基于高光谱成像技术检测脐橙溃疡

为了研究从带有不同缺陷的柑橘类水果中快速识别出溃疡果的有效方法,基于高光谱成像技术,该文提出特征波段主成分分析法及波段比算法。以脐橙为研究对象,选取包括溃疡在内常见的10类脐橙果皮缺陷果及正常果。首先,提取并分析11类果皮感兴趣区域（ROI）光谱曲线并结合主成分分析法确定5个最佳波段（630、685、720、810和 875 nm）;然后基于特征波段做主成分分析,选取第5主成分（PC-5）作为分类识别图像,识别率达到80%。为了进一步提高溃疡识别率,该文又提出采用特征波段主成分分析法与波段比算法相结合的方法,基于此算法溃疡正确识别率提高到95.4%。试验结果表明,基于高光谱成像技术可以有效地对带有溃疡病斑的脐橙分类识别。     

基于高光谱成像技术的灵武长枣缺陷识别

为研究快速识别灵武长枣表面裂痕、虫眼、碰伤等常见缺陷的有效方法,利用特征波长主成分分析法结合波段比算法进行长枣裂痕、虫眼、碰伤识别。首先,采用近红外(Near Infrared Reflection,NIR)波段范围的高光谱成像系统获取300个长枣反射图像,提取并分析各类型长枣光谱曲线,选择918~1 678 nm波段范围进行主成分分析,通过权重系数提取特征波长;然后,对特征波长下图像进行主成分分析,选择最优的主成分图像进行识别;最后,对未识别的长枣图像采用波段比算法进一步进行识别。NIR波段的正常枣、虫眼枣、裂痕枣、碰伤枣的识别率分别100%、90%、86%、100%。结果表明:NIR高光谱成像仪对长枣外部缺陷识别是可行的,为多光谱成像技术应用于在线检测长枣品质提供了理论依据。     

基于高光谱图像和遗传优化神经网络的茶叶病斑识别

为实现茶叶病害的快速高效识别,提出了基于高光谱成像技术和图像处理技术融合的茶叶病斑识别方法。利用高光谱成像技术采集了炭疽病、赤叶斑病、茶白星病、健康叶片等4类样本的高光谱图像。提取感兴趣区域敏感波段的相对光谱反射率作为光谱特征。通过2次主成分分析,确定第二次主成分分析后的第二主成分图像为特征图像,基于颜色矩和灰度共生矩阵提取特征图像的颜色特征和纹理特征。利用BP神经网络对颜色、纹理和光谱特征向量融合数据进行检验,识别率为89.59%;为提高识别率,提出遗传算法优化BP神经网络的方法,使病斑识别率提高到94.17%,建模时间也缩短至1.7 s。试验结果表明:高光谱成像技术和遗传优化神经网络可以快速准确的实现对茶叶病斑的识别,可为植保无人机超低空遥感病害监测提供参考。     

基于高光谱图像和光谱信息融合的马铃薯多指标检测方法

针对随机放置的马铃薯缺陷多项指标难以同时检测的问题,提出了一种基于高光谱信息融合的流形学习降维算法与极限学习机(extreme learning machine,ELM)相结合的方法,该方法可同时识别马铃薯的多项缺陷指标。分别采集发芽、绿皮、黑心和合格马铃薯的反射高光谱数据(390~1 040 nm),在光谱维,提取马铃薯样本感兴趣区域(region of interest,ROI)的平均光谱,分别采用扩散映射(diffusion maps,DM)、局部线性嵌入(locally linear embedding,LLE)和海森局部线性嵌入(hessian locally linear embedding,HLLE)3种流形学习降维算法对光谱数据进行降维;在图像维,对马铃薯伪彩色图像进行形态学处理,获取基于灰度共生矩阵(gray level co-occurrence matrix,GLCM)的图像纹理信息,采用连续投影算法(successive projections algorithm,SPA)优选图像纹理特征;融合光谱维信息和图像维信息,分别建立基于极限学习机(ELM)与支持向量机(support vector machine,SVM)的马铃薯多分类识别模型。结果表明,扩散映射结合极限学习机(DM-ELM)模型的预测结果较优,该模型对发芽、绿皮、黑心和合格马铃薯样本的单一识别率分别为97.30%、93.55%、94.44%和100%,混合识别率达到96.58%,时间为0.11 s,可知高光谱信息融合技术结合流形学习降维算法可同时识别随机放置马铃薯的多种缺陷指标。     

皮棉表面多类异性纤维的高光谱图像检测

为了考察高光谱成像技术检测多类异性纤维共存时的性能,也为其今后用于商业化皮棉质量评价,或在线皮棉杂质分拣提供研究基础,试验采集丙纶丝和毛发共存的样本高光谱图像。依据单一异性纤维分割的最佳波段图像,获得灰度平均和小波变换后融合图像。通过对比小波变换融合图像,灰度平均图像,以及全波段下主成分和独立成分得分图像,获得用于目标分割的最佳图像。采用最优特征集和分类树判别方法,判别最佳图像分割后的连通区域,剔除噪声点和假阳性。依据目标判定原则,训练集和独立验证集的异性纤维识别率分别为84.09%和75.86%。结果表     

