兽药在畜禽排泄物中的残留与降解研究进展

药物在环境中的暴露及其生态风险已成为国际上研究的热点,养殖业中大量使用的兽药已成为环境中药物的重要来源之一,动物体使用的兽药绝大部分首先以原药或代谢物的形式在动物排泄物中出现。本文综述了兽药在畜禽排泄物中的残留、降解及其影响因素,并介绍了残留兽药对畜禽排泄物堆肥过程的影响。     

放射性示踪技术在兽药代谢及残留消除研究中的应用

研究兽药的代谢和残留消除对于指导临床安全用药,保证动物和人的健康具有重要意义。放射性示踪技术在兽药的代谢和残留消除中药物及代谢物定性、定量分析具有准确、可信度高等特点,因此得到广泛应用。本文对近年来放射性示踪技术在兽药代谢、残留消除中的应用进行了综述,概括了放射性示踪技术在研究兽药药动学、代谢以及物料平衡规律的优势,总结了放射性示踪技术在兽药残留靶组织及标示残留物确定等方面的广泛应用及重要意义,旨在为我国未来放射性示踪技术在兽药安全性评估等方面的应用提供理论支持。     

兽药抗生素在土壤环境中的行为

兽药抗生素的环境暴露问题逐渐受到人们的极大关注。但是,以往的少数相关研究仅仅报道了某些兽药抗生素在水体环境和底泥中的存在,其中涉及土壤体系的则更少。同时,对兽药抗生素在土壤中的暴露途径和迁移、转化等了解较少。某些兽药抗生素如土霉素等,在环境中的持久性较强,对生物和环境可能存在着潜在的威胁。本文回顾了某些兽药抗生素在土壤体系(包括底泥)中的环境行为。     

免疫分析技术在兽药残留检测中的应用

兽药残留对环境和人类健康构成严重威胁,使得动物源性食品安全问题日益突出,迫切需要开发简便、价廉、快速的兽药残留快速检测技术.目前各种免疫分析技术已广泛应用于兽药残留快速检测领域,本文主要概述了酶联免疫分析法(ELISA)、量子点荧光免疫分析(QIA)、放射免疫分析法(RIA)、荧光偏振免疫分析(FPIA)、胶体金免疫层析法(GICA)及蛋白质芯片免疫分析技术.     

动物源食品中兽药残留高通量快速分析检测技术

随着养殖业的迅猛发展,动物源食品兽药残留问题日益成为食品安全领域的重要内容。动物源食品基质复杂,而其中残留的兽药含量甚微,传统的样品制备及检测方法大多存在检测样品基质种类单一、检测兽药种类范围小、耗时长、重现性差等问题,缺乏一定的通用性和准确性,已不能满足当前社会发展的需要。近年来,随着QuChERS法和高分辨质谱等先进样品制备和检测技术在兽药残留检测分析领域的应用,一批高通量、自动化乃至可视化的快速高效分析检测方法也随之而起,该文即对这些高通量快速样品制备和检测方法进行综述,同时对动物源食品中兽药残留的检测和监控等工作提出建议并进行了展望。     

兽药残留检测方法验证探究

实验室引入新标准方法开展兽药残留检测时,应在实验室内对标准方法进行验证。因此,根据农业部2386号公告、NY/T 1896-2010、GB/T 27417-2017、GB/T 35655-2017介绍了如何对兽药残留色谱定量分析方法进行验证,以期为县级农产品质量安全检测实验室开展兽药残留检测工作提供参考。     

有机肥施用对农产品质量安全及土壤环境的影响研究

由于畜禽业向规模化、集约化发展,畜禽粪尿等排泄物因饲料中违规添加、排泄物处理工艺落后、使用方式等因素,对产地环境、农产品质量安全造成的污染风险日趋严重。本文从有机肥行业现状出发,综述有机肥施用对农产品及土壤的影响。结果表明,有机肥对改善土壤理化性质,优化深层土壤肥力,促进农产品产量、改善农产品品质等具有一定的正面影响,但不合理施用可能造成农产品及土壤等农田环境中的重金属、抗生素、兽药等风险因子累积残留。根据文献综述及初步采样验证结果,建议(1)开发有机肥、农产品、土壤等中的抗生素检测方法,并制定植物农产品中抗生素残留限量标准;(2)对于部分种植面积较大的农产品,制定专用有机肥的重金属限量标准;(3)优化有机肥的生产工艺,进行风险因子减量的技术研究与应用;(4)对于长期施用有机肥,应注意开展监测评估,明确其安全施用年限及施用量,并采取相应种植制度调整。     

