热处理抑制采后龙眼果肉自溶及细胞壁物质降解

为了阐明热水处理抑制采后龙眼果实果肉自溶的作用机理,研究热水处理对采后龙眼果实果肉自溶和细胞壁组分含量、细胞壁降解酶活性的影响。将"福眼"龙眼果实经50℃热水处理10 min,用0.015 mm厚的聚乙烯薄膜袋密封包装,贮藏于(15±1)℃条件下。在贮藏期间定期测定龙眼果实果肉自溶指数、细胞壁组分含量和细胞壁降解酶活性。结果表明:与未经热水处理,相同贮藏条件下的对照果实比,热处理可显著(P0.05)抑制龙眼果实果肉自溶指数的上升,降低果胶甲酯酶(pectinmethylesterase,PME)、多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(polygalacturonase,PG)、β-半乳糖苷酶(β-galactosidase,β-Gal)和纤维素酶(cellulase,CX)的活性,延缓水溶性果胶(water-soluble pectin,WSP)含量的上升和离子结合型果胶(ionic-soluble pectin,ISP)、共价结合型果胶(covalent-soluble pectin,CSP)、半纤维素和纤维素含量的下降。因此认为,热处理可通过降低采后龙眼果实果肉细胞壁降解酶的活性而减少细胞壁组分的降解,从而维持细胞壁结构的完整性,抑制果肉自溶的发生。研究结果为热处理技术在采后龙眼果实保鲜中的应用提供参考。     

热处理对低温胁迫下黄瓜活性氧代谢和膜脂组分的影响

为探讨热处理减轻黄瓜果实低温冷害的作用机理,本试验研究了47℃热水浸泡5 min处理对黄瓜果实在4℃贮藏期间活性氧代谢和膜脂组分的影响。结果表明,47℃热水5 min处理可显著抑制黄瓜果实冷害的发生,贮藏15 d后果实冷害指数较对照(CK)低20.87%。此外,热处理还可抑制黄瓜相对电导率及丙二醛(MDA)含量的上升,提高黄瓜果实超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(DOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)的活性,抑制超氧阴离子($\mathop{{O}}_{2}^{{\mathop{}_{\ ·}^{-}}}$)及过氧化氢(H₂O₂)的产生,同时降低脂氧合酶的活性,保持较低的饱和脂肪酸含量、较高的不饱和脂肪酸含量和膜脂不饱和度。综上,热处理可维持黄瓜果实活性氧代谢的平衡,抑制膜脂的过氧化作用,从而提高黄瓜果实的抗冷性,减轻果实冷害损伤。     

猕猴桃果实贮藏期间细胞壁多糖物质降解特性及组织结构差异分析

为了深入了解猕猴桃果实采后细胞壁多糖物质降解及组织结构变化与果实贮藏性的关系,本研究以红阳和华特猕猴桃果实为试材,对25和4℃贮藏期间的细胞壁多糖物质含量及果胶降解酶活性进行测定,并比较两品种果实在25℃贮藏期间的细胞显微结构和钙组分含量差异。结果表明,在25和4℃贮藏条件下,随着贮藏时间的延长,红阳和华特猕猴桃果实中半纤维素（HCL）、纤维素（CL）和共价结合型果胶（CSP）含量不断降低,水溶性果胶（WSP）含量不断上升,离子结合型果胶（ISP）含量相对稳定。红阳猕猴桃各细胞壁多糖组分含量变化速度较快。两品种猕猴桃果实硬度均与WSP含量呈显著负相关,与CSP含量呈显著正相关。果胶降解酶活性检测结果显示,25℃贮藏前期,红阳猕猴桃中果胶酸裂解酶（PL）和β-半乳糖苷酶（β-Gal）活性显著高于华特;贮藏中后期,红阳中果胶甲酯酶（PME）活性显著高于华特。4℃贮藏期间,红阳中PME活性仍显著高于华特;4℃贮藏前期,红阳中β-Gal活性与华特无显著差异,而PL活性低于华特。相关性分析表明,25℃贮藏期间,与红阳和华特果实软化显著相关的果胶降解酶分别是PME和PL;4℃贮藏期间,与华特果实软...     

