上海市公园绿地土壤肥力特征分析与综合评价

为提高城市绿地生态系统功能,了解上海全市的公园绿地土壤肥力整体状况,以上海全市16个行政区65个公园中87个绿地土壤(0～20 cm)为研究对象,测定土壤pH值、电导率(EC)、大量元素(氮、磷、钾)、中微量元素(镁、钙、硫、锰、铁和钼)等15项化学指标,通过单因子评价、综合评价法及GIS技术对公园绿地土壤肥力质量进行评价。结果表明,上海市公园绿地表层土壤整体呈碱性,EC值偏小,有机质、大量元素全量养分和速效养分大都处于中等水平,微量元素钼缺乏,其他元素含量充足;全氮和有效磷变异性强。上海市公园绿地土壤综合肥力质量整体呈中等水平,且空间上有北高南低的趋势;土壤肥力的限制因子主要为pH值、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷和有效钼,应采用改善土壤pH值、种植豆科植物、施用微肥等措施提高土壤肥力质量。     

广州城市公园绿地土壤肥力及酶活性特征

采集广州市中心城区部分公园绿地表层土壤（0-20 cm）,研究了土壤pH、有机质、粘粒、氮、磷、钾含量等肥力特性和脲酶、蔗糖酶、磷酸酶活性。结果表明,广州公园绿地土壤以酸性（pH 4.5-5.5）和中性（pH 6.5-7.5）占的比例高,部分土壤呈碱性,土壤pH值较自然土壤有增高的趋势;土壤有机质含量以中等水平为主,土壤全氮、碱解氮以中等到低水平为主。土壤全磷和有效磷以中等以上水平为主,土壤全钾、速效钾以中等以上水平为主,土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和磷酸酶活性平均分别为0.36 m g NH3-N/g,12.29 m g葡萄糖/g和2.14 m g酚/g。不同公园绿地土壤肥力特性和土壤酶活性呈现出一定的差异性。土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和磷酸酶活性之间相关性均达到极显著水平（p〈0.01）;土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶和磷酸酶活性与土壤有机质等肥力性状之间呈显著或极显著的相关性,可以作为评价广州公园绿地土壤肥力的指标。     

深圳城市绿地土壤肥力质量评价及管理对策

城市绿地是城市生态系统的重要组成部分,被称为城市的"肺"。城市绿地土壤通过其支持的植物、微生物和自身的功能,美化和净化城市环境,对城市的可持续发展具有重要意义。采集深圳市中心城区主要公园绿地、道路绿化带、住宅区绿地和单位附属绿地0～20cm,20～40cm土壤,研究了土壤质地、容重、孔隙度、阳离子交换量、pH、有机质、氮、磷、钾等物理化学性质。结果表明,深圳城市绿地土壤以砂壤和轻壤土为主,20～40cm土壤中松砂和紧砂土占有一定比例,土壤砾石含量高,重砾质土壤占91%以上;表层土壤(0～20cm)容重大,孔隙度小,阳离子交换量低;土壤pH较自然土壤明显增高,以中性和微酸性为主。土壤有机质处于较低的水平;全氮、碱解氮和全磷处于很低水平,有效磷处于中等水平;土壤全钾、速效钾处于中等或以上水平。0～20cm土壤中有机质、全氮、碱解氮显著高于20～40cm土壤。根据深圳城市绿地土壤质量状况,提出了加强深圳城市绿地土壤科学管理的措施和建议。     

硅钙钾镁肥对南方稻田土壤酸度的改良作用

为明确硅钙钾镁肥阻控土壤酸化的效果和作用,采用连续4a的硅钙钾镁肥田间定位试验,以农民习惯施肥处理为对照(CK),分析在农民习惯施肥基础上增施750、1125、1500和1875kg·hm~(-2)硅钙钾镁肥对稻田土壤剖面pH、电导率(EC)、交换性酸、交换性盐基离子、酸碱缓冲容量和碱产生量的影响。结果表明:农民习惯施肥降低了0～30 cm土壤pH,导致土壤酸化,酸化率为2.88kmol·hm~(-2)·a~(-1);与之相反,硅钙钾镁肥能显著提高土壤pH,较CK处理在0～15 cm和15～30 cm分别提高了1.22～1.58和0.35～0.64个pH单位,并产生大量碱,在0～30 cm达到了9.93～13.82 kmol·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),其中0～15 cm占80%。与CK处理相比,硅钙钾镁肥能显著增加0～30 cm土壤EC、交换性Ca~(2+)、交换性Mg~(2+)、盐基饱和度及0～15 cm交换性K+,减少0～30 cm交换性酸,特别是交换性Al3+。土壤交换性酸消耗量中硅钙钾镁肥释放的交换性盐基和相应碱贡献了104.3%,是交换性酸减少的主要途径。总之,多次大量施用硅钙钾镁肥在显著提高0～30 cm交换性Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)和0～15 cm交换性K+含量的同时,有效改良了表层(0～15 cm)和亚表层(15～30 cm)稻田土壤酸性,用量越大,效果越明显,释放的Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)盐基离子和碱是土壤酸化阻控的主要作用机制。     

鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林土壤酸度对土壤养分的影响

通过在鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林的研究发现 :( 1 )季风常绿阔叶林土壤整个剖面 ( 0～ 60cm)pH值都较低 ,小于 4 5。 ( 2 )土壤养分含量随着土壤剖面层次 ( 0～ 2 0cm、2 0～ 40cm、40～ 60cm)的降低而下降。养分除水解性N外 ,有效P、速效K以及交换性Ca、Mg含量都很少。 ( 3 ) 0～ 2 0cm土壤养分比其它层的土壤养分更容易受到土壤酸度的影响。 40～ 60cm土壤养分除了交换性Ca外 ,其它养分的含量与土壤酸度无显著关系。就不同月份来说 ,1月份和 4月份土壤养分比 7月份和 1 0月份土壤养分容易受到土壤pH值的影响。不同养分比较 ,交换性Ca和Mg以及有效P含量比其它养分更容易受到土壤酸度的影响。     

多元统计分析方法在徐州城区公园绿地土壤肥力评价中的应用

以徐州市三环路内4个城区的公园绿地土壤为研究对象,采用多元统计分析方法计算得出其土壤肥力因子4个主成份：（1）土壤有机质、土壤氮素因子;（2）土壤磷素、土壤钾素因子;（3）土壤黏粒、土壤容重因子;（4）土壤酸碱度（pH值）因子。再借助SPSS11.5统计软件得出土壤肥力指标权重值及其方差极大旋转后主成份因子得分,最后计算其综合评价得分。结果表明：该城区公园绿地土壤肥力质量情况总体上较差,其中九里区土壤综合肥力水平最高,泉山区次之,云龙区和鼓楼区相差不大。     

有机肥对设施菜地土壤磷素状况的影响

以辽宁沈阳市郊某设施菜地土壤为研究对象,通过设置不同有机肥用量处理(0,20,60thm-2)的小区实验,系统研究不同有机肥处理对不同本底肥力设施菜地土壤全磷、速效磷含量变化的影响。研究结果表明,有机肥能够提高不同肥力设施菜地土壤0～20cm土层全磷含量,其中P1全磷含量与CK相比增加2.7～19.5%,P2增加7.6～33.6%。土壤0～20cm速效磷含量也随有机肥施用量的增加而明显增加,P2即有机肥施用量60thm-2时,不同肥力设施菜地土壤在黄瓜拉秧期速效磷含量与CK、P1之间均达显著差异(P<0.05)。本实验条件下,施用有机肥20thm-2,可保持施肥当季中肥力与高肥力设施菜地土壤磷素水平;当地常规有机肥施用量60thm-2可显著提高设施菜地土壤全磷与速效磷含量,从而加剧高肥力土壤磷素的累积,并对环境造成压力。     

保护地不同灌溉方法表层土壤pH小尺度的空间变异

基于保护地定位灌溉试验,采用经典统计学和地统计学的方法,以网格取样方式采集不同灌溉方法(沟灌、滴灌、渗灌)表层土壤,研究微尺度下土壤pH值的空间变异特征及空间分布。结果表明:经6年灌溉,沟灌处理pH显著降低,沟灌和滴灌0～5cm土层土壤pH表现为中等空间自相关,而其5～10cm和渗灌0～5cm和5~10cm的土壤pH表现为弱空间相关,水分的供给方式和数量影响土壤pH的空间变异。     

日照市城区绿地土壤肥力质量评价

以日照市城区绿地表层土壤为研究对象,在野外采样和室内分析的基础上,对其土壤肥力特征进行研究。结果表明:日照市城区绿地0—20 cm土层的土壤容重为1.347～1.504 g/cm³,绿地表层土壤pH为6.64～7.01,电导率为85.534～107.079 μS/cm。土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效钾含量普遍较低,有效磷含量丰富。日照市城区不同绿地类型的土壤肥力系数（P）依次为校园绿地（1.57）、市政单位绿地（1.49）、公园绿地（1.44）、广场绿地（1.43）、苗木生产区（1.42）、居住区绿地（1.40）、道路绿地（1.39）,均处于土壤肥力等级三等（0.9 < p < 1.8）。不同绿地类型的土壤退化指数为0.00%～24.67%,没有退化的趋势。     

贡嘎南山-拉轨岗日山南坡高寒草原生态系统表层土壤有机碳分布特征及其影响因素

为揭示贡嘎南山-拉轨岗日山南坡高寒草原生态系统表层土壤有机碳分布特征及其影响因素。在不同海拔高度取土样测定土壤理化指标,现场调查植物物种数、土壤类型等,研究了该区域0～20cm土壤有机碳分布特征及其影响因素。结果表明:高寒草原生态系统表层(0～20cm)土壤有机碳密度平均为5.1625±1.2786kgm-2,变异系数24.77%。在海拔4424～4804m范围内,随着海拔升高,表层(0～20cm)土壤有机碳密度表现出增加→减少增加→减少的分布特征。相关分析表明,表层土壤有机碳密度与植被盖度、30～40cm地下生物量、10～20cm土壤含水量、海拔高度、坡度、土壤有机质呈正相关关系,而与0～10cm土壤含水量、30～40cm土壤含水量、土壤pH值和土壤速效N呈负相关关系,影响表层土壤有机碳密度最关键的环境因子是30～40cm地下生物量、土壤pH值、土壤有机质和土壤速效N含量。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.