拥有快检多面手 农安无隐忧 农产品质量与安全快速检测解决方案

<正>作为安全食品的重要源头,农产品的质量安全备受瞩目,如何营造安全健康的农产品消费环境已成为当前亟待解决的关键问题。北京智云达科技股份有限公司从我国农产品质量安全现状出发,凭借丰富的经验和雄厚的实力研发了一系列农产品安全快速检测产品,包括农产品安全检测仪、农药残留快速检测仪、兽药残留快速检测仪、重金属快速检测仪、     

我国食品进出口贸易中的农兽药残留问题研究

作为农产品和食品大量出口的国家,国家职能部门高度重视食品进出口贸易的发展,安全出口的相关政策制度也在日趋完善,并逐渐突破技术壁垒。然而,面对层出不穷的发达国家的贸易保护策略,我国食品进出口贸易的发展趋势仍然存在些许问题。就当前来说,主要面临出口企业水平低下、国外技术不断强化、检疫工作亟待完善、农兽药残留监管不力等问题,尤其是农兽药残留问题,直接影响着食品的进出口安全。基于此,分析食品进出口贸易中国农兽药残留带来的影响,并提出了高效管理农兽药残留问题的有效措施,以供参考。     

国内外水禽产品中兽药残留限量标准比对分析

对我国现行有效的兽药残留限量标准和国际食品法典委员会(CAC)、欧盟、美国以及日本水禽产品中兽药残留限量标准最新情况进行搜集整理,并对各国制定限量标准的兽药种类、限量值、禁用药物等进行了比较研究,分析了我国现有水禽产品兽药残留限量标准的不足,提出了完善我国水禽产品兽药残留限量标准的措施和建议。     

适宜水分和养分提高土壤中磺酸二甲嘧啶降解率

医疗和养殖过程中抗生素的广泛使用导致了土壤环境中抗生素的污染。为了解进入农田土壤中抗生素的降解规律,该文以养殖业广泛使用的磺胺二甲嘧啶和2种不同养分水平的土壤为试验材料,采用盆栽方法研究了肥料种类(有机肥、NPK肥、N肥、PK肥等)、耕作强度(翻耕、免耕)、水分条件(长期干燥、长期湿润、干湿交替、长期潮湿)及种植作物(种植蔬菜、不种蔬菜)对土壤中磺胺二甲嘧啶降解的影响。结果表明,与不施肥处理比较,施用有机肥、NPK肥、N肥可促进土壤中磺胺二甲嘧啶在土壤中的降解,并以施用有机肥的效果最为明显;但施用PK肥对土壤中磺胺二甲嘧啶的降解影响不明显。翻耕可促进土壤中磺胺二甲嘧啶的降解,干湿交替、长期湿润比长期干燥和长期潮湿土壤环境下更有利于磺胺二甲嘧啶的降解。种植蔬菜比不种蔬菜土壤的磺胺二甲嘧啶的降解率高,根际土壤中磺胺二甲嘧啶的降解高于总体土壤。高养分土壤中磺胺二甲嘧啶的降解一般高于低养分土壤。分析认为,施肥、土壤养分水平、种植蔬菜对土壤中磺胺二甲嘧啶的降解的影响可能主要与这些因素改变了土壤微生物活性有关;翻耕可促进土壤中抗生素的光降解强度。研究认为,施肥、耕作和水分管理可以在一定程度上加速土壤中磺胺二甲嘧啶的降解。     

Alterations in total microbial activity and nitrification rates in soil due to amoxicillin‐spiked pig manure

Most veterinary drugs enter the environment via manure application. However, ecotoxic effects of antibiotics are varying as a function of their physicochemical characteristics and for most antibiotics it is still unclear how these substances interact with soil biota. It was the aim of the present study to investigate effects of manure containing different concentrations of the antibiotic amoxicillin (AMX) on microbial‐community function in two different soils over an incubation time of 18 d. Therefore, soil respiration, potential nitrification, and the products of N turnover were measured. We could show that CaCl₂‐extractable amounts of AMX in soil are low, even shortly after the application of high doses together with manure. Thus, not surprisingly basal respiration in soil was not influenced by the addition of the antibiotic with manure. In contrast, mainly shortly after manure addition the kinetic of substrate‐induced respiration was clearly shifted by the treatments depending on the presence of AMX in the manure. Potential nitrification rates in the two different soils were not significantly affected when data were related to the overall incubation time by the application of AMX to the manure. However, shortly after the addition of the manure containing AMX, a tendency to lower turnover rates was visible compared to the application of pure manure.     

