NO处理对草莓果实采后品质和苯丙烷类代谢的影响

为探讨NO处理在草莓果实采后保鲜中的作用机制,以红艳草莓为材料,定期测定草莓果实室温下的品质、抗氧化物质含量、细胞膜脂质过氧化程度和苯丙烷类代谢的变化。结果表明,NO熏蒸处理能有效抑制草莓果实采后腐烂,其最优浓度为20μL·L~(-1)。NO处理可显著抑制草莓果实贮藏期间可溶性固形物含量的下降,降低细胞膜过氧化程度,保持较好品质;也可显著提高草莓果实中苯丙氨酸解氨酶、4-香豆酰辅酶A连接酶、肉桂醛羟化酶和查尔酮异构酶等苯丙烷类代谢相关酶的活性,增加总酚、花色苷和总黄酮的积累,提高草莓果实的抗氧化活性。因此,适宜浓度的NO处理(20μL·L~(-1))可提高草莓果实贮藏品质,延长保鲜期。本研究为丰富草莓果实采后保鲜技术提供了较好的理论和应用价值。     

不同石榴品种果实酚类物质及抗氧化活性研究

为探明石榴不同栽培地区和不同品种间酚类物质含量分布特征,筛选抗氧化能力强的功能型优良品种,以山东、云南、新疆和四川地区8个主栽石榴品种的成熟期果实为试材,利用常规品质分析方法和高效液相色谱技术,对其果实品质、酚类物质和抗氧化能力进行分析。结果表明,石榴品种间果实各品质指标存在显著差异,其中,喀什甜单果质量、可溶性糖和维生素C含量最高,甜绿籽固酸比最高,泰山红可溶性固形物含量最高,红玛瑙可滴定酸含量最高。不同石榴品种果皮中酚类物质含量与抗氧化能力均最高;果汁次之,种子最低。喀什甜果皮和红玛瑙种子中酚类物质含量和DPPH自由基清除率均最高;果汁中花青苷含量和DPPH自由基清除率分别在千籽红和大青皮甜中最高,安石榴苷、没食子酸、鞣花酸、总黄酮和总酚含量在红玛瑙中最高;果皮中安石榴苷含量(平均为135.00 mg·g-1)占总酚的48.94%,是石榴果实中最主要的酚类物质。果实品质指标间、果实品质与酚类物质间存在一定的相关性,安石榴苷、没食子酸、鞣花酸、花青苷、总黄酮和总酚间互为正相关,各指标与DPPH自由基清除率均正相关。红玛瑙、喀什红和千籽红果实的综合品质佳,富含酚类物质,是值得推广和开发利用的优良品种。研究结果为石榴加工产品的研发和新品种选育提供了理论依据。     

硅窗气调包装对青脆李采后贮藏品质的影响

以硅窗结合PE包装袋处理采后青脆李,通过分析不同硅窗面积、不同贮藏温度、不同浓度1-甲基环丙烯(1-MCP)处理对青脆李贮藏过程中硬度、可溶性固形物(SSC)、可滴定酸、腐烂率的影响,探讨不同规格的硅窗包装袋处理对青脆李的保鲜效果。结果表明:硅窗气调包装在适当的贮藏温度条件下,结合1-MCP处理对采后青脆李有较好的保鲜作用,能有效地减慢青脆李软化的速度,抑制可溶性固形物的升高和可滴定酸含量下降,降低腐烂率。试验得到的最佳处理条件为:硅窗面积为1 cm~2、贮藏温度为1℃、1-MCP的含量为每千克青脆李27.5 mg。     

葡萄籽提取物对采后猕猴桃青霉病的抑制效果与机理

为探讨葡萄籽提取物(GSE)对采后猕猴桃接种青霉菌后青霉病的防治效果,本试验以贵长猕猴桃为试材,通过测定猕猴桃果实发病率、病斑直径以及与果实抗病相关物质的含量和防御相关酶的活性,研究GSE对采后猕猴桃果实青霉菌的作用效果。结果表明,GSE处理延迟了猕猴桃在损伤接种扩展青霉(Penicillium expansum)后果实发病率的上升,抑制了果实病斑直径的扩大。同时,GSE处理极显著提高了猕猴桃果实总酚和总类黄酮含量,降低了膜降解标志性代谢产物丙二醛(MDA)含量以及脂氧合酶(LOX)活性,提高了猕猴桃果实几丁质酶(CHI)、β-1,3葡聚糖酶(GLU)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性。接种扩展青霉后,接种前期GSE处理显著提高了果实的多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性,接种后期GSE处理显著提高了苯丙氨酸氨解酶(PAL)活性。综上,GSE处理通过激活抗氧化防御代谢从而提高了猕猴桃果实对青霉病的抗性。本研究为利用GSE防治青霉病研究提供了理论指导和技术参考。     

