施用有机物料对土壤镉形态的影响

采用室内培养试验,研究作物新鲜秸秆和腐熟猪粪对模拟镉（Cd）污染的土壤中Cd形态转化的动态影响。结果表明,各处理土壤交换态Cd含量随培养时间均逐渐降低。碳酸盐结合态和铁锰氧化物结合态Cd含量先增加后降低, 而有机质结合态和残渣态Cd含量则逐渐增加。添加秸秆可增加土壤交换态Cd含量,但随时间延长,增幅逐渐降低, 猪粪则可降低土壤交换态Cd含量。添加有机物后土壤交换态Cd含量的变化主要是由有机质结合态或残渣态Cd含量的变化而引起。秸秆和猪粪对土壤Cd形态的转化与土壤胡敏酸（HA）和富里酸（FA）的变化有关。秸秆对能活化土壤Cd的FA增加幅度大于对能钝化土壤Cd的HA增加幅度,降低HA/FA比,但降幅随时间逐渐减少; 猪粪在整个培养阶段对HA增加幅度均大于FA的增加幅度,增加HA/FA比。秸秆和猪粪均可降低潮土pH而提高红壤pH,但只有猪粪可通过提高红壤pH降低Cd向交换态转化。添加秸秆和猪粪后,Cd由低活性态向交换态转化与HA/FA呈显著负相关。     

腐殖酸对外源砷在土壤中形态转化和有效性的影响

通过室内培养的方法,探讨腐殖酸(HAs)的两种活性组分——富里酸(FA)和胡敏酸(HA)及其不同比例(HA/FA)对土壤As形态转化及有效性的影响。结果表明,HAs的两种组分对土壤As的形态均具有显著影响,其影响程度和方向与其浓度、比例及外源As含量有关。FA和添加量≤1%C的HA能增加土壤交换态As(Ex-As)的含量,添加量≥3%C的HA能降低土壤Ex-As含量;两种组分都能降低土壤铝型As(Al-As)和铁型As(Fe-As)含量,增加残渣态As(Res-As)含量,FA比HA的作用效果更强;在等量(1%C)HAs条件下,HA/FA≥5/5时HAs能降低Ex-As含量,≤3/7时则能增加Ex-As的含量。HAs对土壤有效As的影响是其对As形态分配综合作用的结果,对土壤有效As贡献最大的是Ex-As和Ca-As;HA和添加量较高(≥5%C)的FA能够降低外源As在土壤中的有效性,而添加量较低(≤3%C)的FA能在一定程度上增加土壤As的有效性。因此,掌握有机物料合理的用量和活性组分比例是其作为土壤As活性调控剂的前提。     

施用猪粪对棕壤胡敏酸和富里酸热力学参数的影响

应用Vodyanitsky提出的方法，根据元素组成数据，计算了施用猪粪对棕壤胡敏酸(HA)、富里酸(FA)热力学参数的影响。结果表明，HA、FA的形成都是自发进行的放热反应；与HA相比，FA的能态较低，分子结构有序度和热稳定性较高；FA在土壤中比HA更容易形成。施用猪粪后，HA、FA的能态降低，分子结构有序度和热稳定性也降低，形成的自发性减弱且放热量减少，这些与它们元素组成的变化有关。     

腐殖酸对灰棕紫泥中汞赋存形态的影响

通过室内培养探讨不同富里酸/胡敏酸(FA/HA)、腐殖酸含量、汞污染浓度对灰棕紫泥中汞赋存形态的影响。结果表明,施用腐殖酸降低汞的活性,腐殖酸各处理均能促进土壤中水溶态、交换态和酸溶态汞向碱溶态、有机结合态和残渣态汞转化。FA/HA≤0.7时,腐殖酸能够促进土壤中的活性态汞向惰性态汞转化,但当FA/HA≥1时,腐殖酸对土壤汞有一定的活化作用;含碳2%的腐殖酸对土壤汞的固定效果好于其他碳含量(0.5%,1%,1.5%碳)腐殖酸;当土壤中汞污染浓度达到3mg/kg时,腐殖酸对汞的固定效果要降低。     

