,研究传统耕作、免耕、免耕秸秆覆盖、横垄4种耕作方式对坡耕地水土流失和养分流失的影响效果。结果表明:与传统耕作相比,其他3种耕作方式均能减少水土流失,产流量分别较之减少19.3%,27.1%,31.8%,泥沙量对应减少12.4%,21.5%,57.8%;各耕作小区径流中养分流失量差异显著;泥沙中全磷流失特征为T1>T3>T2>T4,其他耕作小区比传统耕作小区减少流失依次为8.6%,5.1%,12.1%;泥沙中的全氮流失特征为T1>T2>T3>T4,其他耕作小区比传统耕作小区减少流失依次为6.4%,10.3%,34.3%。坡耕地土壤侵蚀量与径流量呈显著相关。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.