外源甘氨酸甜菜碱处理对西葫芦果实冷害和品质的影响

为探讨甘氨酸甜菜碱(GB)处理对西葫芦果实贮藏期间冷害和品质的影响,以亚历山大西葫芦为材料,采用外源甜菜碱浸泡的方法,比较分析了冷害指数、相对电导率、叶绿素含量、抗氧化酶类活性、1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)自由基清除力等指标的变化。结果表明,10 mmol·L-1GB处理能有效抑制西葫芦果实低温贮藏过程中冷害的发生和相对电导率的上升,保持较高的叶绿素、总酚含量;同时,GB处理抑制了褐变相关的多酚氧化酶(PPO)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性,促进了抗氧化相关的过氧化氢酶(CAT)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性,减少了活性氧的产生和积累,从而使西葫芦果实保持较高的抗氧化活性。综上所述,GB处理能有效减轻西葫芦果实的冷害症状,维持西葫芦果实在低温贮藏期间的品质,本研究为西葫芦果实采后贮藏保鲜提供了理论依据。     

丁香酚熏蒸对青茄采后冷害和脯氨酸代谢的影响

为探究丁香酚熏蒸处理对青茄果实的冷害调控效果,本试验研究了4℃条件下不同浓度丁香酚处理对青茄采后冷害生理品质和脯氨酸代谢的影响。结果表明,25μL·L-1丁香酚处理可显著延缓青茄果实冷害的发生,降低冷害(CI)指数和失重率,抑制丙二醛(MDA)含量的上升,保持较高的可溶性糖、总酚含量。此外,丁香酚处理还提高了脯氨酸合成关键酶Δ1-吡咯琳-5-羧酸合成酶(P5CS)和鸟氨酸转氨酶(OAT)活性,降低了脯氨酸降解关键酶脯氨酸脱氢酶(PDH)活性,从而维持了较高的脯氨酸含量,提高了青茄果实的低温耐受性。丁香酚熏蒸处理对青茄采后冷害的调控具有潜在的应用前景。     

青脆李采后贮藏过程糖含量及相关酶的变化规律

为探究青脆李在采后贮藏过程中糖含量和相关酶活性的变化规律,测定了青脆李可溶性糖含量和糖代谢酶活性,并进行相关性分析。结果表明,青脆李采后蔗糖、果糖、葡萄糖含量均发生显著变化(P0.05),蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性呈先上升后下降的趋势,蔗糖合成酶活性基本维持微小的下降趋势,无显著变化(P0.05),酸性转化酶、中性转化酶活性均呈上升趋势,贮藏结束时酶活性分别为贮藏初期的1.62倍、1.21倍。相关性分析发现,蔗糖磷酸合成酶、蔗糖合成酶活性与蔗糖含量变化呈显著正相关,与果糖含量呈显著负相关;酸性转化酶、中性转化酶活性与蔗糖含量呈显著负相关,与果糖含量呈显著正相关。青脆李果实的采后糖代谢中蔗糖主要分解为果糖,且果实的后熟甜味物质主要是果糖。     

浸钙对黑宝石李果实采后品质和延缓衰老的影响

采用不同浓度CaCl₂溶液浸泡黑宝石李采后果实，研究对其果实品质和延缓衰老的影响，达到延长贮藏期的目的。 结果表明：浸钙处理可显著抑制采后贮藏过程中果实可滴定酸含量、硬度和可溶性糖含量的下降，浸钙处理降低了果实可溶性固性物含量；贮藏期间浸钙处理后乙烯释放量显著低于对照，且峰值出现的时间比对照推迟15 d；浸钙处理可保持采后贮藏过程中果实较高的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和较低的丙二醛(MDA)含量，维持细胞内活性氧代谢平衡，显著降低膜脂过氧化作用，从而延缓果实成熟衰老进程，较好的保持了果实品质。4种钙浓度处理中以1％和2％CaCl₂溶液浸果效果较好。     

草酸处理对桂七芒果冷害及细胞壁代谢的影响

为探讨草酸处理对低温冷藏下芒果冷害及细胞壁代谢的影响,本试验以桂七芒果果实为试材,采用5 mmol·L^-1草酸溶液浸泡处理,以清水浸泡处理为对照,并于4℃贮藏,分析芒果的冷害指数、丙二醛(MDA)含量、相对电导率、硬度、细胞壁物质含量、细胞壁代谢酶的变化。结果表明,与对照组相比,草酸处理显著降低了低温贮藏14 d后桂七芒果果实冷害指数、MDA含量、相对电导率、原果胶和纤维素含量,显著降低了低温贮藏28 d后果实的硬度;显著提高了低温贮藏14 d后果实水溶性果胶含量及多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)、果胶甲酯酶(PME)、纤维素酶(Cx)活性,显著提高了贮藏21 d后果实β-半乳糖苷酶(β-Gal)活性。综上所述,草酸处理能减轻桂七芒果冷害,维持采后果实细胞壁降解酶较高活性和水溶性果胶含量。本研究为揭示草酸减轻芒果果实冷害机制提供了依据,可为草酸应用于其他冷敏型果实的贮藏保鲜提供理论参考。     