Occurrence and Environmental Fate of Veterinary Antibiotics in the Terrestrial Environment

A wide variety of veterinary antibiotics (VAs) has been detected in environmental water samples, and this is of potential environmental concern due to their adverse effects. In particular, the potential for development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has raised social concerns leading to intensive investigation regarding the influence of antibiotics on human and ecosystem health. One of the main sources of antibiotic effluence to the environment is livestock manures that often contain elevated levels of VAs that survive normal digestive procedures following medication in animal husbandry because unlike human waste, waste generated on farms does not undergo tertiary wastewater treatment, and consequently, the concentration of antibiotics entering the environment is expected to be larger from farming practices. Animal feed is often supplemented with VAs to promote growth and parasite resistance in the medicated animals, and this practice typically resulted in higher use of VAs and consequential excretion from livestock through urine and feces. The excretion rate varied depending on the type of VA used with around 75, 90, and 50?C100% being excreted for chlortetracycline, sulfamethazine, and tyolsin, respectively. The excreted VAs that initially present in livestock manures were degraded more than 90% when proper composting practice was used, and hence, this can be employed as a management strategy to decrease VA environmental loads. The reduction of VA concentrations during composting was mainly attributed to abiotic processes rather than biotic degradation. The VAs released to soils by the application of manure and manure-based composts can be degraded or inactivated to various degrees through abiotic process such as adsorption to soil components. Depending on the antibiotic species and soil properties, residues can be transferred to groundwater and surface water through leaching and runoff and can potentially be taken up by plants.     

粪肥施用土壤抗生素抗性基因来源、转移及影响因素

随着新型抗生素开发速度的不断下降以及抗性基因(Antibiotic resistant genes,ARGs)的快速出现和传播,细菌抗药性和ARGs对公共健康存在威胁,被公认为当前全球亟待解决的难题。虽然土壤本底存在ARGs,但畜禽粪便施用等人类活动加速了ARGs在土壤环境中的扩散和传播。粪肥施入土壤后,其对土壤微生物的抗性选择压力及基因水平转移导致的ARGs扩散转移将持续存在。畜禽粪便中的抗性细菌所携带的ARGs、土壤中抗生素累积导致微生物产生的ARGs和粪肥刺激含有ARGs微生物的繁殖等均为土壤中ARGs的主要来源。土壤中ARGs可以向水体和农作物传移,并随着食物链向动物及人类传播。自然因素(温度、降水、时间和土壤类型)和人为因素(抗生素的含量和种类、粪便种类和处理方式、重金属含量及生物质炭添加)均会影响土壤中ARGs的持久和扩散。目前,粪肥施用土壤中ARGs污染对环境质量及健康的潜在影响并不完全清楚,建议加强模型建立、溯源、生物地理分布、从污染源向环境介质的转移规律、削减措施和机制等方面研究,以有效遏制ARGs在环境中的污染,真正做到畜禽粪便资源化、无害化利用。     

Degradation kinetics of manure-derived sulfadimethoxine in amended soil

Spreading of contaminated manure into agricultural lands as fertilizer is one of the major routes through which veterinary antibiotics enter the environment. In this study, the degradation of manure-derived sulfadimethoxine, a widely used veterinary sulfonamide antibiotic, in manure-amended soil was investigated. A kinetic model, called the availability-adjusted first-order model based on the first-order kinetics and an assumption of the availability of target compound during the degradation process, was developed and was found to fit sulfadimethoxine degradation well. The effect of initial sulfadimethoxine concentration showed that the degradation rate constant increased with decreasing initial concentration, indicating that the bioactivity of the degrading microorganisms in manure-amended soil was sensitive to sulfadimethoxine concentration. Sulfadimethoxine degradation was accelerated with increasing manure content in amended soil. Degradation in nonamended soil was significantly slower than in manure-amended soil. This indicated that sulfadimethoxine may become more persistent once it reaches soil after leaching from manure and that storage of manure for a certain period before application is needed to diminish sulfadimethoxine contamination. Sulfadimethoxine degradation was effectively enhanced with increasing moisture of amended soil. No adverse effect was observed with manure storage on the degradation of manure-derived sulfadimethoxine in amended soil.     

