兽药抗生素的残留状况与环境行为

随着畜牧养殖业的迅速发展,抗生素作为人工投入的生产要素得到广泛应用,在带来增产效应的同时,也造成了抗生素的残留,不仅直接影响动物产品的安全与卫生,而且极大的威胁着环境质量安全、人类的身体健康以及生存环境。本文介绍了兽药抗生素的应用及残留状况,概述了兽药抗生素在环境中的迁移、降解及其对动物、植物、微生物的影响等环境行为,并结合国内外研究现状提出了近期兽药抗生素残留研究的重点内容。     

兽药在畜禽排泄物中的残留与降解研究进展

药物在环境中的暴露及其生态风险已成为国际上研究的热点,养殖业中大量使用的兽药已成为环境中药物的重要来源之一,动物体使用的兽药绝大部分首先以原药或代谢物的形式在动物排泄物中出现。本文综述了兽药在畜禽排泄物中的残留、降解及其影响因素,并介绍了残留兽药对畜禽排泄物堆肥过程的影响。     

土壤中抗生素抗性基因的环境行为与阻控研究进展

抗生素抗性基因（Antibiotic resistance genes,ARGs）的传播威胁着生态环境安全和人体健康,已成为一个全球性的问题。土壤中抗生素抗性基因的分布、来源、扩散传播以及消减技术已成为一个研究热点。本文在简要介绍自然环境和受人类活动干扰土壤中抗生素抗性基因分布水平的基础上,分析了土壤中抗生素抗性基因的主要来源,剖析了抗生素抗性基因由土壤向其他环境介质（水、植物）传播的规律及其影响因素,如土壤理化性质、农艺调控和环境中污染物等。进而探讨了环境中各种生物和非生物因素对土壤中抗生素抗性基因持久性的影响和环境中抗生素抗性基因的消减技术,包括好氧堆肥、厌氧发酵、水处理工艺等。最后,提出遵循“大健康（One Health）”准则,以跨学科的方法控制抗生素抗性基因在环境中的传播,以更全面地将抗生素抗性基因对人类的健康风险降低至最低水平。     

土地整治中底泥质耕作层土壤的构建方法及应用效果

开展底泥质耕作层土壤的构建方法研究,是确保土地整治工程质量和效益的重要举措。该研究以河流疏浚底泥土地利用为主线,从底泥质耕作层土壤构建方法的基础理论、底泥环境肥力调查评价、底泥重金属稳定化修复、底泥改造土壤工程及底泥应用案例等方面系统地探讨了土地整治工程中底泥质耕作层土壤构建方法的基础、内容、设计方法、施工工艺、工程参数。污染底泥修复后大田种植空心菜试验表明:重金属含量可达到无公害蔬菜安全标准、Cd降低率在38.61%~85.69%,稳定化修复明显降低蔬菜重金属含量;底泥质耕层土壤适宜开展种植,可提蔬菜高产量8.7%~13%,增加土壤有机质含量0.95~2.18倍。     

有机肥施用对农产品质量安全及土壤环境的影响研究

由于畜禽业向规模化、集约化发展,畜禽粪尿等排泄物因饲料中违规添加、排泄物处理工艺落后、使用方式等因素,对产地环境、农产品质量安全造成的污染风险日趋严重。本文从有机肥行业现状出发,综述有机肥施用对农产品及土壤的影响。结果表明,有机肥对改善土壤理化性质,优化深层土壤肥力,促进农产品产量、改善农产品品质等具有一定的正面影响,但不合理施用可能造成农产品及土壤等农田环境中的重金属、抗生素、兽药等风险因子累积残留。根据文献综述及初步采样验证结果,建议(1)开发有机肥、农产品、土壤等中的抗生素检测方法,并制定植物农产品中抗生素残留限量标准;(2)对于部分种植面积较大的农产品,制定专用有机肥的重金属限量标准;(3)优化有机肥的生产工艺,进行风险因子减量的技术研究与应用;(4)对于长期施用有机肥,应注意开展监测评估,明确其安全施用年限及施用量,并采取相应种植制度调整。     

兽药磺胺间甲氧嘧啶对土壤呼吸及酶活性的影响

为评价兽药污染对土壤生态环境造成的潜在环境风险,采用室内培养的方法,研究了兽药抗生素磺胺间甲氧嘧啶对黄潮土土壤微生物呼吸及土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明,磺胺间甲氧嘧啶可显著影响土壤呼吸强度,抑制率和激活率分别可达72%和254%,药物对土壤酶活性的影响小于其对土壤呼吸强度的影响。在添加磺胺间甲氧嘧啶的前11 d,其对脲酶活性的影响主要以抑制作用为主;药物对蔗糖酶活性的影响较为明显,最大抑制和激活率可分别达到18%和30%;磺胺间甲氧嘧啶作用于过氧化氢酶和磷酸酶主要表现为激活效应,最大激活率分别为17%和25%。在试验浓度范围内,土壤微生物呼吸及酶活性的抑制率或激活率呈现一定的波动性。     

