基于GIS的祖厉河流域土壤侵蚀治理模式模拟研究

借助RS图像信息提取技术,对祖厉河流域遥感影像进行校正与信息提取。利用GIS栅格数据空间分析功能,将研究区空间化为30m×30m的栅格单元。根据土壤流失方程RUSLE生成各因子栅格图,借助GIS空间分析功能,实现该区土壤侵蚀评估模拟。结果表明:祖厉河流域1995年、2005年、2015年土壤侵蚀模数分别为2 877,3 372,3 713t/(km2·a);从侵蚀量变化来看,1995年总土壤流失总量为29 608 397t/a,2005年总土壤流失总量为34 694 588t/a,2015年总土壤流失总量为38 202 817t/a,年平均流失模数为3 713t/(km2·a)。从土壤侵蚀空间分布和侵蚀量变化来看,研究区土壤侵蚀度呈现南北低、中部高;河流深切区低,高山林立区高的特点。针对研究区,提出4种模拟治理并进行验证,分析得出完全采取人工提升林区植被增长速度,主要包括全力发展坡地退耕还林还草的高效治理模式是该区最佳治理模式,可有效改善土壤流失状况,使平均土壤流失模数降为2 656t/(km2·a)。     

苦驴河上游小流域土壤侵蚀及其养分流失特征

[目的]定量分析苦驴河上游小流域土壤侵蚀及其养分流失特征,为巢湖上游小流域水土保持工作提供科学依据。[方法]基于遥感技术(RS)和地理信息系统(GIS),利用修正通用土壤流失方程(RUSLE)定量评估研究区土壤侵蚀及其养分流失状况,分析土壤侵蚀强度与坡度、高程和土地利用等因子的关系。[结果]①2018年研究区平均土壤侵蚀模数为394.45 t/(km~2·a),主要为微度和轻度侵蚀。②土壤侵蚀强度与坡度呈明显的正相关,且随着坡度增加,强度及以上侵蚀的面积比例逐渐增加。同一高程范围内不同土地利用对土壤侵蚀程度影响不同,以各土地利用的平均土壤侵蚀模数表示为:未利用地[1 022.55 t/(km~2·a)]林地[655.04 t/(km~2·a)]旱地[285.78 t/(km~2·a)]水田[139.80 t/(km~2·a)]。③土壤养分流失与土壤侵蚀的空间分布趋势一致,土壤有机碳(SOC)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)平均流失量分别为3.66,0.27,0.07 t/(km~2·a)。[结论]苦驴河上游小流域土壤侵蚀及其养分流失受地形地貌影响显著,南高北低,南部丘陵水土流失较为严重,山林地和坡耕地是该地区水土保持工作的重点区域。     

基于CSLE模型的天山北坡西白杨沟流域土壤侵蚀定量评价

[目的]定量评价天山北坡西白杨沟流域水土流失土壤侵蚀状况,分析其分布特征,为区域水土保持以及生态环境建设提供科学依据。[方法]以新疆维吾尔自治区乌鲁木齐县西白杨沟流域为研究区,采用样地调查与地理信息系统(GIS)、遥感(RS)技术相结合方法和CSLE模型,对西白杨沟流域进行土壤水力侵蚀评价及侵蚀强度空间分布分析。[结果]天山北坡西白杨沟流域平均土壤侵蚀模数748.91 t/(km~2·a)。地形对土壤侵蚀强度影响明显,在坡度20°～40°区域,土壤侵蚀模数最高,为1 127.22～1 229.62 t/(km~2·a)。缓坡(20°)区域,坡度对土壤侵蚀模数呈正效应,而在陡坡(40°～70°)区域,坡度对土壤侵蚀模数呈负效应。土壤侵蚀主要发生在南坡、东南坡和东坡;不同土地利用方式对土壤水力侵蚀程度影响不同,表现为:呈灌木林地[1 709.80 t/(km~2·a)]有林地[1 389.40 t/(km~2·a)]天然牧草地[605.20 t/(km~2·a)]人工牧草地[334.71 t/(km~2·a)]水浇地[113.69 t/(km~2·a)]的趋势。[结论]土壤侵蚀强度总体以微度和轻度为主,强烈侵蚀、极强烈侵蚀、剧烈侵蚀主要分布在流域的中下游和下游;天山北坡西白杨沟流域侵蚀强度的空间分布与地形、土地利用、土壤性质联系紧密。     