畜禽排泄物中抗生素残留与控制技术研究进展

畜禽养殖的规模化、集约化发展,大量的兽用抗生素类药物应用于养殖业中并逐年增加。抗生素在有机体内积累量很低,机体吸收后少部分经过羟基化、裂解和葡萄糖苷酸化等代谢反应生成无活性的产物,约60%～90%以原形通过粪便和尿液排出体外,畜禽排泄物无疑成为抗生素污染环境的主要来源之一。据估算,到2010年我国畜禽粪便的排放量将达4.50×109t,由此带来的抗生素污染风险不容忽视。根据近几年已发表的研究结果,介绍了畜禽养殖中抗生素在世界范围内的使用情况及粪便中的残留水平,并围绕国内外土壤和水中的残留情况进行阐述,综合分析排泄物中抗生素的归趋和环境风险,针对粪肥和养殖污水中的抗生素分别提出适于广泛应用的污染控制措施,最后对今后的研究重点进行了展望。     

畜禽粪便厌氧发酵过程抗生素抗性基因归趋及驱动因子分析

针对畜禽养殖业抗生素抗性基因(antibiotic resistance genes, ARGs)污染问题,该文选取厌氧发酵技术,对比不同厌氧发酵体系内ARGs消长与潜在宿主菌,挖掘不同因子与ARGs的相互关系。结果表明,厌氧发酵体系内微生物群落变化是ARGs消长的主要驱动因子,确定ARGs的潜在宿主菌是目前研究的难点;抗生素和重金属也是ARGs消长的重要驱动因子,控制抗生素污染和重金属污染可有效减缓ARGs污染;可移动遗传元件在ARGs水平传播过程中起着重要作用。综合而言,厌氧发酵体系内各个因子直接或间接影响ARGs消长,其中工艺参数是控制整个厌氧发酵体系的先决因素,在特定工艺参数下,微生物群落与体系物化指标相互影响与制约;微生物通过分子内部可移动遗传元件实现ARGs在不同微生物之间的水平传播。综上所述,通过综合协调各类因子实现厌氧发酵体系内ARGs消控是今后研究重点。     

Degradation kinetics and mechanism of antibiotic ceftiofur in recycled water derived from a beef farm

Ceftiofur is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic that has been widely used to treat bacterial infections in concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs). Land application of CAFO waste may lead to the loading of ceftiofur residues and its metabolites to the environment. To understand the potential contamination of the antibiotic in the environment, the degradation kinetics and mechanisms of ceftiofur in solutions blended with and without the recycled water derived from a beef farm were investigated. The transformation of ceftiofur in aqueous solutions in the presence of the CAFO recycled water was the combined process of hydrolysis and biodegradation. The total degradation rates of ceftiofur at 15 °C, 25 °C, 35 °C, and 45 °C varied from 0.4-2.8×10(-3), 1.4-4.4×10(-3), 6.3-11×10(-3), and 11-17×10(-3) h(-1), respectively, in aqueous solutions blended with 1 to 5% CAFO recycled water. Hydrolysis of ceftiofur increased with incubation temperature from 15 to 45 °C. The biodegradation rates of ceftiofur were also temperature-dependent and increased with the application amounts of the recycled CAFO water. Cef-aldehyde and desfuroylceftiofur (DFC) were identified as the main biodegradation and hydrolysis products, respectively. This result suggests that the primary biodegradation mechanism of ceftiofur was the cleavage of the β-lactam ring, while hydrolytic cleavage occurred at the thioester bond. Unlike DFC and ceftiofur, cef-aldehyde does not contain a β-lactam ring and has less antimicrobial activity, indicating that the biodegradation of ceftiofur in animal wastewater may mitigate the potentially adverse impact of the antibiotic to the environment.