γ-氨基丁酸对低温胁迫下桃果实蔗糖代谢的影响

为探讨γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)对低温胁迫下桃果实蔗糖代谢的影响,以湖景蜜露品种水蜜桃为试验试材,采用5 mmol·L^-1外源GABA和100 μmol·L^-1 GABA-T抑制剂(VGB)处理桃果实,比较分析水蜜桃出汁率、GABA含量、可溶性糖含量、蔗糖代谢中间产物以及蔗糖代谢相关酶基因的变化。结果表明,外源GABA处理和GABA复合VGB处理通过提高桃果实贮藏后期内源GABA含量和蔗糖含量,从而有效抑制桃果实在低温贮藏期间冷害的发生。此外,外源GABA处理抑制了贮藏后期蔗糖降解相关酶基因PpSUS5的表达,减缓了桃果实中蔗糖含量的降低速率,从而提高了果实抗冷害的能力。外源GABA复合VGB处理增强了贮藏后期蔗糖合成相关酶基因PpSPS1、PpSPP1和PpSUS3的表达,从而维持桃果实较高的蔗糖含量,抑制果实冷害发生。本研究结果为桃果实采后贮藏保鲜提供了理论依据。     

NO处理对采后映霜红桃果实冷害及呼吸作用的影响

为探究一氧化氮(NO)处理对桃果实冷藏期间冷害及呼吸作用的影响,本研究以映霜红桃果实为试验材料,采用不同浓度NO(0、5、10、15 μL·L^-1)处理,检测桃在4℃贮藏期间冷害症状、冷害指数、硬度、呼吸速率、呼吸途径关键酶的变化。结果表明,10 μL·L^-1NO处理延缓了桃冷害的发生,显著降低了冷害指数、呼吸速率(P<0.05),维持了桃果实的硬度,使果实正常软化后熟。同时,10 μL·L^-1NO处理通过抑制桃果实糖酵解、三羧酸(TCA)循环、细胞色素氧化酶途径关键酶—葡萄糖磷酸异构酶(GPI)、琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)和细胞色素氧化酶(COX)的活性(P<0.05),抑制了果实呼吸速率,延缓了果实衰老。10 μL·L^-1 NO处理通过提高磷酸戊糖途径关键酶—葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶(G-6-PDH)和6-磷酸葡萄糖酸脱氢酶(6-PGDH)的联合活性及抗氰呼吸途径关键酶—交替氧化酶(AOX)的活性,增强了桃果实的抗冷性,减轻了桃果实的冷害。本研究结果为NO在桃果实贮藏保鲜中的应用提供了理论依据。     

桃果实采后可溶性糖和果胶类物质的变化与低温冷害的关系

研究了燕红水蜜桃果实低温贮藏期间果实冷害与可溶性糖和果胶类物质变化规律的关系.结果表明,桃果实采后低温(0℃)贮藏28 d后,果实冷害发生严重,正常的后熟过程无法完成,表现为果实出汁率上升缓慢,果实不能正常软化.同时发现,0℃贮藏期间,果实中蔗糖和葡萄糖含量变化不显著,但果糖却大幅度下降.低温抑制Na2CO3-溶性果胶的降解,减少了CDTA-溶性果胶和水溶性果胶的积累,表现为果实软化能力降低,正常的后熟进程被阻断.这些结果表明,桃果实采后低温贮藏期间果糖损失和果胶类物质的代谢异常可能是加剧果实冷害发生的重要原因.     

