粒状碎屑溜砂坡桩板墙加固防护技术

桩板墙在土木工程领域应用较为广泛，但在粒状碎屑溜砂坡防治工程中的应用却不多。主要原因在于粒状碎屑溜砂坡的散体结构特征不同于一般的岩土体。首先介绍了目前一些常用的溜砂坡防治对策，指出他们存在的问题，然后根据溜砂坡的特点，推导出了砂坡土压力的计算方法，最后针对溜砂坡边挖砂坡脚边溜砂难题提出了一种解决方法。为溜砂坡灾害的防治提供了另外一种可供选择的方案。     

基于AHP-模糊综合评价方法的拉萨市周边溜砂坡稳定性评价

[目的]溜砂坡作为一种边坡灾害,近几年来,由于人类活动影响,其威胁程度不断提高。通过研究拉萨市周边溜砂坡的稳定性,为溜砂坡的预警及治理提供依据。[方法]通过选取拉萨市周边较为典型的溜砂坡灾害,使用层次分析法和模糊综合评价法分析坡高、岩体结构和年平均降雨量等10个因素对溜砂坡稳定性的影响。[结果]因风化占主导因素的岩体所形成的溜砂坡的危险等级相对较高,其整体呈散沙状,极易扩散,道路沿线山体易发生滑坡处所形成的溜砂坡危险等级普遍较低,碎屑颗粒较大且坡势较陡。[结论]目前拉萨市周边地区溜砂坡存在不稳定的发展趋势,需引起相关部门的高度重视;本评价方法真实可靠,能够准确快速地评价溜砂坡的稳定性。     

溜砂坡工程固砂机理简析

对溜砂坡中注浆工程固砂和生物工程固砂力学机理进行了阐述。花管注浆本身竖向浆柱和侧向浆脉可起锚固效应,相邻浆柱间可起土拱效应;生物工程的植被深根可起锚固效应,盘结的浅根能起加筋效应。以上2种工程措施的有机结合,将发挥各自的优势,从而达到对溜砂坡标本兼治的效果。最后对川藏公路中坝段溜砂坡的整治措施作了简单的描述。     

粒状碎屑溜砂坡树根桩固砂防护技术

 粒状碎屑溜砂坡综合加固防护技术包含控制封闭砂源区、稳定砂坡体和保护砂坡脚3部分措施。从稳定砂坡体和保护砂坡脚的一般措施入手,通过野外调查和室内模型试验,探讨花管微型树根桩固砂机制、设计要点及固砂技术。     

川藏公路山地灾害特征及对西藏可持续发展的影响

川藏公路西藏境内自东向西穿越横断山、喜马拉雅山、念青唐古拉山3大山系,翻越觉巴山、东达山、业拉山、安久拉山、色季拉山、米拉山等6座大山;跨越长江、澜沧江、怒江、雅鲁藏布江4大水系.由于公路沿线特定的地质地貌、水文气候等自然环境,频频发生多种山地灾害,川藏公路导致经常断道,造成严重损失.其灾害类型主要为泥石流、山崩滑坡、路基水毁以及溜砂,长期以来危害桥梁,损坏路基,该线每年因山地灾害中断行车少则3个月,多则超过半年,严重影响和困扰藏东南的公路交通和地方经济发展.在交通部和西藏交通厅高度重视下,联合有关科研单位和院校,进行了大量的工作,实施科教振兴交通,为西部大开发不断创造条件.     

黄土高原泻溜侵蚀的分布特征

泻溜侵蚀是黄土高原一种严重的土壤侵蚀方式,它是高含粘量地层因粘土矿物的强烈吸水膨胀而引起的地质现象。在一个流域里,泻溜面的分布数量和规模,随侵蚀沟不同发育阶段内在侵蚀力的变化而变化,主要发生于中游以上地区,愈向下游分布愈少。支沟中泻溜的分布状况与主沟分布状况十分相似。河谷阶段的沟谷,泻溜分布于河谷阶地下红层露头处和沿新谷坡发育起来的短小切沟中,切沟阶段沟谷的泻溜面沿沟床两侧条状分布。防治泻溜侵蚀,最关键的是要稳定坡脚和沟床。只有当泻积物在坡面堆积创造了条件后再在泻溜面上种草、造林,才会收到好的治理效果。     

三趾马红土泻溜侵蚀规律研究

本文通过野外定位观测,对晋西黄土高原三趾马红土(N_2)的泻溜侵蚀规律进行了初步研究。研究表明:泻溜侵蚀是红土一种物理风化和搬移过程,其侵蚀作用一年四季都有发生,侵蚀强度干季大于湿李,高峰期多出现在冻融频繁的3～4月份;产生泻溜的地表坡度在40°～60°之间,每平方米泻溜面积上全年泻溜总量可达40～50kg;地面坡度、土壤含水量、冻融和风力等因素与泻溜侵蚀强度均有密切的关系。     

