不同灌溉方法对保护地土壤有机质及氮素影响的研究

分层采集连续7年分别用渗灌、滴灌和沟灌灌溉的保护地0～80cm土层土壤样品,测定有机质、全氮及无机态氮和有机态氮含量,研究灌溉方法对土壤氮素形态及其数量剖面分布的影响。结果表明,三种灌溉处理0～80cm剖面土壤有机质含量变化范围为8.47～36.48 g kg-1,渗灌与滴灌有机质剖面分布相似,二者与沟灌差异较大;沟灌除30～40cm层次有机质含量低于渗灌和滴灌外,其它层次有机质含量均高于渗灌和滴灌处理。土壤全氮含量变化范围为0.72～3.97 g kg-1,在0～20cm土层不同灌溉方法之间差异显著,渗灌最大,沟灌次之,滴灌最小。无机硝态氮、铵态氮含量的变化范围分别为19.16～1442.06 mg kg-1和0～15.28 mg kg-1,在0～20cm土层各处理之间差异较为明显,以渗灌最大,沟灌次之,滴灌最小。有机态氮含量的变化范围为683.79～2512.87 mg kg-1,各处理之间的差异主要表现在0～30cm土层,其中0～10cm土层以渗灌处理有机态氮含量最高、沟灌次之,滴灌最低,10～30cm沟灌处理有机态氮含量却高于渗灌和滴灌处理。     

不同灌溉方式对保护地土壤酸化特征的影响

自连续13a在同一地块以不同灌溉方式进行灌溉试验的保护地,分层采集沟灌、滴灌、渗灌3个处理0～60cm土层土壤样品,研究灌溉方式对土壤酸化特征的影响。结果表明,3种灌溉处理土壤活性酸度和交换性酸含量均随着土层加深而降低,各处理间土壤活性酸度在0～40cm土层差异明显,总体为沟灌>渗灌>滴灌;土壤交换性酸差异出现在0～30cm土层,为渗灌>沟灌>滴灌;土壤交换性Al3+随土层加深呈先增加后降低的变化趋势,且以滴灌含量最低。各处理土壤盐基饱和度(BS)随土层加深而增加,在0～30cm土层为滴灌>渗灌>沟灌。土壤pH与交换性酸、硝态氮含量呈极显著负相关,与盐基饱和度、特别是Ca2+饱和度呈极显著正相关;Al3+占交换性酸比例与有机质含量呈极显著负相关。总之,保护地土壤酸化与硝态氮含量、盐基饱和度、有机质含量关系密切;与沟灌和渗灌相比,滴灌更利于抑制土壤酸化。     

灌溉方法对保护地土壤有机氮矿化特性的影响

采用Stanford和Smith提出的长期间歇淋洗通气培养法,对连续7a采用渗灌、滴灌和沟灌灌溉,栽培番茄的保护地不同剖面层次土壤的有机氮矿化特点进行了研究。渗灌管为发汗式半软管,埋深为30cm;渗灌、滴灌和沟灌灌水方法及施肥、田间管理同当地农业生产。当20cm深处的土壤水吸力达到40kPa时开始灌水,渗灌和滴灌每次的灌水量是沟灌灌水量的1/2。试验结果表明,土壤矿化氮含量随着土层深度的增加而降低。从累积矿化氮量—时间曲线变化的趋势看,可将保护地土壤0～50cm剖面分为三个层次,其中渗灌与滴灌处理相似,为0～20cm、20～40cm和40～50cm土层,而沟灌处理则为0～30cm、30～40cm和40～50cm土层。保护地不同层次土壤有机氮的矿化可以用Twopool模型表达。比较不同灌溉处理,在0～10cm土层,易矿化有机氮含量(N1)表现为滴灌>沟灌>渗灌,易矿化有机氮矿化速率(k1)常数也以滴灌处理最大,说明滴灌更有利于表层土壤易矿化有机氮的形成。与渗灌和沟灌相比,长期使用滴灌灌溉有利于改善保护地土壤有机氮的品质。     