基于GIS与RUSLE的榆林市土壤侵蚀空间分布研究

利用3S技术,采用美国通用的水土流失方程(RUSLE),对榆林市2001和2010年的土壤侵蚀状况及其空间分布特征进行了计算分析。结果表明,榆林市2001年平均土壤侵蚀模数为4411 t/(km²·a),年均侵蚀总量为1.93×10⁸t;2010年的平均土壤侵蚀模数为6237 t/(km²·a),年均侵蚀总量为2.72×10⁸t。2001-2010年榆林市各区县的土壤侵蚀变化状况有着明显的空间差异,府谷、神木、榆阳、横山、靖边、佳县和子洲7个区县的土壤侵蚀类型发生了由中强度向高强度侵蚀的转化,土壤状况不断恶化。而定边、米脂、吴堡、绥德和清涧5县的土壤侵蚀类型由高强度向低强度侵蚀转变,水土流失状况得到有效遏制。     

基于RUSLE模型的湟水流域土壤侵蚀时空变化

研究黄河上游土壤侵蚀的时空变化对于维持黄河上游生态系统服务功能、保护黄河上游水塔具有重要意义。以黄河上游典型区域湟水流域为研究区,采用RUSLE模型定量评估了该流域2000—2015年土壤侵蚀的时空变化特征,并分析了有无梯田措施下土壤侵蚀的空间变化,从而量化了梯田建设对防治坡面土壤侵蚀的影响。结果表明:2000—2015年,湟水流域的土壤侵蚀强度整体呈现减小趋势,侵蚀模数由1 183 t/(km~2·a)降低至940 t/(km~2·a),减少幅度为20.54%。不同土地利用类型以及不同坡度下的土壤侵蚀强度均有所降低,其中耕地上的减幅最大为20.58%。15°～20°坡度区间的侵蚀模数减幅最显著,为23.11%。通过有无梯田措施情景模拟发现,湟水流域2015年土壤侵蚀模数由940 t/(km~2·a)降低至有梯田的837 t/(km~2·a),减少11.00%。研究结果可为流域的水土流失防治和生态环境保护提供科学依据。     

黄土丘陵区近10年来典型小流域对侵蚀环境演变的泥沙响应

针对近年来黄河泥沙的锐减现状,以2003—2011年国家退耕还林工程实施效果的显现期为背景,采用典型流域剖析的方法,深入研究了近10a来黄土丘陵区典型流域侵蚀泥沙总量以及年际变化量。结果表明:小流域土壤侵蚀强度大幅度下降,年平均侵蚀模数不足500t/(km~2·a),下降至退耕还林还草工程实施以前的8.3%;如不考虑建坝初期2003年的特殊状况,小流域2004—2011年侵蚀模数平均值为144.93t/(km~2·a),为退耕前的2.4%。这表明在新的侵蚀环境背景下该小流域的侵蚀强度已稳定在轻度以下。     

黄土丘陵区近10年典型小流域对侵蚀环境演变的泥沙响应

针对近年来黄河泥沙的锐减现状,以2003—2011年国家退耕还林工程实施效果的显现期为背景,采用典型流域剖析的方法,深入研究了近10a来黄土丘陵区典型流域侵蚀泥沙总量以及年际变化量。结果表明:小流域土壤侵蚀强度大幅度下降,年平均侵蚀模数不足500t/(km~2·a),下降至退耕还林还草工程实施以前的8.3%;如不考虑建坝初期2003年的特殊状况,小流域2004—2011年侵蚀模数平均值为144.93t/(km~2·a),为退耕前的2.4%。这表明在新的侵蚀环境背景下该小流域的侵蚀强度已稳定在轻度以下。     