钙处理对葡萄柚果实细胞壁物质代谢及其相关基因表达的影响

【目的】研究采前、 采后钙处理对葡萄柚果实细胞壁组分、 细胞壁降解酶活性变化及其相关基因表达的影响,可为了解钙与果实细胞壁物质代谢之间的关系,揭示钙对果实软化的作用机理,为调控葡萄柚果实膳食纤维含量,提高果实质地品质提供理论依据。【方法】试验于2011年2月至11月在云南省玉溪市葡萄柚果园进行,供试品种为‘里约红’葡萄柚,该品种于2005年嫁接于当地砧木,株行距为3 m×3 m。试验由采前和采后钙处理两部分组成。采前钙处理在幼果初期、 幼果末期、 膨大初期、 膨大末期、 转色期,叶面喷施2% CaCl2; 采后钙处理在果实成熟采后浸于2% CaCl2溶液5 min, 室温贮藏。之后每15天取样一次,每次取10个果实,测定葡萄柚果肉细胞壁组分、 细胞壁降解酶活性及其基因表达量。【结果】随葡萄柚果实后熟软化,紧密结合型果胶(共价结合型果胶)解聚为松散结合型果胶(水溶性果胶、 离子结合型果胶),紧密结合型半纤维素(24% KOH可溶性半纤维素)解聚使其含量下降,而松散结合型半纤维素含量增加(4%KOH可溶性半纤维素)。果实PG、 PME、 Cx、 α-L-Af和β-Gal酶活性及其基因表达量均随果实软化呈不同程度增加。PME活性在果实采收后表现出较高含量,而PG活性在果实贮藏前期急剧增加,其酶基因的表达量与酶活性变化趋势基本一致。Cx、 α-L-Af和β-Gal活性在贮藏中、 后期上升较快,相关酶基因的表达量亦明显增加。钙处理显著地降低果实细胞壁降解酶活性和基因表达水平,其中采后钙处理对α-L-Af和β-Gal活性和基因表达在贮藏中、 后期的调控作用较显著,酶活性和基因表达均维持在较低水平。【结论】外源钙处理降低细胞壁降解酶活性及其基因表达,抑制了细胞壁物质的解聚,采后钙处理对细胞壁物质代谢的调控效果优于采前钙处理。外源钙处理抑制了细胞壁降解酶基因表达水平,降低了细胞壁降解酶活性,减缓了果胶、 半纤维素的解聚,从而达到调控果实膳食纤维含量、 维持果实质地品质、 延长果实货架期寿命的目的。     

外源甘氨酸甜菜碱处理对西葫芦果实冷害和品质的影响

为探讨甘氨酸甜菜碱(GB)处理对西葫芦果实贮藏期间冷害和品质的影响,以亚历山大西葫芦为材料,采用外源甜菜碱浸泡的方法,比较分析了冷害指数、相对电导率、叶绿素含量、抗氧化酶类活性、1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)自由基清除力等指标的变化。结果表明,10 mmol·L-1GB处理能有效抑制西葫芦果实低温贮藏过程中冷害的发生和相对电导率的上升,保持较高的叶绿素、总酚含量;同时,GB处理抑制了褐变相关的多酚氧化酶(PPO)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性,促进了抗氧化相关的过氧化氢酶(CAT)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性,减少了活性氧的产生和积累,从而使西葫芦果实保持较高的抗氧化活性。综上所述,GB处理能有效减轻西葫芦果实的冷害症状,维持西葫芦果实在低温贮藏期间的品质,本研究为西葫芦果实采后贮藏保鲜提供了理论依据。     

外源NO处理对采后芒果抗冷性的影响

为了探讨解决冷敏型芒果(Mangifera indica L.)在冷藏过程中的冷害问题,采用0.08mmol.L-1一氧化氮(NO)供体硝普钠(SNP)溶液处理采后青芒果果实,于2℃下冷藏12d,观测了冷害指数、细胞膜透性、丙二醛(MDA)含量和呼吸强度。结果表明,外源NO处理能显著降低采后芒果果实的冷害程度:与对照组相比,处理后芒果果实冷害发生推迟,冷藏8d和12d后冷害指数分别降低68.5%和28.2%,细胞膜透性、MDA含量等冷害相关指标水平显著降低。冷藏前用外源NO处理可以提高芒果冷藏中的抗冷性,减轻冷害发生。     