不同施肥处理对棕壤腐殖酸组成和性质的影响

23年定位试验结果表明:施用有机肥可提高土壤腐殖酸含量, HA/FA升高,土壤胡敏酸的羧基/酚羟基比升高,E4 /E6 值较高。施化肥处理HA/FA下降,羧基/酚羟基比下降,E4 /E6 值下降。有机无机配施HA/FA下降较明显,其它指标介于有机肥和化肥之间。有机无机配施处理土壤活性胡敏酸平均含量高于有机肥和化肥。松结态腐殖酸占总腐殖酸的10% ~20%。胡敏酸占3% ~8%,富里酸占6% ~11%。施肥可显著降低松结态腐殖酸、胡敏酸和富里酸的比例。化肥的施用可促进紧结态的腐殖酸向松结态的转化,加速地力的消耗。有机无机配施处理可较大幅度地提高松结态胡敏酸的比例,而减低松结态富里酸的比例。     

长期肥料试验对土壤和水稻微量元素及重金属含量的影响

长期肥料试验会影响土壤中微量元素和重金属状况以及作物对微量元素和重金属的吸收。本文研究了长期的不同施肥处理对土壤、糙米中微量元素Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn和重金属Pb、Cd含量的影响,结果表明:经17a连续施用猪粪及秸秆还田显著增加了土壤Cu、Zn和Cd全量,而土壤Fe、Mn和Pb全量在不同施肥处理间没有显著差异;施肥增加了土壤有效态Cu、Zn和Fe含量,其中施用猪粪及秸秆还田的3个处理显著增加了土壤有效态Cu、Zn和Cd含量,而土壤有效态Pb含量在不同施肥处理间没有显著差异。不同处理糙米Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn和Pb含量变化较小或没有显著性差异,而在3个施猪粪和秸秆还田处理中,糙米Cd含量均超过国家食品卫生标准(>0.2 mg kg-1)。水稻地上部吸收积累Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn、Pb和Cd总量与其地上部生物量呈正相关,土壤Cu、Zn、Cd有效态与全量含量呈极显著相关关系,而糙米中的镉含量与土壤镉含量有较好的相关关系。长期施用畜粪导致土壤Cd污染问题应引起高度重视。     

施用猪粪对不同类型土壤中铜的赋存形态及小白菜吸收铜的影响

  目的  探讨猪粪中铜（Cu）的输入对土壤中Cu的赋存和生物有效性的影响。  方法  将1%和3%的腐熟猪粪（干猪粪∶秸秆 = 10∶1）添加到黄褐土、红壤、黑土、褐土中,分别老化0、1、2、3、5个月后,进行小白菜盆栽实验。  结果  与对照相比,施用猪粪使黄褐土、红壤、黑土和褐土土壤铜（Cu）全量分别显著增加了20.23% ~ 50.43%、79.87% ~ 142.6%、52.41% ~ 76.43%和41.14% ~ 92.24%。四种土壤中水溶态（F1）、碳酸盐结合态（F3）Cu占比均增加,施用3%猪粪的红壤未老化处理中F1-Cu和黄褐土未老化处理中F3-Cu增幅最大,分别达4.55%和16.47%。土壤铁锰氧化态（F5）、有机结合态（F6）Cu占比增加,残渣态（F7）占比降低。土壤有效态Cu的占比与猪粪老化时间呈显著负相关,3%猪粪老化5个月处理的黄褐土、黑土和褐土土壤有效态Cu占比分别降低12.85%、4.11%和3.68%,而红壤有效态Cu占比随老化时间变化不显著。在黄褐土中,腐殖酸结合态（F4）Cu的占比随猪粪老化时间的延长逐渐增加。施用猪粪显著增加小白菜对Cu的吸收,其中红壤的增幅最大,根系与地上部Cu含量分别显著提高244.5%和381.7%,地上部Cu含量为国家食品中污染物限量标准的1.44 ~ 2.56倍。逐步回归分析方程表明小白菜根系Cu的含量与土壤pH、粘粒及腐殖酸结合态（F4）含量呈显著负相关,与猪粪Cu输入量、土壤可溶性有机质含量呈显著正相关。  结论  猪粪的Cu输入显著提高土壤和小白菜的Cu 含量。土壤Cu的生物有效性不仅受土壤性质的影响,猪粪本身及在土壤中分解产生的腐殖酸和水溶性有机质对Cu的有效性也有较大的影响。通过比较不同的土壤类型,施用含Cu猪粪在红壤－作物系统中存在相对较高的重金属污染风险。     