灌溉方式对设施土壤总有机碳及其腐殖质组分的影响

通过13年连续的番茄栽培灌溉试验,分析了沟灌、滴灌和渗灌3种灌溉处理0—80cm土层土壤有机碳及其腐殖质组分(胡敏酸、富里酸、胡敏素等)含量,探讨了不同灌溉方法对温室土壤有机质变化的影响。结果表明:3种灌溉处理土壤总有机碳、腐殖质各组分含量剖面变化特征一致,均随土层加深而降低,且这一变化主要集中在0—50cm土层,50—80cm土层变化较小。土壤总有机碳及其组分各灌溉处理间差异明显,将土壤剖面分为0—20,20—80cm上、下2个层次,总体上总有机碳含量上层为渗灌沟灌滴灌,下层滴灌沟灌渗灌;腐殖酸含量上层滴灌沟灌渗灌,下层为渗灌滴灌沟灌;胡敏素上层为沟灌滴灌渗灌,下层为渗灌滴灌沟灌。滴灌处理既能使0—40cm土层土壤有机碳含量保持较高水平,土壤腐殖质含量又高于沟灌、渗灌处理,这对于提升设施土壤肥力水平、保证番茄养分供应是有利的。     

灌溉方式对保护地土壤微团聚体及其碳、氮分布的影响

以连续13年沟灌、滴灌和渗灌3种不同灌溉方式灌溉的保护地土壤为对象,研究不同灌溉处理保护地土壤微团聚体的分布及其碳、氮含量变化.结果表明,不同灌溉处理间,0-10 cm和10-20 cm土层土壤微团聚体含量均以渗灌处理最高,且0-10 cm土层灌溉处理间差异大于10-20 cm土层;各灌溉处理0-10 cm土层和10-20 cm土层土壤微团聚体均以0.01～0.05 mm粒级为优势粒级,0.05～0.25 mm粒级为次优势粒级,而＜0.01 mm粒级土壤微团聚体含量最少;灌溉处理间0-10 cm和10-20 cm土层各粒级土壤微团聚体全氮含量分布的总体趋势是滴灌高于沟灌和渗灌,且颗粒越小、这一处理间差异越明显,而处理间各粒级土壤微团聚体总碳含量差异不明显;0-10 cm土层某粒级土壤微团聚体总碳和全氮含量高于10-20 cm土层同粒级土壤微团聚体,而在同一土层微团聚体粒径越小、其总碳和全氮含量越高.从土壤结构及养分性状考虑,滴灌和渗灌比沟灌更适合于保护地蔬菜栽培灌溉.     

不同灌溉方式对设施土壤交换性盐基组成及比例的影响

为全面评价不同灌溉方式下设施土壤养分供应状况,以设施土壤为研究对象,采用田间试验与室内分析相结合的方法,对连年采用沟灌、滴灌和渗灌灌溉下的设施土壤有机质含量、阳离子交换量、盐基离子组成及其比列进行了研究。结果表明:3种灌溉方式土壤有机质、阳离子交换量及盐基离子含量表层较高,不同灌溉方式间表层土壤有机质含量及阳离子交换量表现为渗灌高于沟灌,沟灌高于滴灌,土壤交换性盐基离子含量总体以渗灌处理最高。各灌溉方式0—60cm土层土壤盐基离子饱和度大小顺序均为Ca~(2+)Mg~(2+)K~+Na~+,Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)饱和度随土层深度的增加而增大,K~+、Na~+饱和度总体呈随土层加深先降低后上升的变化趋势。Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)饱和度在0—30cm土层滴灌最高,30—60cm土层渗灌最高。K~+饱和度总体以渗灌为高,沟灌居中,滴灌最低。土壤Ca/K、Mg/K值总体以滴灌最高,沟灌次之、渗灌较小。从不同灌溉方式对设施土壤交换性盐基组成及比例的影响来看,采用滴灌方法不仅能省水,有效供应养分,更有利于保持养分之间的平衡,是一种较为合适的灌溉方法。     

