草酸处理对桂七芒果冷害及细胞壁代谢的影响

为探讨草酸处理对低温冷藏下芒果冷害及细胞壁代谢的影响,本试验以桂七芒果果实为试材,采用5 mmol·L^-1草酸溶液浸泡处理,以清水浸泡处理为对照,并于4℃贮藏,分析芒果的冷害指数、丙二醛(MDA)含量、相对电导率、硬度、细胞壁物质含量、细胞壁代谢酶的变化。结果表明,与对照组相比,草酸处理显著降低了低温贮藏14 d后桂七芒果果实冷害指数、MDA含量、相对电导率、原果胶和纤维素含量,显著降低了低温贮藏28 d后果实的硬度;显著提高了低温贮藏14 d后果实水溶性果胶含量及多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)、果胶甲酯酶(PME)、纤维素酶(Cx)活性,显著提高了贮藏21 d后果实β-半乳糖苷酶(β-Gal)活性。综上所述,草酸处理能减轻桂七芒果冷害,维持采后果实细胞壁降解酶较高活性和水溶性果胶含量。本研究为揭示草酸减轻芒果果实冷害机制提供了依据,可为草酸应用于其他冷敏型果实的贮藏保鲜提供理论参考。     

UV-C处理对贡橘冷害的影响

为探讨UV-C处理对贡橘冷害的影响,以贡橘为试材,在贮前分别用0、1、3、5 KJ·m~(-2)UV-C辐射处理,研究在1℃贮藏时,果实冷害指数、失重率、果皮细胞膜透性、MDA、POD、SOD等指标的变化。结果表明,3 KJ·m~(-2)的UV-C处理能有效延迟贡橘果实的冷害发生时间,并能减轻冷害症状,降低果实失重率,降低细胞膜透性,抑制MDA的积累,提高果实POD、SOD活性。由此可见,适当剂量的UV-C处理能提高贡橘对低温的适应性,降低冷害的发生,延长果实贮藏期,减少经济损失。本研究结果为减缓柑橘类果实冷害提供了理论依据。     

诱导冷藏橄榄果实抗冷性的适宜热空气处理条件优化

为开发诱导冷藏橄榄果实抗冷性、减轻冷藏橄榄果实冷害的技术,在减轻冷藏橄榄果实冷害的热空气处理条件预试验基础上,将檀香橄榄果实先用6种不同条件的热空气处理（30℃ 45?min、38℃ 30?min、40℃ 30?min、42℃ 45?min、50℃ 15?min、60℃ 15?min）,然后在（2±1）℃、90％相对湿度下贮藏100?d,贮藏期间定期测定果实冷害指数、果皮褐变指数、果肉褐变度、果皮叶绿素含量、果实呼吸强度和细胞膜相对渗透率的变化。结果表明：38℃热空气处理30?min能显著降低冷藏橄榄果实冷害;30℃热空气处理45?min对减轻冷害有一定的效果,但会加速果皮叶绿素降解和促进果实细胞膜结构完整性破坏;而其余4种热空气处理条件都会促进冷藏橄榄果实冷害的发生。因此,38℃热空气处理30?min可以作为提高（2±1）℃、90％相对湿度下冷藏的橄榄果实抗冷性、减轻橄榄果实冷害发生的适宜热空气处理条件。     

热激减轻柿果冷害与活性氧代谢的关系

为探讨热激处理延缓采后柿子果实冷害的效果，该文研究了柿子果实经48 ℃热空气处理3 h后，在1℃下冷藏期间，热激处理对柿果冷害指数、活性氧清除酶活性、超氧物阴离子自由基(O₂^·-)生成速率和MDA含量的影响。结果表明，热激处理提高了柿果超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)及谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性，降低了超氧物阴离子自由基(O₂^·-)生成速率和MDA含量，并延缓了柿果冷害指数。这表明，热激处理(48℃，3 h)减轻柿果冷害的发生与活性氧清除酶活性的提高，及活性氧积累的降低有关。     

丁香酚熏蒸对青茄采后冷害和脯氨酸代谢的影响

为探究丁香酚熏蒸处理对青茄果实的冷害调控效果,本试验研究了4℃条件下不同浓度丁香酚处理对青茄采后冷害生理品质和脯氨酸代谢的影响。结果表明,25μL·L-1丁香酚处理可显著延缓青茄果实冷害的发生,降低冷害(CI)指数和失重率,抑制丙二醛(MDA)含量的上升,保持较高的可溶性糖、总酚含量。此外,丁香酚处理还提高了脯氨酸合成关键酶Δ1-吡咯琳-5-羧酸合成酶(P5CS)和鸟氨酸转氨酶(OAT)活性,降低了脯氨酸降解关键酶脯氨酸脱氢酶(PDH)活性,从而维持了较高的脯氨酸含量,提高了青茄果实的低温耐受性。丁香酚熏蒸处理对青茄采后冷害的调控具有潜在的应用前景。     

低温预贮处理对冷藏水蜜桃冷害和品质的影响

为探索低温预贮处理减轻水蜜桃果实冷藏冷害的作用及适宜条件,研究了不同温度与时间组合的预贮模式对霞晖5号桃果实冷害和品质的影响。该研究先将果实置于4、8、12℃下分别预贮2、4、6、8和10 d,然后转入0℃冷藏28 d,冷藏结束后移至20℃货架贮藏3 d。货架期结束后进行果实质地多面分析和品质感官评定,并测定果实颜色、可溶性固型物、可滴定酸、褐变指数和出汁率等品质和冷害指标。结果表明,采后直接在0℃下冷藏28 d的果实出现了明显的冷害症状,主要表现为果实质地絮败和果肉发生褐变。4℃预贮果实出现严重的木质化冷害症状,8℃预贮果实褐变严重,而采用12℃、6 d预贮可最显著地减轻果实质地絮败和果肉褐变等冷害症状的发生,保持较好的感官品质。这些结果表明,12℃、6 d预贮处理在桃果实贮藏中具有较好的应用前景。     