海岛型城市的土壤侵蚀状况及主要影响因子分析——以福建省平潭岛为例

为研究海岛型城市建设发展过程中的水土流失状况,将地理信息系统(GIS)与通用土壤流失方程(USLE)相结合,以福建省典型海岛——平潭岛作为研究区域,运用GIS建立平潭岛研究区的基础地理数据库,利用ArcGIS的栅格数据空间分析功能,对1990年与2013年的土壤侵蚀量进行了估算和分析。结果表明:平潭岛1990年平均土壤侵蚀模数为1 674.64t/(km~2·a),2013年平均土壤侵蚀模数为735t/(km~2·a),均属于轻度侵蚀。微度侵蚀从1990年的72.38%增加到2013年的79.31%。而在轻度侵蚀、中度侵蚀、强度侵蚀、极强度侵蚀和剧烈侵蚀方面均有所下降。1990年、2013年均是强度以上侵蚀区域对土壤侵蚀量的贡献最大。土地利用变化、降雨量和坡度变化对土壤侵蚀的作用显著。该研究可为平潭岛的经济开发建设、土地合理利用,以及为其他典型海岛在城市化进程中提出最佳的水土保持管理措施提供参考。     

基于RUSLE的北洛河上游流域侵蚀产沙模拟研究

以RS、GIS和RUSLE模型结合SEDD模型,分析了退耕还林前后北洛河上游流域1990年、2000年和2010年土壤侵蚀强度和产沙量的时空变化特征。结果表明:3个时期年平均土壤侵蚀模数分别为18189.72,7 408.93,2 857.76t/(km~2·a),年均输沙模数分别为14 093.31,5 997.65,2 394.37t/(km~2·a),均呈减小趋势。3个时期的土壤侵蚀量在地形上的分布表现出趋同性,即高程上均在1 475~1 575m内平均侵蚀模数和侵蚀量表现出最大值。随着坡度增加,平均侵蚀模数增加,流域内75%以上的侵蚀量均来自于坡度15°区域。3个时期平均侵蚀模数均遵循阳坡半阳坡半阴坡阴坡的规律。研究为该区域生态环境建设效益评价及水土资源合理利用提供有益信息。     

基于随机森林算法的土壤侵蚀影响因子研究——以赣江上游流域为例

[目的]分析影响赣江上游流域土壤侵蚀的主要因素,为该区水土流失治理与科学管理提供科学依据。[方法]基于2015年Landsat 8遥感影像、MODIS NDVI数据、数字高程模型(DEM)、土壤类型和降雨数据,采用RUSLE模型和随机森林算法对赣江上游流域土壤侵蚀及其影响因子进行定量化分析。[结果] 2015年赣江上游流域土壤侵蚀强度由东南向西北逐渐加剧,总体上处于轻度侵蚀水平,土壤侵蚀总量为3.45×10~7 t/a,平均土壤侵蚀模数为1 046.38 t/(km~2·a),比南方红壤丘陵区土壤允许流失量[500 t/(km~2·a)]高出2倍之多;子流域9,11,15平均土壤侵蚀模数分别为1 672.66,1 715.83和1 565.36 t/(km~2·a),处于中度侵蚀级别,为研究区重点防治区域;其余子流域均为轻度侵蚀级别。[结论]各子流域的土壤侵蚀受植被覆盖与管理因子(C)和坡长坡度因子(LS)影响较大,两者重要程度分别在30%和20%以上,土壤可蚀性因子(K)和降雨侵蚀力因子(R)的重要程度偏低,均未超过10%。其中子流域9,11,21主要受LS因子影响,其余子流域均受C因子主控。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.