沼液农用风险研究进展

概述沼液作为肥料和饲料添加剂的农用现状及其对作物、土壤的影响,系统总结沼液农用中氮磷养分、重金属、兽药抗生素、激素和病原菌污染等潜在风险,就现有的沼液合理农用技术和未来趋势进行讨论,以期为建立系统化、规范化的沼液农用技术体系提供理论依据。     

粪肥施用土壤抗生素抗性基因来源、转移及影响因素

随着新型抗生素开发速度的不断下降以及抗性基因(Antibiotic resistant genes,ARGs)的快速出现和传播,细菌抗药性和ARGs对公共健康存在威胁,被公认为当前全球亟待解决的难题。虽然土壤本底存在ARGs,但畜禽粪便施用等人类活动加速了ARGs在土壤环境中的扩散和传播。粪肥施入土壤后,其对土壤微生物的抗性选择压力及基因水平转移导致的ARGs扩散转移将持续存在。畜禽粪便中的抗性细菌所携带的ARGs、土壤中抗生素累积导致微生物产生的ARGs和粪肥刺激含有ARGs微生物的繁殖等均为土壤中ARGs的主要来源。土壤中ARGs可以向水体和农作物传移,并随着食物链向动物及人类传播。自然因素(温度、降水、时间和土壤类型)和人为因素(抗生素的含量和种类、粪便种类和处理方式、重金属含量及生物质炭添加)均会影响土壤中ARGs的持久和扩散。目前,粪肥施用土壤中ARGs污染对环境质量及健康的潜在影响并不完全清楚,建议加强模型建立、溯源、生物地理分布、从污染源向环境介质的转移规律、削减措施和机制等方面研究,以有效遏制ARGs在环境中的污染,真正做到畜禽粪便资源化、无害化利用。     

我国东部河网地区土壤与河道底泥对磷的吸附特性比较研究

通过等温吸附、动力学吸附和热力学吸附模拟试验对我国东部河网地区稻田土壤与河道底泥对P的吸附特性进行了比较研究.结果表明:Langmuir方程对稻田土壤与河道底泥对P的等温吸附拟合程度最好,Freundlich方程次之,Temkin方程最差.稻田土壤和河道底泥的吸附常数K值分别为0.82和0.95,表明河道底泥吸附P的能力要强于稻田土壤.无论是稻田土壤还是河道底泥,对P的吸附都存在着快吸附和慢吸附两个过程.稻田土壤与河道底泥对水体P的吸附主要发生在0 ～ 2 h之内,2 h以后基本达到了一种慢吸附直至平衡过程.在相同的时间段内,河道底泥对P的吸附速率比稻田土壤大,Elovich方程为描述P动力吸附的最优模型.P的热力学吸附结果表明,温度对河道底泥和稻田土壤吸附P都有明显的影响,但比较而言,温度对河道底泥吸附P的影响较大,也就是说,河道底泥更容易发生对P的吸附反应.     

湖库底泥对重金属Pb吸附特性的研究

为了探究Pb在底泥和土壤中的吸附行为,通过OECD guideline 106平衡吸附法,来探讨Pb在底泥和土壤中的吸附特性以及不同pH、有机质和N、P含量对Pb吸附特性的影响。结果表明:Temkin模型能够更好地拟合底泥对Pb的吸附,R2=0.925;Freundlich模型能够更好地拟合土壤对Pb的吸附,r=0.971。Pb在15,25,35℃下吸附条件下,温度升高会促进底泥和土壤对Pb的吸附,ΔG0,ΔH0,说明底泥和土壤对Pb的吸附为自发的吸热反应;在pH为3~11的条件下,Pb的吸附量随pH的升高呈现出先升高后逐渐趋于平缓的趋势,当pH=5时吸附效果最好。去除有机质后,底泥和土壤对Pb的吸附量减少,分别减少了121.6,87.4mg/kg。随着溶液中N、P浓度的增加底泥和土壤对Pb的吸附量逐渐减小,推断是因为N、P加入时携带加入K+,K+与Pb产生了竞争吸附导致Pb的吸附量的降低。     