褐斑病侵染下2,3-丁二醇-凹凸棒石复合制剂对草地早熟禾细胞壁组成物质及细胞壁降解酶活性的影响

为了探究2,3-丁二醇(2,3-BD)与凹凸棒石(PAL)复合使用对植物诱抗能力的提升效果,以草地早熟禾纳苏(Poa pratensis Nassau)为试验材料,2,3-BD-PAL为复合诱导制剂,立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani)为接种病原物,对未诱导接菌、2,3-BD诱导接菌和2,3-BD-PAL复合诱导接菌后的植株叶片中细胞壁组成物质及细胞壁降解酶活性进行数据分析。结果表明,在病原菌胁迫期间,各处理组植株叶片中羧甲基纤维素酶(Cx)、β-葡萄糖苷酶(β-Glu)、滤纸酶(FPA)、果胶甲基半乳糖醛酸酶(PMG)和多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)活性均显著升高,而多聚半乳糖醛酸反式消除酶(PGTE)和果胶甲基反式消除酶(PMTE)活性变化不明显,其中Cx起主要降解作用。在胁迫3 d时,未诱导叶片Cx、β-Glu和PG等酶活性快速上升到最大值,而诱导处理有效抑制了酶活的增加。草地早熟禾经2,3-BD-PAL复合诱导处理后,能够稳定纤维素含量,高效促进果胶合成和木质素积累,抑制菌丝入侵,更大程度上降低Cx、β-Glu和PG等降解酶对细胞壁的破坏程度,其诱抗效果优于2,3-BD单独诱导处理。综上,2,3-BD与PAL复合诱导能够增强2,3-BD的诱导效果,提高植物抗病性,为2,3-BD在农业生产中的广谱性应用奠定了理论基础。     

Methyl jasmonate reduces chilling injury and maintains postharvest quality of mango fruit

Exposure of mango (Mangifera indica cv. Tommy Atkins) fruit to methyl jasmonate (MJ) vapors (10(-)(4) M) for 24 h at 25 degrees C reduced chilling injury during subsequent storage for 21 days at 7 degrees C and after 5 days of shelf life at 20 degrees C. The chilling tolerance induced by MJ was positively correlated with the reduction in the percent ion leakage of mango tissue. The overall quality of MJ-treated fruit was also better than that of control fruit. MJ treatment increased the total soluble solids but did not affect titratable acidity or pH. MJ also did not change the normal climacteric rise in respiration, water loss, and softening rates. The efficacy of MJ to reduce chilling injury and decay of mango could be related to the tolerance induced at low temperature. It was concluded that MJ treatment may prevent chilling injury symptoms of mango without altering the ripening process.     

Effects of wax treatment on the physiology and cellular structure of harvested pineapple during cold storage

Pineapple (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. cv. 'Paris') is sensitive to low temperature and highly susceptible to blackheart during cold storage, which causes serious fruit decay. This work investigated the effect of wax treatment (Sta-Fresh 2952, 60 g/L) on blackheart of pineapple under chilling stress. Wax treatment significantly reduced blackheart symptoms after 14 days of storage and markedly delayed changes in firmness and flesh color during the whole period of storage. The weight loss of wax-treated fruit (2.6%) was less than the control (3.1%) at the 24th day of storage. The treatment decreased the activities of PG and EGase for maintaining cell wall stability during the later period of storage. In the control fruit, the structure of flesh cells was significantly damaged under chilling stress, with looser cell wall, absence of middle lamella, loss of membrane integrity, and many cells near the vascular tissue collapsed. The subcellular elements could be barely observed in the control after storage. These destructive symptoms were significantly alleviated in the wax-treated fruit. The results suggest that wax treatment could reduce blackheart of pineapple under chilling stress via maintenance of cell integrity.     

High CO2 atmosphere modulating the phenolic response associated with cell adhesion and hardening of Annona cherimola fruit stored at chilling temperature

Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL, EC 4.3.1.5.) activity, tanning ability, and polyphenols levels were measured in cherimoya (Annona cherimola Mill.) fruit treated with 20% CO(2) + 20% O(2) + 60% N(2) for 1, 3, or 6 days during chilling temperature (6 degrees C) storage. The residual effect of CO(2) after transfer to air was also studied. These observations were correlated with texture and cellular characteristics, visualized by cryo-SEM. Tanning ability and the early increase in tannin polyphenols induced by chilling temperature were reduced by CO(2) treatment. Conversely, high CO(2) atmosphere enhanced the nontannin polyphenol fraction as compared with fruit stored in air. Lignin accumulation and PAL activation observed in untreated fruit after prolonged storage at chilling temperature were prevented by high CO(2). Moreover, the restraining effect on lignification was less effective when the CO(2) treatment was prolonged for 6 days. In addition, fruits held at these conditions had greater firmness and the histological characterization of the separation between cells was similar to that in untreated fruits. We conclude that CO(2) treatment modulates the phenolic response that seems to regulate the strength of cell adhesion and so to prevent hardening caused by chilling temperature storage.     