灌溉方式对保护地土壤磷素淋失风险的影响

自连续12年以相同试验方案、不同灌溉方式进行灌溉试验的保护地采集土壤样品,对不同灌溉处理土壤磷素淋失风险进行评价,并对影响土壤磷素淋失临界值大小的因素进行了探讨。灌溉处理设滴灌、沟灌和渗灌三种灌溉方式,采样深度为0~80 cm。结果表明,0~20 cm沟灌、渗灌和滴灌处理土壤的磷素淋失临界值Olsen-P含量分别为59.44 mg kg-1、65.39 mg kg-1和68.57 mg kg-1;而20~40 cm层次的土壤淋失值分别为60.61 mg kg-1,66.8 mg kg-1和70.58 mg kg-1;40~80cm土层则无临界值存在。影响土壤磷素淋失临界值Olsen-P含量的主要因素有土壤pH和有机质、活性Fe、活性Al、有效磷含量;土壤pH值越大、有机质、活性铁、活性铝和Olsen-P含量越高,磷素淋失临界值越大。对三种灌溉处理表层土壤磷素淋失风险进行综合评价,其风险大小顺序为沟灌、渗灌和滴灌,这提示人们在保护地生产中要充分注意土壤磷素有效性,通过选择合理的灌溉方式、改善施肥技术以加强保护地土壤水肥管理,保证作物生产高效、优质和降低环境风险。     

长期不同灌溉对保护地土壤供氮能力的影响

采用Stanford和Smith提出的长期间隙淋洗通气培养法,对连续7年采用渗灌、滴灌和沟灌灌溉的保护地土壤有机氮的矿化特性进行研究,并结合土壤起始矿质氮含量,探讨了不同灌溉方法条件下保护地土壤供氮能力的差异。结果表明,保护地土壤硝态氮表现出强烈的表聚特点,表聚程度以渗灌沟灌滴灌。长期采用不同灌溉方法显著影响保护地土壤氮矿化势及矿化速率。N0值大小的排列顺序为:滴灌沟灌渗灌,k值大小的排列顺序与N0恰好相反,为:渗灌沟灌滴灌。与渗灌和沟灌处理相比,长期采用滴灌有利于改善保护地土壤有机氮的品质。土壤供氮能力表现为渗灌沟灌滴灌。评价保护地土壤供氮能力时,不仅要考虑土壤有机氮累积矿化氮量的大小,同时也要考虑土壤初始矿质氮的含量。从农业节水和提高氮肥利用率及保护生态环境的角度考虑,建议在本试验措施条件下,渗灌和沟灌处理应比滴灌处理适当减少氮肥用量,且无机氮肥也要尽量晚施;在此基础上渗灌处理氮肥还要尽量深施,以减少表层硝态氮的积累,达到既节水又省肥的目的。     

灌溉方法对保护地土壤有机氮组分及剖面分布的影响

用Bremner有机氮分组法测定了连续7年采用不同灌溉方法灌溉的保护地土壤各剖面层次有机氮组分含量。结果表明,土壤全氮及有机氮各组分含量均随土层深度的增加而降低,但有机氮各组分占全氮的比例随土层深度增加的变化却无明显规律。用3种灌溉方法灌溉,不同土层间土壤有机氮各组分含量的差异主要存在于0～50 cm土层,50 cm以下差异很小;相同土层,土壤有机态氮含量均以酸解氮为主,且酸解氮中各组分绝对含量和相对含量的大小排列顺序均为,未知态氮〉氨态氮〉氨基酸态氮〉氨基糖态氮。在0～80 cm土层,土壤酸解氮占全氮的比例大多在58%～60%之间,只有渗灌处理0～10 cm,10～20 cm及沟灌处理0～10 cm土层酸解氮占全氮的比例较低,分别为34.21%,50.75%和48.02%;而非酸解氮占全氮的比例大多在32%～36%之间。3种灌溉方法相比较,除个别层次外,酸解氮中氨基酸态氮、氨基糖态氮及氨态氮占全氮的比例在各土层中滴灌和渗灌处理均高于沟灌处理,而酸解未知态氮和非酸解氮占全氮的比例则为沟灌处理高于滴灌和渗灌处理。     