高光谱成像技术和主成分分析识别玉米籽粒的胚

摘要：为了分割玉米籽粒的胚部分,本研究搭建了一套高光谱成像系统用于获取波段范围为500～900 nm的高光谱反射图像。主成分分析（PCA）方法对样本高光谱数据进行降维以便选择少量有效波长构建多光谱成像系统。研究发现,采用可见光（VIS）区域的3个有效波长510、555和575 nm获得的主成分（PC）图像获得了较好的识别结果。100个独立样本用于评估算法性能,结果表明,样本中97.0%的胚可以从玉米籽粒中正确分离。     

基于高光谱成像技术的水稻叶瘟病病害程度分级方法

为了快速、准确地对水稻叶瘟病病害程度进行分级评估,结合定性分析与定量估算,提出了一种基于高光谱成像技术的水稻叶瘟病病害程度分级方法。利用HyperSIS高光谱成像系统采集了受稻瘟病侵染后不同病害等级的水稻叶片高光谱图像,通过分析叶瘟病斑区域与正常叶片部位的光谱特征,对差异较大的550和680 nm波段进行二维散点图分析,提取只含病斑的高光谱图像;然后通过主成分分析（principal component analysis,PCA）方法得到利于褐色病斑和灰色病斑分割的第2主成分图像,采用最大类间方差法（Otsu）分割出灰色病斑;最后结合延伸率和受害率2个参数对水稻叶瘟病病害程度进行分级。试验结果表明：测试的166个不同稻叶瘟病害等级的叶片样本中,其中160个样本可被准确分级,分级准确率为96.39%。该研究为稻叶瘟病田间病害程度评估提供了基础,也为稻瘟病抗性鉴定方法提供了新思路。     

基于高光谱成像的苹果虫害检测特征向量的选取

利用高光谱成像技术,明确苹果虫害无损检测的最优特征向量,以实现对苹果虫害的快速、准确、无损检测。本文首先对646 nm波长的特征图像进行阈值分割、膨胀与腐蚀运算获得掩膜图像,并利用掩模图像对高光谱图像进行掩模和主成分分析,对获得的PC1(the first principal component,第一主成分)图像进行最大熵阈值分割以有效提取虫害区域。然后对比分析虫害区域与正常区域图像的纹理特征,提取灰度共生矩阵的4个方向的4个纹理参数(能量、熵、惯性矩和相关性),并且采用基于高光谱图像的光谱差值获取了2个特征波长对应的光谱相对反射率作为光谱特征。优化组合纹理特征和光谱特征成4个特征向量组,采用BP(back propagation,反向传播)神经网络对正常苹果和虫害苹果进行检测。结果表明,融合0度方向的能量、熵、惯性矩和相关性的纹理特征和646、824 nm波段的相对光谱反射率的光谱特征进行检测识别效果最好,正常果的识别率为100%,虫害果的识别率为100%,并且速度快、误差小。该研究所获得的特征向量可为开发多光谱成像的苹果品质检测和分级系统提供参考。     

基于高光谱成像的苹果轻微损伤检测有效波长选取

为了确定可用于苹果早期轻微损伤检测的有效波长,以具有代表性的阿克苏苹果为研究对象,采用高光谱成像技术和分段主成分分析方法对损伤发生仅为半小时之内的苹果进行损伤检测研究,对比分析不同光谱区域主成分分析对识别结果的影响,优选出识别光谱区域(780～1000nm)。基于此光谱区域结合主成分图像权重系数获取2个有效波长(820和970nm),并利用这2个波长和全局阈值理论开发了多光谱轻微损伤提取算法。利用独立测试集中25个正常苹果和25个损伤苹果对算法的性能进行评估,结果表明,正常果的识别率为100%,损伤果的识别率为96%,整体检测精度为98%。该研究所获得的有效波长可为开发基于多光谱成像技术的苹果损伤检测系统提供参考。     

基于高光谱成像的水稻穗瘟病害程度分级方法

为了快速、准确地进行水稻穗瘟病害程度分级,以实现水稻品种抗性评价或精准的田间化学防治,该研究提出了一种光谱词袋(bag of spectrum words,Bo SW)模型分析方法,分析稻穗的高光谱图像,自动评判穗瘟病害程度。首先,稠密规整地将高光谱图像分割成小立方格,计算每个立方格像素的平均全波段包络矢量,用K-Means算法聚类形成典型光谱包络词典。词典中光谱包络"词"(word)用作高光谱图像表达的"基",直方图统计各光谱"词"在高光谱图像样本中的出现频度,形成光谱图像的词袋表达。采用Hyper SIS-VNIR-QE光谱成像仪获取田间采集的170株稻穗样本高光谱图像,用Bo SW方法生成其词袋表达;植保专家根据病害程度类别确定光谱图像样本标签。随机选择2/3"词袋表达-病害程度等级标签"数据对构成训练集,采用卡方-支持矢量机(chi-square support vector machine,Chi-SVM)分类算法建立穗瘟病害程度分级模型。余下的1/3样本构成测试集,测试穗瘟病害等级模型的预测性能,分类识别精度为94.72%,高于主成分分析(principle component analysis,PCA)、敏感波段选择等传统光谱分析方法,其识别精度分别为83.83%和79.83%。该研究提高了穗瘟病分级的自动化程度和准确率,也可为其他病害分级检测提供参考。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.