海泡石对猪粪秸秆厌氧发酵产物中Cd的钝化效果研究

由于饲料添加剂的使用,畜禽粪便中重金属含量增加。因此,为降低厌氧发酵过程中的重金属污染风险,该文以猪粪和玉米秸秆混合为发酵原料,重金属Cd为研究对象,通过添加2.5%的海泡石作为钝化剂,在35℃的条件下进行为期60 d的发酵。利用H_2O、KCl、Na_4P_2O_7、Na OH、HNO_3分级提取法对有机碳含量和重金属Cd在有机质中的分布变化情况进行分析,结果表明:随着发酵的进行,沼渣中有机质含量呈现前中期迅速降低,后期缓慢降低的趋势,且添加钝化剂后沼渣中有机质含量降低;总可提取态有机碳在10%～20%之间,发酵过程中胡敏酸(humicacid,HA)所占比例明显增加,富里酸(fulvicacid,FA)所占比例明显降低,HA/FA也随之增大,说明添加海泡石提高了腐殖质的腐殖化程度;沼渣中所提取的Cd含量达到总量的80%以上,其中大部分的重金属Cd存在于腐殖质中。水溶态和可交换态重金属Cd所占比例随着发酵过程的进行会逐渐降低,矿物质态和残渣态逐步增加,并且添加海泡石这种增加趋势进一步增强;沼渣中腐殖质大部分Cd主要与FA结合。随着发酵的进行,HA含量增加,FA含量降低,HA/FA也逐渐增大,增强了腐殖质中Cd的稳定性,从而降低了沼渣中重金属Cd的毒害作用。因此猪粪秸秆混合厌氧发酵或在这个过程中添加2.5%海泡石作为钝化剂可减少重金属污染的风险。     

不同有机肥对镉污染土壤镉形态及小麦抗性的影响

为了探讨有机肥钝化修复镉污染土壤对小麦生理抗性及小麦体内镉含量的响应,通过盆栽试验研究了不同有机肥对镉污染土壤Cd形态、小麦体内脯氨酸、丙二醛及小麦各部位镉含量的影响。结果表明:在镉污染土壤上施用有机肥后土壤可交换态Cd与碳酸盐结合态Cd含量有所下降,铁锰氧化物结合态Cd、有机结合态Cd和残留态Cd含量有所增加。施用羊粪、鸡粪的处理SH、CHSM、CMSL、CL。施用猪粪的处理PMPHPL。施用有机肥后小麦体内脯氨酸、丙二醛含量和小麦各部位Cd含量显著下降,施用羊粪、鸡粪的处理随施肥量的增加小麦体内脯氨酸、丙二醛含量和Cd含量明显降低,施用猪粪的PM处理的小麦脯氨酸、丙二醛含量和小麦根、茎、叶、籽粒中的Cd含量显著低于其他处理,其综合效果猪粪羊粪鸡粪。有机肥可通过改变污染土壤中的重金属形态而降低其生物有效性,可用于重金属污染土壤修复。     