不同灌溉方式对保护地土壤水稳性团聚体的影响

以相同方案在同一地块连续10年进行节水灌溉试验研究为基础,通过测定渗灌、滴灌和沟灌3种灌溉方法长期灌溉保护地土壤水稳性结构的变化.探讨了灌溉方法对土壤结构性的影响.结果表明:(1)滴灌能够提高0-15 cm土层土壤水稳性团聚体的含量和大小;渗灌则能够提高15-45 cm土层土壤水稳性团聚体的含量和大小.(2)土壤水稳性团聚体的含量(WSA)和平均重量直径(MWD)随土壤有机质含量的增高而增大.(3)从土壤团聚体角度考虑,保护地应优先选择滴灌,其次是渗灌.     

灌溉方法对保护地土壤有机氮组分及剖面分布的影响

用Bremner有机氮分组法测定了连续7年采用不同灌溉方法灌溉的保护地土壤各剖面层次有机氮组分含量。结果表明,土壤全氮及有机氮各组分含量均随土层深度的增加而降低,但有机氮各组分占全氮的比例随土层深度增加的变化却无明显规律。用3种灌溉方法灌溉,不同土层间土壤有机氮各组分含量的差异主要存在于0~50 cm土层,50 cm以下差异很小;相同土层,土壤有机态氮含量均以酸解氮为主,且酸解氮中各组分绝对含量和相对含量的大小排列顺序均为,未知态氮>氨态氮>氨基酸态氮>氨基糖态氮。在0~80 cm土层,土壤酸解氮占全氮的比例大多在58%~60%之间,只有渗灌处理0~10 cm,10~20 cm及沟灌处理0~10 cm土层酸解氮占全氮的比例较低,分别为34.21%,50.75%和48.02%;而非酸解氮占全氮的比例大多在32%~36%之间。3种灌溉方法相比较,除个别层次外,酸解氮中氨基酸态氮、氨基糖态氮及氨态氮占全氮的比例在各土层中滴灌和渗灌处理均高于沟灌处理,而酸解未知态氮和非酸解氮占全氮的比例则为沟灌处理高于滴灌和渗灌处理。     

塑料大棚条件下灌溉方法对土壤磷分布的影响

Water-saving irrigation methods have been increasingly used for vegetable cultivation in greenhouse or plastic film house.However,there is limited information concerning the effect of water-saving irrigation methods on soil phosphorus (P)behavior.In this experiment,drip and subsurface irrigation methods were applied,with furrow irrigation method as control,in Mollic Gleysols.Soil P distribution throughout the depth was significantly affected by irrigation methods.Total, Olsen,organic and inorganic P contents were greater in the topsoil(0–10 and 10–20 cm)than in the subsoil(20–30,30–40, 40–50 and 50–60 cm).The Olsen P content throughout 0–60 cm layer under drip and subsurface irrigation treatments was lower than that under the furrow irrigation treatment.However,the total,organic and inorganic P contents from 20 to 60 cm under drip irrigation treatment were higher than or close to those under furrow irrigation treatment,but were lower under subsurface irrigation treatment than under furrow irrigation treatment.Under subsurface irrigation treatment,the contents of total,organic and inorganic P at the 0–10 cm layer were 78.0%,1.3% and 3.7% greater than those at the 10–20 cm layer,respectively.But Olsen P content at the 10–20 cm layer was 5.7% larger than that at the 0–10 cm layer.These suggested that soil P behavior could be manipulated by soil water management to some extent.     

Effect of irrigation methods on urea phosphate reactions in calcareous soils

Abstract

Urea phosphate (17–44–0) (UP) was injected in surface placed drip irrigation lines, subsurface placed drip irrigation lines (15 cm below soil surface), or band under furrow irrigation on a calcareous soil. In drip irrigation, UP was split in two applications, two weeks apart, to give a total rate of 50 kg P₂O₅/ha. The furrow rate was 100 kg P₂O₅/ha in a single application. Soil analysis one month after the first injection of UP showed high levels of available P (NaHCO₃ extractable) around the drip emitters. Considerable P mobility in the soil was detected within 20 cm from the emitters. Banding UP under the furrow did not leave any measurable levels of available P by the end of the experiment. Soil NO₃‐N levels were comparable in all fertilized irrigation treatments, and were higher than the levels under an unfertilized furrow. Soil pH was reduced by 0.5 units around the drip emitters, but no change was measurable under furrow irrigation. Soluble salts (ECe) were concentrated in the top 10 cm of the soil surface in all the fertilized irrigation methods. Split application of UP in subsurface drip irrigation provided the longest residual and best distribution of available P in a calcareous soil.     