热处理条件对番茄采后冷害的影响

研究了绿熟番茄采后在３３℃和３８℃加热２，５，８ｄ及２±１℃下冷藏后的果实品质、冷害程度和生理变化。结果表明，适宜的热处理可降低果实呼吸强度、细胞膜电解质渗出率和丙二醛含量，增加游离脯氨酸含量，减轻果实冷害，且对果实硬度和可溶性固形物含量无显著影响。其中以处理温度时间组合３３℃、５ｄ和３８℃、２ｄ的效果最好；３３℃、２ｄ的处理温度较低、时间较短，因而效果不明显；８ｄ的处理时间过长，使细胞受到伤害，丙二醛含量和细胞膜电解质渗出率增加，果实明显变软，出现异味。番茄果实的冷害指数（ＣＩＩ）与细胞膜电解质渗出率呈正相关，相关系数ｒ＝０．９７４４。     

安喜布处理对冷藏猕猴桃果实衰老生理的影响

安喜布（AnsiP-S,布片型1-MCP 缓释剂）是一种新型的保鲜剂,该文探讨安喜布对采后猕猴桃果实衰老生理的影响。采后“金魁”和“米良1号”美味猕猴桃果实用安喜布处理（每2.5 kg果实采用1片安喜布,1-MCP有效质量浓度为1 mg/L）后,在（5±1）℃下贮藏。贮藏期间测定猕猴桃果实呼吸强度、细胞膜透性、丙二醛（MDA）含量、活性氧清除酶[超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）]活性、内源抗氧化物质[还原型抗坏血酸（AsA）和还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）]含量的变化。结果表明：与对照果实相比,每2.5 kg果实采用1片安喜布处理可降低猕猴桃果实呼吸强度和延缓呼吸高峰的出现,保持较高的SOD、POD、CAT活性和AsA、GSH含量,降低MDA含量,延缓细胞膜透性的增加。其中“米良1号”猕猴桃果实的MDA含量和细胞膜透性小于“金魁”猕猴桃果实。在（5±1）℃冷藏条件下,“金魁”猕猴桃果实比“米良1号”猕猴桃果实更易衰老。安喜布处理都能延缓“金魁”和“米良1号”猕猴桃果实的衰老,延长果实保鲜期。     

不同贮藏温度对茄子冷害发生及质构特性的影响

为了探讨不同温度对茄子冷害发生程度及质构特性的影响,以长茄子与圆茄子为试材,分别置于2、5和8℃条件下贮藏,测定茄子的冷害指数、相关生理生化指标及质构指标。结果表明,2℃下2种茄子在贮藏第3天时出现冷害症状,5℃下在第6天时出现冷害症状。2℃下茄子的冷害指数和MDA含量均极显著高于5℃,细胞膜透性和粘附性均显著高于5℃,弹性极显著低于5℃;8℃贮藏的茄子在18d不发生冷害,并且较好地保持了茄子的粘附性、内聚性、弹性与咀嚼性。在相同贮藏温度下,长茄子冷害程度较圆茄子严重。本研究为了解茄子采后冷害发生的机制提供了一定的理论依据。     

叶施钙肥对芒果果实呼吸、乙烯释放及矿质元素含量的影响

探索叶面增钙对芒果果实呼吸、乙烯释放及果实矿质元素的影响,为钙肥在芒果生产中的合理应用提供科学理论依据。以"贵妃"芒果为试材,田间试验于2013年10月至2014年6月在海南省东方岛西林场芒果园进行,试验共设置不喷施叶面肥(0 g·L~(-1))、喷施0.5、1.5、2.5、3.5 g·L~(-1)钙含量肥5个处理,各处理3个重复,肥料选择硝酸钙(化学纯)和果蔬钙(Ca 170 g·L~(-1)),于催花前、幼果期、果实膨大期及采收前分别喷施,研究果实呼吸速率、乙烯释放及矿质元素含量变化。研究发现,不施钙处理芒果的果实跃变峰出现在采摘后第13d,叶面增钙使果实跃变峰的出现滞后。在呼吸峰值出现前硝酸钙降低果实呼吸速率,以1.5 g·L~(-1)处理显著降低,峰后有增强呼吸的趋势,在呼吸峰值出现前果蔬钙有提高果实呼吸速率的趋势,峰值出现后有抑制呼吸速率的作用;喷施硝酸钙推迟采后芒果果实进入乙烯跃变期,使跃变峰的出现比CK滞后2 d,峰值过后各处理乙烯释放速率远高于CK,喷施果蔬钙推迟采后芒果果实进入乙烯跃变期,跃变峰的出现有推迟趋势,0.5 g·L~(-1)处理的跃变峰滞后显著,推迟至第17 d;叶施钙肥有使果实K含量降低趋势,以果蔬钙处理显著降低;叶面喷施硝酸钙、果蔬钙均提高果实Ca含量,硝酸钙降低Mg含量,果蔬钙提高Mg含量;叶施硝酸钙使果实Fe、Cu、Zn含量下降,Mn含量提高;叶施果蔬钙使果实Fe下降、Mn提高,低钙提高果实Cu、Zn含量,高钙降低果实Cu、Zn含量。叶面增钙,影响了芒果果实采后呼吸、乙烯释放速率及推迟跃变峰的出现,影响果实部分矿质元素的含量,提高了果实采后贮藏性。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.