贮藏过程中果肉褐变的研究

木奈果实低温贮藏１２ｄ各处理的多酚氧化酶（ＰＰＯ）活性、酚类物质含量和细胞膜透性变化较小。贮藏２４ｄ各处理的细胞膜透性急剧增加,ＰＰＯ活性亦急剧升高,氧化酚类物质而使其含量急剧下降,导致果肉发生褐变。贮藏３６ｄ各处理的ＰＰＯ活性下降,膜透性仍继续增加。在整个贮藏过程中减压处理的ＰＰＯ活性、酚类物质含量和细胞膜透性变化最小,贮藏３６ｄ的果肉褐变率最低     

生态冷漠症的“诊”与“治”

当今有一部分政府官员患有生态冷漠症,其表现有3种,即面对持续恶化的生态环境麻木不仁,生态建设取得一点成绩便盲目乐观,发生了生态安全问题就怨天尤人。医治生态冷漠症应重点抓好以下3个方面的工作:紧密结合工作实际,切实加强对广大干部的科学发展观教育;完善和推行绿色GDP核算标准,加强对各级政府及其官员的考核;制定和完善有关法律法规,加大对政府行为的约束力度。     

The "oxygen paradox" of dinitrogen-fixing bacteria

N₂ fixation by aerobic bacteria is a very energy demanding process, requiring efficient oxidative phosphorylation, while O₂ is toxic for the nitrogenase complex. N₂-fixing bacteria have evolved a variety of strategies to cope with this apparent "O₂ paradox". This review compares strategies that azospirilla and other well-known N₂-fixing soil bacteria use to overcome this O₂ paradox. Attention will be given to the relationships between the natural habitat of these soil bacteria and their prevailing adaptations. In view of this knowledge the following questions will be addressed: are the specific adaptations observed in azospirilla sufficient to allow optimal proliferation and N₂ fixation in their natural habitat? Could improving the O₂ tolerance of the N₂-fixing process contribute to the development of more efficient strains for the inoculation of plants?     

Characterization of aroma compounds of chinese "Wuliangye" and "Jiannanchun" liquors by aroma extract dilution analysis

Aroma compounds in Chinese "Wuliangye" liquor were identified by gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O) after fractionation. A total of 132 odorants were detected by GC-O in Wuliangye liquor on DB-wax and DB-5 columns. Of these, 126 aromas were identified by GC-mass spectrometry (MS). Aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA) was further employed to identify the most important aroma compounds in "Wuliangye" and "Jiannanchun" liquors. The results showed that esters could be the most important class, especially ethyl esters. Various alcohols, aldehydes, acetals, alkylpyrazines, furan derivatives, lactones, and sulfur-containing and phenolic compounds were also found to be important. On the basis of flavor dilution (FD) values, the most important aroma compounds in Wuliangye and Jiannanchun liquors could be ethyl butanoate, ethyl pentanoate, ethyl hexanoate, ethyl octanoate, butyl hexanoate, ethyl 3-methylbutanoate, hexanoic acid, and 1,1-diethoxy-3-methylbutane (FD > or = 1024). These compounds contributed to fruity, floral, and apple- and pineapple-like aromas with the exception of hexanoic acid, which imparts a sweaty note. Several pyrazines, including 2,5-dimethyl-3-ethylpyrazine, 2-ethyl-6-methylpyrazine, 2,6-dimethylpyrazine, 2,3,5-trimethylpyrazine, and 3,5-dimethyl-2-pentylpyrazine, were identified in these two liquors. Although further quantitative analysis is required, it seems that most of these pyrazine compounds had higher FD values in Wuliangye than in Jiannanchun liquor, thus imparting stronger nutty, baked, and roasted notes in Wuliangye liquor.     