有机物料对不同作物根系土壤腐殖质组成和结构的影响

为探讨施用有机物料后不同作物根系土壤腐殖质各组分含量和胡敏酸元素组成的变化情况,以吉林农业大学试验田培肥2a的黑土为研究对象,试验选取3种作物(玉米、大豆、白菜),每种作物设4种施肥处理,包括化肥(CK)、玉米秸秆配施化肥、树叶配施化肥和鸡粪配施化肥。采用腐殖质修改法提取水溶性物质(WSS)、胡敏酸(HA)、富里酸(FA)、胡敏素(HM),利用重铬酸钾外加热法测定腐殖质各组分有机碳含量,采用分光光度计法测定HA和FA的光学性质,通过光密度E_4/E_6值和元素组成分析HA的结构变化。结果表明:土壤总有机碳(TOC)和腐殖质各组分有机碳含量均表现为白菜玉米大豆。相比CK,配施有机物料后作物根系土壤TOC、WSS、HA含量分别显著增加5%~8%,34%~55%,8%~20%,FA含量变化不明显。相比树叶和鸡粪,秸秆可显著提高TOC含量;WSS在各物料之间差异不明显;HM含量表现为秸秆树叶鸡粪CK。有机物料对PQ值的影响因作物而异,秸秆和鸡粪对玉米、大豆根系土壤PQ值(HA占腐殖酸的比率)的影响相似,而鸡粪对白菜根系土壤PQ值的影响显著高于玉米秸秆。施用有机物料后HA的E_4/E_6未发生明显改变,FA的E_4/E_6显著提高。有机物料使根系土壤HA缩合度升高,分子结构更加复杂,且有利于HA含氮基团的形成,以秸秆处理作用最好。由此可见,有机物料具有良好的培肥效果,其中鸡粪对白菜根系土壤培肥效果最显著,秸秆与鸡粪对玉米、大豆根系土壤培肥效果相似,均显著高于化肥。     

Effect of Organic Materials on Partitioning,Extractability and Plant Uptake of Metals in an Alum Shale Soil

Soils developed on sulphide-bearing shale (alum shale) in Norway contain naturally high amount of heavy metals. We conducted a greenhouse pot experiment to study the effect of four rates (0, 2, 4, and 8%) and three sources (cow manure, pig manure and peat soil) of organic matter in partitioning and distribution, extractability and plant uptake of Cd, Cu, Ni and Zn in an alum shale soil. Sequential extraction scheme was used to determine the distribution patterns of metals in the soil. DTPA was used for extracting the metals from the soil. Wheat (Triticum aestivum) was used as a test crop to study the plant uptake of metals. The highest amount of Cd was present in the exchangeable fraction, irrespective of the rate and source of organic matter applied. Copper, Ni, and Zn, on the other hand, were present only in small quantities in this fraction. The largest fraction of Cu was associated with organic matter and the amounts present in the oxide, carbonate and exchangeable fractions were very small. Nickel and Zn were found mainly in the residual fraction. Increasing rates of cow and pig manure decreased the amounts of Cd and Ni associated with the exchangeable fraction whereas, the addition of peat soil at the same rate increased the amounts of these metals associated with this fraction. This effect of organic matter was primarily associated with the change in soil pH caused by different organic matter sources. The DTPA-extractable metals were decreased with increasing rates of organic matter application, irrespective of its source. Grain and straw yields of wheat were decreased with increasing rates of organic matter. The application of organic matter increased the Cu and Zn concentrations in both grain and straw. The concentration of all metals was lower in plants grown in the cow manure amended soil as compared to those grown in the soil amended with either pig manure or peat soil. These results sugggest that the source of organic matter was a determining factor for metal distribution in the soil and for metal uptake by plants. In this study cow manure slightly increased the soil pH and thus was more effective than either pig manure or peat soil in reducing the plant uptake of metals but in general the efficiency of the organic material in reducing heavy metal uptake was small.     

牛粪与秸秆配施对棕壤镉赋存形态及玉米吸收镉的影响

以受镉(Cd)污染的棕壤为供试土壤,采用盆栽方法,研究牛粪与秸秆不同配比对土壤Cd形态及作物吸收Cd的影响。结果表明:(1)与对照相比,牛粪与秸秆氮含量比1∶1,3∶1,5∶1的3个处理分别使可交换态Cd含量下降34.39%,28.04%,20.11%,使有机结合态和残渣态Cd含量显著增加。土壤中可交换态Cd含量与pH呈极显著负相关关系,而残渣态Cd含量与pH呈极显著正相关关系。(2)与对照相比,牛粪与秸秆氮含量比1∶1,3∶1,5∶1的3个处理使土壤pH分别提高0.36,0.17,0.16个单位。(3)牛粪与秸秆配施降低了玉米各部位对镉的吸收,并使Cd主要积累在玉米的根、茎、叶部位,降低了籽粒中Cd含量。牛粪与秸秆氮含量比1∶1,3∶1,5∶1的3个处理使籽粒Cd含量浓度分别减少79.64%,72.70%,56.38%。     