Uptake of veterinary medicines from soils into plants

Medicines play an important role in the treatment and prevention of disease. Whereas the side effects on human and animal health resulting directly from treatment have been widely documented, only recently have the occurrence and fate of medicines in the environment and the potential consequences for human health been recognized as an issue warranting consideration. Medicines have been shown to be released to soils and to persist in the environment. This study was performed to investigate the potential for a range of veterinary medicines to be taken up from soil by plants used for human consumption and to assess the potential significance of this exposure route in terms of human health. Soil analyses indicated that, for selected substances, measurable residues of these are likely to occur in soils for at least 5 months following application of manure containing these compounds. Experimental studies on the uptake of veterinary medicines into carrot roots (tubers) and lettuce leaves showed that only florfenicol, levamisole, and trimethoprim were taken up by lettuces, whereas diazinon, enrofloxacin, florfenicol, and trimethoprim were detected in carrot roots. Measured concentrations in plant material were used to model potential adult human exposure to these compounds. Although exposure concentrations were appreciable in a few instances, accounting for approximately 10% of the acceptable daily intake values (ADI), all were lower than the ADI values, indicating that, at least for compounds with properties similar to those considered here, there is little evidence of an appreciable risk. This exposure route may, however, be important when veterinary medicines have a very low ADI, at which they elicit subtle effects over prolonged periods, or when exposure is occurring via a number of routes at once. Although degradation products (produced in the soil or the plant) were not measured, it is possible for some substances that these could increase the risks to consumers.     

四环素在土壤中的吸附与解吸以及镉在其中的影响

采用批平衡实验方法,研究了四环素（TC）在褐土和红壤中的吸附和解吸,以及Cd2＋对四环素在两种土壤上吸附和解吸的影响。结果表明,四环素在褐土和红壤中的吸附可以用Freundlich等温吸附方程拟合,所得lgKf分别为3.039和3.169,这表明四环素在红壤中的吸附能力较强。此外,四环素在两种土壤上的解吸过程都存在滞后现象,所得lgKf,des分别为3.292和3.877,这将可能威胁到土壤环境和人体健康。常见重金属Cd2＋的存在会促进四环素在两种土壤上的吸附,在红壤中表现显著（P〈0.05）;同时红壤中四环素的lgKf,des有所增加,而在褐土中的变化不大。     

铁锰结核土壤锰氧化细菌多样性及新菌属分析

尽管细菌的锰氧化作用被认为是自然界中氧化锰矿物形成的主要成因,但目前国内外对陆地土壤环境中锰氧化细菌的种群组成与多样性方面的研究甚少。本研究对采集于山东崅峪一处含铁锰结核的棕壤进行了可培养锰氧化细菌分离、活性测定与多样性调查,结果发现表层土壤(A层:0～20 cm)的可培养锰氧化细菌是最丰富的,但是高锰氧化活性的细菌主要分布在心土层(B层:20～40 cm)和底土层(C层:>75 cm)。通过对具有高锰氧化活性的分离菌株16S rRNA基因的扩增、测序和序列BLAST比对分析,发现了7个此前未见报道的具有锰氧化活性的新菌属。此外,对5株具有高锰氧化活性的分离菌株和土壤样品的进行了16S rRNA基因V3产物的变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)分析,结果显示此5株高锰氧化菌株并非都是土壤中的高丰度细菌。     

Relationship between soil microbial biomass determined by SIR and PLFA analysis in floodplain soils

Purpose  

Although the challenge of linking pedology and hydrology has been identified recently, the microbial diversity in floodplain soils has been studied little in comparison to terrestrial soils. In terrestrial soils, the relationship between soil microbial biomass (SMB) determined by substrate-induced respiration (SIR) and phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) was examined in several studies. Floodplain soils reveal substantially different properties; they are exposed to drastic changes in water regime from flooded to dry conditions. The relation between SMB determined by SIR and PLFA has, up to the present, not been adequately proved in floodplain soils. Thus, this study was conducted to elucidate the relationship between SMB determined with both methods in a set of floodplain soils of eleven study sites from three study areas along the Elbe River (Germany).     

适宜水分和养分提高土壤中磺酸二甲嘧啶降解率

医疗和养殖过程中抗生素的广泛使用导致了土壤环境中抗生素的污染。为了解进入农田土壤中抗生素的降解规律,该文以养殖业广泛使用的磺胺二甲嘧啶和2种不同养分水平的土壤为试验材料,采用盆栽方法研究了肥料种类(有机肥、NPK肥、N肥、PK肥等)、耕作强度(翻耕、免耕)、水分条件(长期干燥、长期湿润、干湿交替、长期潮湿)及种植作物(种植蔬菜、不种蔬菜)对土壤中磺胺二甲嘧啶降解的影响。结果表明,与不施肥处理比较,施用有机肥、NPK肥、N肥可促进土壤中磺胺二甲嘧啶在土壤中的降解,并以施用有机肥的效果最为明显;但施用PK肥对土壤中磺胺二甲嘧啶的降解影响不明显。翻耕可促进土壤中磺胺二甲嘧啶的降解,干湿交替、长期湿润比长期干燥和长期潮湿土壤环境下更有利于磺胺二甲嘧啶的降解。种植蔬菜比不种蔬菜土壤的磺胺二甲嘧啶的降解率高,根际土壤中磺胺二甲嘧啶的降解高于总体土壤。高养分土壤中磺胺二甲嘧啶的降解一般高于低养分土壤。分析认为,施肥、土壤养分水平、种植蔬菜对土壤中磺胺二甲嘧啶的降解的影响可能主要与这些因素改变了土壤微生物活性有关;翻耕可促进土壤中抗生素的光降解强度。研究认为,施肥、耕作和水分管理可以在一定程度上加速土壤中磺胺二甲嘧啶的降解。     