试论将“水土保持”改称“水土生态保持”的科学性

我国“水土保持”一词的提出已有60多年的历史,而治理水土流失的历史则可以追溯到西周初期(公元前16~11世纪)。水和土是陆地生态系统重要的生态因子,而以水和土为首要立地条件的生态植被,是陆地生态系统的第一性生产者,也是水土保持生态效益的直接承担者,所以植被的保护和恢复是水土保持不可或缺的重要部分,生态保护和生态与环境的改善愈来愈成为水土保持不可分割的重要内容。从水土保持的历史和当今不断丰富的水土保持实践来看,应将传统的“水土保持”称谓改称“水土生态保持”,这样更符合水土保持学科发展的需要,能够反映当前水土保持实践,有利于提高全社会对水土保持生态建设的认知度,有利于水土保持的行业管理。     

"林 - 蛙 - 鱼"生态农业模式研究

对杨树 虎纹蛙 罗非鱼("林 - 蛙 - 鱼")生态农业模式进行了3年的研究.结果表明,"林 - 蛙 - 鱼"立体种养生态农业模式经济效益明显,250 m2种养池当年可产生经济效益4 800元左右."林 - 蛙 - 鱼"立体种养生态农业模式也取得了良好的生态效益和社会效益,表现在改善生态环境、维护生物多样性、带动农民发展生产、教育青少年等方面,实现了生态效益、经济效益和社会效益的同步发展.     

C语言程序设计教学改革初探

提高C语言程序设计教学效果的方法和手段是教师关注的问题。在教学中让学生充分认识到该课程的重要作用,掌握正确的学习方法,提高课堂教学的效率和质量,提高学生的编程能力,提高学生的动手实践能力,加强各个教学环节的互动。使学习C语言的目的不再局限于使学生单纯地了解和掌握C语言的基本语法规范,而是要致力于培养学生运用C语言解决实际问题的编程能力。     

关于坡耕地土壤"翻滚侵蚀"的研究

所谓“翻滚侵蚀”,就是指坡耕地土壤在受到人为外力的作用下,而产生向下翻动、滚动和下切的侵蚀现象,其主要发生在坡耕地的耕作上,当在坡耕地上耕作时,每趟一遍地,其土壤就向下翻滚一点和下切一点,当坡度越大其翻滚的程度就越大,也就是说产生的翻滚侵蚀就越大。这种“翻滚侵蚀”现象在山区、丘陵区、漫川漫岗区的坡耕地耕作中是十分突出和十分严重的,不能不引起我们对它的高度重视。     

Sorption-desorption of "aged" sulfonylaminocarbonyltriazolinone herbicides in soil

Sorption-desorption interactions of pesticides with soil determine the availability of pesticides in soil for transport, plant uptake, and microbial degradation. These interactions are affected by the physical and chemical properties of the pesticide and soil, and for some pesticides, their residence time in the soil. The objective of this study was to characterize sorption-desorption of two sulfonylaminocarbonyltriazolinone herbicides incubated in soils at different soil moisture potentials. The chemicals were incubated in clay loam and loamy sand soils for up to 12 wks at -33 kPa and at water contents equivalent to 50 and 75% of that at -33 kPa. Chemicals were extracted sequentially with 0.01 N CaCl(2) and aqueous acetonitrile, and sorption coefficients were calculated. Sufficient sulfonylaminocarbonyltriazolinone herbicides remained (>40% of that applied) during incubation to allow calculation of sorption coefficients. Aging significantly increased sorption as indicated by increased sorption coefficients. For instance, for sulfonylaminocarbonyltriazolinone remaining after a 12-wk incubation at -33 kPa, K(d) increased by a factor of 4.5 in the clay loam soils and by 6.6 in the loamy sand as compared to freshly treated soils. There was no effect of moisture potential on sorption K(d) values. These data show the importance of characterization of sorption-desorption in aged herbicide residues in soil, particularly in the case of prediction of herbicide transport in soil. In this case, potential transport of sulfonylaminocarbonyltriazolinone herbicides would be over-predicted if freshly treated soil K(d) values were used to predict transport.     

“模型黄土高原”的组成及建设内容

“模型黄土高原”由原型观测系统、实体模型和比尺模型 3部分组成。通过原型观测系统、实体模型和比尺模型的建设与研究 ,可尽快摸清黄土高原各个不同类型区的水土流失规律 ,探求快速、有效的水土保持措施配置和综合治理模式 ,实现对水土保持效益进行科学、定量的分析和评价 ,从而为黄河水土保持生态建设及维持黄河健康生命提供有力的科技支撑和理论依据。介绍了近期工作重点     

Chemometric characterization of the cypriot spirit "zivania"

In 42 alcoholic beverages produced in Cyprus and other countries, 26 chemical and physical-chemical variables were determined by HPLC and GC chromatography, (1)H NMR and ICP spectroscopy, and other techniques. Data were processed using multivariate chemometric techniques, involving principal component analysis, cluster analysis, regularized discriminant analysis, and classification and regression trees. Zivania can be differentiated from beverages from other countries. Using 2- and 3-methyl-butanol, 2-methyl-propanol, furfural, methanol, and the alcoholic grade and the chemical shift of -CH(3) in (1)H NMR spectra as features, a nearly correct classification for zivania was achieved. The reasons for diversions are given.