有机肥料对镉污染土壤的改良效应

通过培养与盆栽试验，研究了有机肥料对污染土壤中Ｃｄ的有效性、各形态及其生物活性的影响。结果表明，有机肥料的施用明显降低了土壤中有效性Ｃｄ的含量，其中猪粪效果优于秸秆类；有机肥料的施用促使交换态Ｃｄ向松结合有机态、锰氧化物结合态以转化。相关分析表明，土壤交换态Ｃｄ和松结合有机态Ｃｄ与土壤中有效态Ｃｄ、水稻地下部分含Ｃｄ成显著或极显著正相关。     

淹水条件下有机物料对潮土外源镉形态及化学性质的影响

在室内淹水培养条件下,运用连续提取法研究稻草、紫云英和猪粪对潮土中外源镉的形态及土壤化学性质的影响。结果表明,有机物料显著增加了土壤有机碳,pH,活性氧化物的含量。有机碳的增加显著地增加紧有机结合态镉含量,而显著地降低了交换态镉的含量。并随着时间的增长,影响更显著。交换态镉的含量与Eh值呈显著的正相关,而紧有机结合态镉与Eh值呈显著的负相关。     

有机物料对淹水土壤中施入的镉形态的影响

The effect of three organic materials(rice straw,Chinese milk vetch and pig manure)on the fractionation of cadmium added into two soils(a red soil and a fluvo-aquic soil) was studied using submerged incubation experiment.The organic materials increased soil soild organic carbon(SOC),pH value,the concentration of active Si in all the treatments and active Fe and Mn in some treatments.Accumulated SOC caused directly the increase of Cd bound to solid organic matter and consequently the decrease of exchangeable Cd.Higher active Si and pH,as well as lower Eh,were also responsible for the reduction of exchangeable Cd.Cd bound to mn oxide was positively correlated with pH values and rose significantly after one-month incubation,but decreased after three-month incubation.Cd bound to amporphous Fe oxide increased with the incubation time,but was not affected significantly by adding organic materials.     

不同有机肥中Cu、 Zn在农田土壤中的有效性与形态归趋

【目的】畜禽粪便有机肥的施用是造成我国农田土壤重金属污染的重要原因之一。本文选用两种典型规模化养殖场畜禽粪便有机肥,研究其在石灰性土壤和酸性土壤上施用1年后Cu、 Zn的有效性和形态归趋,为客观评价畜禽粪便有机肥中重金属进入土壤后的环境行为和生态风险提供理论依据。【方法】采用温室土壤培养试验,在石灰性土壤和酸性土壤上分别设对照(CK)、 施2%鸡粪(CM2%)、 施5%鸡粪(CM5%)、 施与CM2%、 CM5%含等量Cu、 Zn的重金属无机盐溶液(CS2%、 CS5%)、 施2%猪粪(PM2%)、 施5%猪粪(PM5%)、 施与PM2%、 PM5%含等量Cu、 Zn的重金属无机盐溶液(PS2%、 PS5%)9个处理,每个处理设3次重复,在温室条件下培养1年。测定土壤pH值, EDTA提取有效态Cu、 Zn以及采用改进Tessier连续提取法提取的各形态Cu、 Zn的含量,分析鸡粪、 猪粪及等量无机盐溶液中Cu、 Zn进入土壤后的有效性和形态归趋。【结果】施用鸡粪和猪粪1年后,石灰性土壤的pH值降低,酸性土壤的pH值升高,施用5%猪粪时石灰性土壤pH值降低了0.23个单位,酸性土壤pH值升高了0.87个单位。施入鸡粪、 猪粪1年后,石灰性土壤中有效态Zn和酸性土壤中有效态Cu、 Zn含量显著增加,施用5%猪粪时酸性土壤中有效态Cu含量增加了1.95倍,施用5%鸡粪时2种土壤中有效态Cu的含量均显著低于等量无机盐。施用鸡粪和等量无机盐后,2种土壤中交换态和有机结合态Cu的含量显著增加,交换态、 碳酸盐结合态、 有机结合态和铁锰氧化物结合态Zn的含量显著增加; 施用猪粪和等量无机盐后,2种土壤中交换态、 铁锰氧化物结合态和有机结合态Cu的含量显著增加,碳酸盐结合态和铁锰氧化物结合态Zn的含量显著增加。【结论】施用鸡粪、 猪粪提高了石灰性土壤中Zn和酸性土壤中Cu、 Zn的有效性,高用量条件下鸡粪中Cu的有效性低于等量无机盐。1年后, 通过畜禽粪便有机肥带入2种土壤中的Cu 主要以交换态和有机结合态的形式存在,Zn则主要以碳酸盐结合态、 铁锰氧化物结合态和有机结合态的形式存在。2种土壤上有机肥带入的Cu、 Zn转化为铁锰氧化物结合态的比例低于等量无机盐,2种有机肥带入2种土壤中的Cu转化为交换态和有机结合态的比例高于等量无机盐。鸡粪带入的Zn转化为交换态的比例在酸性土壤中低于等量无机盐,但在石灰性土壤中则高于等量无机盐。     

