粒状碎屑溜砂坡树根桩固砂防护技术

 粒状碎屑溜砂坡综合加固防护技术包含控制封闭砂源区、稳定砂坡体和保护砂坡脚3部分措施。从稳定砂坡体和保护砂坡脚的一般措施入手,通过野外调查和室内模型试验,探讨花管微型树根桩固砂机制、设计要点及固砂技术。     

基于AHP-模糊综合评价方法的拉萨市周边溜砂坡稳定性评价

[目的]溜砂坡作为一种边坡灾害,近几年来,由于人类活动影响,其威胁程度不断提高。通过研究拉萨市周边溜砂坡的稳定性,为溜砂坡的预警及治理提供依据。[方法]通过选取拉萨市周边较为典型的溜砂坡灾害,使用层次分析法和模糊综合评价法分析坡高、岩体结构和年平均降雨量等10个因素对溜砂坡稳定性的影响。[结果]因风化占主导因素的岩体所形成的溜砂坡的危险等级相对较高,其整体呈散沙状,极易扩散,道路沿线山体易发生滑坡处所形成的溜砂坡危险等级普遍较低,碎屑颗粒较大且坡势较陡。[结论]目前拉萨市周边地区溜砂坡存在不稳定的发展趋势,需引起相关部门的高度重视;本评价方法真实可靠,能够准确快速地评价溜砂坡的稳定性。     

溜砂坡工程固砂机理简析

对溜砂坡中注浆工程固砂和生物工程固砂力学机理进行了阐述。花管注浆本身竖向浆柱和侧向浆脉可起锚固效应,相邻浆柱间可起土拱效应;生物工程的植被深根可起锚固效应,盘结的浅根能起加筋效应。以上2种工程措施的有机结合,将发挥各自的优势,从而达到对溜砂坡标本兼治的效果。最后对川藏公路中坝段溜砂坡的整治措施作了简单的描述。     

溜砂颗粒运动模型探讨

溜砂灾害是在山区中较常见的一种自然灾害,由于其爆发频繁、随机性强,常对交通运输、工农业生产和人民生命财产都带来极大的危害和损失。运用Mohr-Coulomb准则和能量守恒定律分别推导单个砂粒滑动判别条件和滚动条件;引入弹性恢复系数法描述砂粒间碰撞问题。该成果对于正确认识溜砂灾害形成机理有较为积极的作用,并且可以为溜砂灾害的防治提供参考。     

黄土高原泻溜侵蚀的分布特征

泻溜侵蚀是黄土高原一种严重的土壤侵蚀方式,它是高含粘量地层因粘土矿物的强烈吸水膨胀而引起的地质现象。在一个流域里,泻溜面的分布数量和规模,随侵蚀沟不同发育阶段内在侵蚀力的变化而变化,主要发生于中游以上地区,愈向下游分布愈少。支沟中泻溜的分布状况与主沟分布状况十分相似。河谷阶段的沟谷,泻溜分布于河谷阶地下红层露头处和沿新谷坡发育起来的短小切沟中,切沟阶段沟谷的泻溜面沿沟床两侧条状分布。防治泻溜侵蚀,最关键的是要稳定坡脚和沟床。只有当泻积物在坡面堆积创造了条件后再在泻溜面上种草、造林,才会收到好的治理效果。     

黄土高原残塬沟壑区红土泻溜面防治模式研究

以甘肃省平凉市泾川县田家沟小流域为研究对象,通过对红土泻溜面的侵蚀特征和防治措施等进行调查研究,筛选出了立体防护、景观遮蔽、沟坡兼治、沟道锁定、坡脚固定共5种治理模式,为黄土高原残塬沟壑区红土泻溜面防治探索出了行之有效的途径,该防治模式的推广应用也将为同类地区开展水土流失防治提供技术支撑和理论参考。     