冷激结合水杨酸处理对黄瓜果实冷害及能量和脯氨酸代谢的影响

为探讨冷激结合水杨酸处理减轻黄瓜果实冷害的作用及其机理,本试验分别研究了冷激(0℃冰水混合物)、水杨酸(1 mmol· L^-1)以及二者结合(含有1 mmol· L^-1水杨酸的0℃冰水混合物)3种处理方式对黄瓜果实低温贮藏期间能量和脯氨酸代谢的影响。结果表明,冷激、水杨酸以及二者结合处理均能抑制黄瓜果实冷害程度、相对电导率和丙二醛(MDA)含量的上升;还能提高 Ca²⁺-ATPase、H⁺-ATPase、琥铂酸脱氢酶(SDH)和细胞色素C氧化酶(CCO)的活性,延缓三磷酸腺苷(ATP)和二磷酸腺苷(ADP)含量的下降,抑制一磷酸腺苷(AMP)含量的上升,维持较高的能荷水平;此外,3种处理均提高了△¹-吡咯啉-5-羧酸合成酶(P5CS)和鸟氨酸-δ-氨基转移酶(OAT)活性,抑制了脯氨酸脱氢酶(PDH)活性,促进了黄瓜果实内脯氨酸的积累。在3种处理方法中,以冷激结合水杨酸处理的效果最佳。本研究为减缓黄瓜果实采后冷害提供了一定的理论依据。     

不同采收期对苹果常温贮藏品质和衰老的影响

以通辽地区的‘塞外红’苹果为试材,研究了生长发育期在116~134 d内的3个采收期果实常温(20±1)℃贮藏品质和软化衰老的变化,以确定‘塞外红’苹果的最佳采收成熟度和适宜采收期。结果表明,随着采收期的推迟,果实硬度逐渐降低,可溶性固形物和可滴定酸含量逐渐升高,种子颜色逐渐变褐到全褐。随着贮藏时间的延长,3个采收期果实的硬度、维生素C和可滴定酸含量均逐渐下降,从采收到贮藏结束,采期Ⅰ果实的硬度一直保持最高,采期Ⅱ保持了果实较高的维生素C和可滴定酸含量,采期Ⅲ果实的可溶性固形物含量SSC一直保持最高。结果还表明,采期Ⅰ的果实常温贮藏期间虽然具有较高的原果胶和纤维素含量,而且抑制了可溶性果胶的生成,推迟了果实多聚半乳糖醛酸酶PG活性和纤维素酶活性高峰,延缓了果实呼吸高峰和乙烯释放高峰的出现时间,但果实的外观色泽、口感和风味相对较差;采期Ⅲ的果实丙二醛和乙醇含量积累较多,果实衰老快。综合分析,采期Ⅱ的‘塞外红’苹果具有良好的内在品质、外观色泽和贮运性能。因此,建议通辽地区‘塞外红’苹果的采收期以9月5—10日为宜(可适当晚采1~2 d),采收成熟度参考标准为:果实生长发育天数123~128 d、果肉硬度11.0~11.5 kg/cm^2、SSC≥16.5%、种子的颜色3/4左右变褐、淀粉染色为4.5级左右。     

Effect of dips in a 1-methylcyclopropene-generating solution on 'Harrow Sun' plums stored under different temperature regimes

The effect of postharvest dips in a 1-methylcyclopropene-generating solution of the formulation AFxRD-038 (Rohm & Haas) on plum fruit (Prunus salicina Lindell cv. 'Harrow Sun') quality and ripening during storage was determined. Fruit weight loss, tissue firmness, soluble solids content (SSC), titratable acidity (TA), ethylene production, respiration, and the activities of the cell wall modifying enzymes polygalacturonase (PG), 1,4-beta-D-glucanase/glucosidase (EGase), beta-galactosidase (beta-gal), and pectin methylesterase (PME) were measured. Fruit reddening, anthocyanin content, and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity were also analyzed. The 1-MCP-treated fruit showed reduced ethylene production and respiration rate and delayed softening, which was associated with the reduction in the activity of PG, EGase, and beta-gal. The immersion in 1-MCP-generating solutions also decreased weight and acidity loss without modifying the fruit SSC. The immersion treatment was particularly effective in the fruit stored at 5 degrees C, keeping higher overall quality, maintaining lower levels of anthocyanins and PAL activity, and preventing flesh reddening. The present data show that beneficial effects in delaying plum fruit ripening and controlling chilling injury can be obtained by dipping the fruits in a solution of this novel 1-MCP-generating formulation.