施用猪粪对土壤Zn形态和菜心Zn含量的影响

采用盆栽试验的方法,研究施用猪粪对土壤和菜心Zn含量的影响,以为蔬菜安全施用畜禽粪便提供依据.结果表明,土壤全Zn、有效态Zn和菜心Zn含量均随猪粪施用量和施用茬数的增加而提高,连续2茬施用猪粪达到40g/kg时,土壤全Zn含量和菜心Zn含量分别达到266.42和21.03mg/kg,超过国家土壤质量二级标准(pH≤6...     

Soil phosphorus availability and rice phosphorus uptake in paddy fields under various agronomic practices

Agronomic practices affect soil phosphorus(P) availability, P uptake by plants, and subsequently the efficiency of P use. A field experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of various agronomic practices(straw incorporation, paddy water management, nitrogen(N) fertilizer dose, manure application,and biochar addition) on soil P availability(e.g., soil total P(STP), soil available P(SAP), soil microbial biomass P(SMBP), and rice P uptake as well as P use efficiency(PUE)) over four cropping seasons in a rice-rice cropping system, in subtropical central China. Compared to the non-straw treatment(control,using full dose of chemical N fertilizer), straw incorporation increased SAP and SMBP by 9.3%–18.5% and 15.5%–35.4%, respectively;substituting half the chemical N fertilizer dose with pig manure and the biochar application increased STP, SAP, and SMBP by 10.5%–48.3%, 30.2%–236.0%, and 19.8%–72.4%,respectively, mainly owing to increased soil P and organic carbon inputs;adding a half dose of N and no N input(reduced N treatments) increased STP and SAP by 2.6%–7.5% and 19.8%–33.7%, respectively, due to decreased soil P outputs. Thus, soil P availability was greatly affected by soil P input and use. The continuous flooding water regime without straw addition significantly decreased SMBP by 11.4% compared to corresponding treatments under a mid-season drainage water regime. Total P uptake by rice grains and straws at the harvest stage increased under straw incorporation and under pig manure application, but decreased under the reduced N treatments and under biochar application at a rate of 48 t ha-1, compared to the control. Rice P uptake was significantly positively correlated with rice biomass, and both were positively correlated with N fertilizer application rates, SAP, SMBP, and STP. Phosphorus use efficiency generally increased under straw incorporation but decreased under the reduced N treatments and under the manure application(with excessive P input), compared to the control. These results showed that straw incorporation can be used to increase soil P availability and PUE while decreasing the use of chemical P fertilizers. When substituting chemical fertilizers with pig manure, excess P inputs should be avoided in order to reduce P accumulation in the soil as well as the environmental risks from non-point source pollution.