海东黄土区的泻溜侵蚀

<正> 泻溜侵蚀,是指黄土区出露的红土因热力、冻融等物理过程而产生的碎屑在重力作用下沿坡面滚动、滑溜的现象。在红色土出露广泛的地区,它是一种重要而强烈的侵蚀产沙方式。海东黄土区(青海东部黄土丘陵区)位于黄土高原与青藏高原的过渡地带,拉脊山和达板山横贯区内,将其分为大通河、湟水和黄河干流谷地三大流域,山体海拔多在4000m以上、生物、气候要素具有明显的垂直分异,广大低山丘陵区红色土广泛出露,泻溜侵蚀强烈。     

地震和暴雨工况下边(滑)坡稳定性分析方法评价

地震和暴雨同时作用是自然界中引发边(滑)坡灾害的一种极端工况.在分析地震和暴雨同时作用于边(滑)坡的稳定性时,现行规范只能采用将地震及暴雨影响简单叠加的方法.采用GEO-SLOPE软件,对川藏公路和西攀高速公路上的典型边(滑)坡工点,采用动力有限元与极限平衡理论相结合的方法,分析它们在地震和暴雨共同作用下的稳定性,探索采用将地震与暴雨工况简单叠加,以及地震和暴雨耦合分析这两种方法评价边(滑)坡稳定性的差别,并对现行规范计算方法的适用性作出评价.结果表明,地震和暴雨的耦合作用对边(滑)坡稳定性的影响大于地震、暴雨单独作用的叠加对边(滑)坡稳定性影响.     

黄土滑坡研究现状综述

黄土滑坡是我国黄土地区发育的一种斜 (边 )坡表生地质灾害 ,近年来我国科研工作者加强了对该类滑坡的研究。介绍了国内外在滑坡类型划分、形成机理、滑带土及防治措施等方面所取得的研究成果及其进展 ,指出了目前我国在滑坡防治方面存在的问题与不足     

粉粒状农用产品混合式自动定量包装研究

为了改善目前大量多品种各种规格粉粒状农用产品自动定量性能，提高自动定量速度和准确度，该文在分析了目前粉粒状农用产品自动定量包装基础上，提出了一种混合式自动定量包装新方法，研究了实现混合式自动定量包装的工艺流程、称重原理及方法和给料器数字控制方法，并对混合式自动定量包装系统工作性能作对比实验研究。实验结果表明，混合式自动定量包装能适应不同产品、不同规格、不同工作环境，适应性强，工作稳定可靠，在定量速度和准确度方面，满足了大量粉粒状农用产品自动定量包装要求，是一种实用、具有应用推广价值的新方法。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Aircraft operations near concentrations of birds in Antarctica: The development of practical guidelines

Aircraft operations have the potential to disturb and to impact negatively on bird life. A gradient of increasing behavioural response is evident in birds when exposed to increasing aircraft stimulus. The most major disturbance is likely to lead to impacts on the health, breeding performance and survival of individual birds, and perhaps bird colonies. A process of revision to policies on aircraft operations contained in management plans for a number of specially protected areas in Antarctica by the United Kingdom, accompanied by consultations made within the scientific community through the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and with operational interests through the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes (COMNAP) resulted in new guidelines being adopted by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties in June 2004. The principal recommendations of the guidelines are that bird colonies should not be overflown below 2000 ft (∼610 m) above ground level and landings within 1/2 nautical mile (∼930 m) of bird colonies should be avoided wherever possible. These guidelines are less stringent and less specific than those that were recommended by the SCAR specialist group on birds, and represent a compromise to accommodate operational needs. While the adoption of clear and consistent guidelines for the operation of aircraft in Antarctica is welcome in that this provides practical advice that is likely to reduce incidences of close aircraft/bird encounters, there remains insufficient knowledge of the interactions between aircraft and birds in Antarctica, and the consequent impacts on individual birds and on bird populations. It is important, therefore, that the guidelines adopted are considered interim, and should be kept under scrutiny with revisions made as new and improved research results appear.     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.