日本的砂防

日本的地质条件极易形成土砂灾害 ,但政府重视对灾害的治理 ,1897年日本政府就制定并施行了《河川法》、《砂防法》、《森林法》 ,明确农林省负责治山、建设省 (现为国土交通省 )治水。日本砂防的法规体系健全 ,执法效果好 ,涌现出许多成功的砂防典型。砂防法律规定了中央、地方政府和受益居民各自的投资比例 ,中央投资基本占 1/2以上。砂防机构很健全 ,形成了有效的条块结合管理体制。重视调查与监测 ,新技术应用已普及 ,全日本的土砂灾害防治已达到世界先进水平     

压砂地砂层持水特性研究

通过田间调查和室内土柱模拟方法,对压砂地砂层级配变化规律及砂层持水特性进行了研究,以探讨压砂地保水蓄水性能随着种植年限增加而下降的机理。结果表明:随着种植年限增加,压砂地砂层中粗粒径的砾石含量下降,而小粒径和细粒径的砂粒含量增加;砂层的持水量增大而平均入渗率呈指数下降。在防止蒸发条件下,灌水后1天10 cm砂层含水量最大值可以达到6.5%,蓄水量最大值和最小值分别为12.5 mm和6.0 mm,分别占灌水量的31.5%和15.2%。影响砂层含水量的主要是粒径为0.315~0.63 mm的砂砾。可见,随着种植年限增加,砂层中砾石含量降低而粗、细砂粒含量增加,进而降低了降雨的入渗速率和提高了砂层的蓄水截留能力,这是导致压砂地土壤保水蓄水性能降低的主要原因。     

未来砂防学的研究——从水文地形学角度分析

每年随着梅雨期的结束和台风的来临都会发生崩塌和泥石流灾害,夺去了很多人的生命和财产。对此,既不能在日本所有的溪流上建造砂防设施,又没有办法事先对难以预测的泥砂灾害采取防御措施。若将砂防设施覆盖整个国土,从劳力和财政方面亦是不可能的,所以预防灾害至关重...     

基于故障树分析法的亚热带地区泥石流危险性评价

通过分析泥石流危害的影响因子及其间存在的逻辑关系,运用故障树分析法(FTA),针对亚热带地区泥石流主要危害线域工程的特点,建立了泥石流灾害评价故障树,并应用于泥石流危险性评价。对广东省乐昌市16条泥石流沟危险度的评价结果表明,该方法与传统灰色关联度危险度评价法结果一致性较高,且更符合实际情况。该法克服了传统方法因子、权重不灵活,未考虑因子之间的非线性关系,及地区适用局限性等问题。从而证明了故障树分析(FTA)法在泥石流危险性评价应用中的有效性和可行性。     

汶川地震引发的颗粒侵蚀及其治理

颗粒侵蚀是裸露的岩石在阳光暴晒和热胀冷缩作用下破碎,呈颗粒状剥离沿坡面滚落,在坡脚形成碎屑堆积扇的现象。汶川地震发生后,江河沿岸无数的山体崩塌与滑坡造成了大片完全裸露的山体,颗粒侵蚀面积急剧扩大。颗粒侵蚀对植被造成毁灭性破坏、造成飞石伤人和大量坡面泥石流。通过调查和野外实验研究了颗粒侵蚀的规律及其治理方法,发现阳光暴晒和温差变化是岩石表面呈颗粒状脱离的主因,风吹和震动是颗粒从陡坡滚落的触动力。采用鼓风机在野外试验,发现颗粒吹落量和吹落颗粒粒径与风速存在一定关系,并且颗粒侵蚀可以快速治理,在颗粒侵蚀面上喷洒带有苔藓孢子粉的稀泥浆,2个月后长出苔藓层,隔断了阳光暴晒和温差变化,控制了颗粒侵蚀。如果在震区采用直升飞机喷洒苔藓孢子粉泥浆,可以大面积快速修复植被。     

应用NOAA图像进行大范围洪涝灾害遥感监测的研究

洪涝灾害的监测与评估是农情监测的主要任务之一。该文对应用气象卫星NOAA AVHRR图像进行大范围洪涝灾害的宏观和快速监测方法进行了初步研究,从典型地物的波谱特征出发,建立了洪涝水体的判别函数,及在此基础上的面积量算方法。并对1998年长江流域的特大洪涝灾害进行了监测试验,取得了较好的效果。该方法将逐步完善,并用于农情监测运行系统。     