微塑料对土壤-植物系统的生态效应

近年来,塑料污染已经成为全球性环境问题。陆地生态系统中的微塑料污染受到越来越多的重视,尤其是农业生态系统。由于降解性差,微塑料在土壤中的累积可能会对土壤生态系统造成不利影响,并通过食物链等威胁人畜健康。本文介绍了微塑料在土壤环境中的来源、分布和迁移,重点阐述了微塑料对土壤-植物系统的直接和间接生态效应。证据显示微塑料可以直接影响土壤理化性质、微生物与酶活性、土壤动物,影响植物种子萌发、根系对水分和养分的吸收,并可以被植物吸收和转运,对植物产生毒性效应;也可以通过改变土壤性质、与重金属等污染物联合作用等方式对植物产生间接效应。最后还对未来土壤-植物系统中微塑料相关研究进行了展望。以期为了解土壤微塑料的生态效应和潜在风险管控提供理论依据和科学指导。     

Bioaccumulation studies with <Emphasis Type="Italic">Eisenia fetida</Emphasis> using an established degradation test system

Background  

Earthworms are considered as an appropriate test system to assess the bioaccumulation potential of substances in the terrestrial environment. For regulatory purposes test methods were developed and incorporated in the validation process. A test design that is particularly suited for testing ¹⁴C-labelled substances will be described here. This design was adapted from an established degradation test system for bioaccumulation tests with earthworms in soil. The antibiotic sulfadiazine was used as test substance in this study. Due to the biological activity and the widespread entering into soil by manure application, veterinary medicines have become the target of ecotoxicological risk assessment. A German research group provided the soil samples mixed with liquid pig manure, which contained the ¹⁴C-labelled test substance after having passed through the gut of animals. This exposure pathway reflects the real environmental conditions. Therefore, sulfadiazine was tested even though a significant bioaccumulation potential was not expected to be detected owing to its chemical properties.     

Microplastics in soil: Impacts and microbial diversity and degradation

Microplastics(MPs) are plastic particles less than 5 mm in size that have become a major environmental pollutant due to their ubiquitous and persistent nature. Microplastic contamination of the aquatic environment has received the most attention so far, whereas the current understanding of MP prevalence and its impacts in the terrestrial environment is largely limited. The MP contamination of soil can cause bioaccumulation and toxicity in terrestrial animals and plants, which can consequently affect human health. This review is aimed towards combining the available information on the occurrence, sources, and effects of MPs on the different aspects of the terrestrial environment and to highlight the limitations in our knowledge regarding the nature and impacts of MPs in soil. The review also highlights microbial degradation of MPs as an advancing research area, with numerous microorganisms being identified as capable of efficiently degrading this persistent contaminant.     

Effects of Treated Wastewater Effluent Irrigation on Terrestrial Salamanders

Since 1983, State Game Lands 176 in Centre Co.,Pennsylvania, U.S.A., has been spray irrigated withtreated wastewater effluent as an alternative to thedirect discharge of treated effluent into surfacewaters. Although the effects of wastewater irrigationon birds and mammals had been studied, its effects onamphibians were unknown. We examined the physiological and behavioral responses of juvenile Jefferson salamanders (Ambystoma jeffersonianum Green) to effluent-irrigated soils and wastewater effluent in the field and laboratory to assess the effects of wastewater irrigation on the terrestrial phase of this species. Salamanders confined to irrigated soils for 35 d showed no difference in six physiological parameters (growth, body water concentration, and body sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium levels) compared to those enclosed on unirrigated soils. Salamanders on wastewater effluentsoaked substrates for the same duration in thelaboratory had higher body sodium concentration thanthose on deionized water soaked substrates, likely dueto elevated sodium levels in wastewater effluent.Salamanders demonstrated no `preference' for irrigatedor unirrigated soils over three days when allowed achoice between the two substrates in behavioral tests. These results suggest wastewater effluent irrigationis not acutely toxic to terrestrial A.jeffersonianum under natural conditions. Long-termadverse effects wastewater irrigation on terrestrialJefferson salamanders are still possible, andexaminations of salamander growth and survival overlonger durations are needed to assess the holisticimpacts of wastewater spraying on this species.