垄沟耕作条件下滴灌冬小麦田间土壤水分的动态变化

试验在池栽条件下研究了滴灌与垄沟耕作条件下冬小麦田间土壤水分的动态变化。结果表明：滴灌对0～60cm土壤水分含量影响比较明显，由于受土壤蒸发和作物根系吸收水分的影响，0～30cm土壤水分含量在整个生育时期内变化最为剧烈，其次是30～60cm层次的土壤，90～120cm层次的土壤整个生育时期水分含量最为稳定。灌溉后土壤水分0～120cm土层中呈现“Z”型分布，且与垄作相比，灌溉对沟播处理各层次的影响更大。另外，通过对不同生育时期各个层次土壤水分含量的分析可以看出，冬小麦的灌浆期是其活跃的耗水期，其次是抽穗期。不灌溉处理的耗水深度主要集中在土壤下层，灌溉处理的耗水程度变化较复杂。与畦播处理相比较（见讨论部分），灌溉后沟播处理土壤水分上升最明显，垄作处理次之，畦播最小。灌溉一周后畦播土壤水分下降最快，垄作次之，沟播最小。而就灌溉后土壤水分运动而言，垄作与沟播处理快于畦播处理。     

Okra Crop Response Under Subsurface Drip and Conventional Furrow Irrigation with Varying N Fertilization

ABSTRACT

There is a growing concern about excessive use of nitrogen (N) and water in agricultural system with unscientific management in Indian and developing countries of the world. Field experiments were conducted on the lateritic sandy loam soils of Kharagpur, West Bengal, India, during spring–summer (February-June) seasons for three years (2015–2017) to evaluate okra crop response under subsurface drip and conventional furrow irrigation with varying amount of nitrogen treatments. Irrigation treatments had three levels of soil water depletion from field capacity (i.e., 20%, 35%, and 50%) under subsurface drip system. There was no soil water depletion under conventional furrow irrigation system. There were four levels of nitrogen fertilizer treatments (i.e., 0, 80, 100, and 120 kg ha^?1). This was supplied using urea as a nitrogenous fertilizer. The yield response of okra crop under subsurface drip was found to be 56.4% higher than that of the furrow irrigation treatment. Best yield response and maximum water use efficiency and nitrogen use efficiency were recorded under 20% soil water depletion with 100 kg ha^?1 of nitrogen fertigation. Among the various soil moisture depletions, subsurface drip at 20% soil water depletion treatment responded least quantity of water lost through deep drainage and nitrogen loss beyond the root zone as compared to other irrigation treatments. The water loss through subsurface drainage was observed as 33.11 mm lesser under subsurface drip as compared to that of the furrow irrigation, and this may due to low-volume and frequent irrigation water application with subsurface drip. Hence, irrigation through subsurface drip should be used for improving water and nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency of okra crop cultivation.     

不同灌水方式下番茄节水高产机理研究

本文研究了无压灌、滴灌与沟灌3种灌水方式对番茄光合生理指标、根系吸导水能力、产量与水分利用效率的影响.结果表明,"少量多次"的无压灌下植物根系导水率高于滴灌与沟灌灌水方式,无压灌能够通过调节作物根区土壤水分状况,提高作物根系吸水能力,使作物根区土壤水分保持在最适宜作物生长的范围内.无压灌和滴灌的番茄叶绿素总量比沟灌分别提高了16.2%和12.8%;相对沟灌,无压灌和滴灌减小了气孔导度和蒸腾失水,而未降低光合速率,单叶水分利用效率分别提高51.3%和17.2%.投入、产出和效率综合评判表明,无压灌的经济效益最好,滴灌次之,沟灌最差.