城镇化背景下中小流域洪水风险研究——以厦门市东西溪流域为例

[目的]以厦门市东西溪流域为例,对城镇化背景下中小流域洪水风险进行评价和研究,为该区有效实施防洪减灾措施提供参考依据。[方法]以GIS空间分析作支持,将暴雨洪水频率分析与平原区洪水淹没模拟计算相结合,基于MIKE21平面二维水动力学模型进行洪水风险分析,对研究区洪水风险程度以及淹没状况进行模拟计算。[结果]绘制出厦门市东西溪流域动态洪水风险图,并根据洪水淹没区内的土地利用等因素的变化等实际情况,调整不同频率洪水淹没范围,实现东西溪流域洪水风险图的实时动态更新。[结论]研究区洪灾风险主要分布在东溪、西溪、汀溪等主干流河段,总体上呈现随着洪水重现期增大,灾害风险由上游向下游,由近岸向远岸不断扩大的趋势。     

Point processes and random sets for analyzing patterns of methylene blue coloured soil

We consider the problem of quantitatively characterizing horizontal patterns of dye following infiltration. Such patterns display important information on the movement of possibly contaminated solutes from the soil surface to the ground water, which may cause risks for human health. The stains were made visible by means of methylene blue dye tracers. Different spatial statistical techniques are compared. First, a standard point pattern analysis is applied. Since the stains usually have a non-point type appearance, geostatistical techniques were used to account for positive areas. Next, more advanced point pattern techniques have been applied on replicate samples from different land management and land use types, focusing on the hazard rate for spatial patterns. As it turned out, point patterns analysis and geostatistics could be used in a complementary way, the point pattern analysis by considering colouring as basically generated by single points, the geostatistics by taking the spatial extension into account as well. The spatial hazard rate was useful to detect changes in the effects of land use.     

Integration of biophysical and socio‐economic factors to assess soil erosion hazard in the Upper Kaligarang Watershed,Indonesia

Soil erosion is one form of land degradation, which is caused by the interacting effects of numerous factors such as biophysical characteristics and socio‐economic condition of a particular watershed. Previous erosion studies focused on the use of soil erosion models (e.g. USLE, EUROSEM, SLEMSA etc.), which have been developed under local conditions (e.g. United States, Europe, Africa, etc) and mostly use only biophysical factors as inputs to the models. In this study, a methodology that integrates both biophysical and socio‐economic aspects into a framework for soil erosion hazard assessment using principal component analysis (PCA) is described. The analysis is done at the land unit level. With the particular conditions of the study area that is characterized by Inceptisols and Alfisols soil types, nine different land uses with mixed vegetation and forest area dominant in the steep slope, high annual rainfall (>2500 mm), high population with mostly low income and low education, were considered. These were used in formulating a soil erosion hazard index (EHI) equation which relates a number of key factors consisting of biophysical and socio‐economic variables, namely soil texture, slope steepness, land cover, soil conservation practices, income and farmers' knowledge. Weighting and scoring of these key factors were used to develop the EHI equation and to calculate an index value of erosion hazard for every land unit. Results indicate that more than 60% of the area has erosion hazard ranging from moderate to very severe, and most of the land units with high erosion hazard were found at the mountain areas. It was also found that erosion hazard was severe in areas with high silt content, followed by high rainfall and steep slope, low crop cover without any soil conservation practices coupled with lack of awareness on soil erosion and low income. The key factors identified and level of erosion hazard obtained can be used to formulate conservation measures in critical areas which are prone to soil erosion. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Field dissipation and environmental hazard assessment of clomazone, molinate, and thiobencarb in Australian rice culture

The fates of clomazone [2-(2-chlorophenyl)methyl-4,4-dimethyl-3-isoxazolidinone], molinate (S-ethyl hexahydro-1-H-azepine-1-carbothioate), and thiobencarb {S-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]diethylcarbamothioate} applied to rice were studied at two locations in New South Wales (Australia). Rates of dissipation (DT50) from floodwaters and soils were measured. Dissipation of the three herbicides from water and soil can be best explained by a first-order decay process. DT(50) values for clomazone, molinate, and thiobencarb were 7.2, 5.1, and 3.5 days, respectively, in water and 14.6, 23.9, and >46 days, respectively, in surface soil. Maximum measured concentrations of clomazone, molinate, and thiobencarb in floodwaters were 202, 1042, and 148 microg/L, respectively, taking 18.4, 26.4, and 21.4 days to dissipate to concentrations set to protect aquatic ecosystems. A hazard assessment identified clomazone as presenting a low environmental hazard while molinate and thiobencarb presented a medium environmental hazard when used at registered field rates.