污灌土壤中Pb,Cd形态的研究

运用顺序提取法研究了一些污灌区土壤中Ｐｂ，Ｃｄ的化学形态分布及影响因素。石灰性污灌土壤０－２０ｃｍ土层中，Ｐｂ，Ｃｄ主要以碳酸盐结合态和硫化物残渣态存在，其次是有机结合态，交换态和吸附态较少。０－２０ｃｍ土层中，Ｐｂ的吸附态＞交换态，而Ｃｄ则相反。影响Ｐｂ，Ｃｄ形态分布的主要因素有ＰＨ，有机质含量，腐殖酸组成和碳酸钙会含量等。西安污灌区土壤中的Ｃｄ明显增加，且主要为有机结合态，碳酸盐结合态则相对减     

秸秆和猪粪的施用对土壤镉有效性的影响和机理研究

用盆栽试验研究作物秸秆和腐熟猪粪对土壤镉（Cd）有效性的影响及机理。结果表明,施用秸秆促进油麦菜对Cd的吸收,而施用猪粪降低油麦菜对Cd的吸收,这主要是由于秸秆显著地增加了交换态Cd含量,而猪粪则显著降低交换态Cd含量。秸秆或猪粪对交换态Cd含量的影响则主要与土壤胡敏酸（HA）和富里酸（FA）的变化有关。施用秸秆对土壤中FA增加幅度大于对HA的增加幅度,即HA/FA比值降低。而施用猪粪则增加了HA/FA比值。相关分析表明,施用秸秆和猪粪情况下土壤HA/FA与交换态Cd含量之间呈显著负相关关系（P＜0.05）。结果还表明,秸秆和猪粪对土壤交换态Cd含量的影响还与其对腐殖酸芳构化程度的影响有关,添加猪粪比添加秸秆的土壤腐殖酸芳构化程度大。因此,有机物质对土壤Cd有效性的影响与土壤有机质组成的变化密切相关。     

西安市污水处理厂污泥施用土壤中的探讨

利用黑麦幼苗法测定了西安污水厂污泥施用土壤中重金属总量及有效性的变化,探讨施用于土壤的可能性。结果表明除Ｐｂ、茎Ｃｕ、Ｎｉ外,Ｃｄ、Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ、Ｎｉ的含量均随尼施用量的增大而增大,除Ｐｂ、茎Ｃｕ、Ｎｉ外,其余均与污季用量呈显著、极显著相关;从有效性结果可以看出,有效性的大小顺序为Ｃｄ〉Ｚｎ〉Ｃｕ〉Ｎｉ〉Ｐｂ,由地下部向地上部转移比例最高的是Ｃu,其次为Ｚｎ〉Ｃｄ〉Ｎｉ〉Ｐｂ;污泥施用于土壤后,Ｃｄ     

秸秆炭化后还田对不同镉污染农田土壤中镉生物有效性和赋存形态的影响

通过土壤培养试验和生物盆栽试验,研究不同镉污染土壤上作物秸秆炭化后还田对不同镉污染土壤中镉的赋存形态和生物有效性影响,结果表明：在碱性的镉污染土壤上,秸秆炭化后还田降低了玉米地上部生物量,但对玉米地上部镉含量和镉吸收量无显著影响;在酸性的模拟镉污染土壤上秸秆炭化后还田对玉米生长无影响,但还田含镉的油菜秸秆黑炭显著增加了玉米地上部镉含量和镉吸收量;还田不含镉的玉米秸秆黑炭对镉污染土壤中DTPA提取态镉含量没有明显影响,但还田含镉的油菜秸秆黑炭显著增加了镉污染土壤中DTPA提取态镉含量;施用含镉的油菜秸秆黑炭增加了镉污染土壤中水溶和交换态镉含量;施用玉米和油菜秸秆黑炭均显著降低了模拟镉污染土壤中水溶和交换态镉含量;增加了松有机结合态、碳酸盐结合态和紧有机结合态镉含量;模拟镉污染土壤施用玉米和油菜秸秆黑炭6个月后土壤中水溶和交换态镉仍然是土壤镉的主要赋存形态,水溶和交换态镉占土壤全镉的70%以上。综合以上结果可知,秸秆黑炭不能降低污染土壤中镉的生物有效性和植物对土壤镉的吸收量。     

粤东凤凰山茶区土壤铜、铬化学形态分布及茶叶有效性研究

采用连续化学提取法对粤东凤凰山茶区12个大型茶园共60份土壤样品中Cu和Cr的5种化学形态分布和茶叶有效性进行研究。结果发现,土壤中Cu的5种化学形态的分布规律为残渣态〉有机束缚态〉铁锰氧化态〉碳酸盐态〉交换态,而Cr的化学形态分布为残渣态〉有机束缚态〉交换态〉碳酸盐态〉铁锰氧化态。可交换态Cu和有机束缚态Cu含量与土壤有机质呈显著正相关,而土壤pH值与土壤可交换态Cu呈极显著负相关,与碳酸盐态Cu呈极显著正相关,与有机束缚态Cu和铁锰氧化态Cu呈显著正相关。可交换态Cr含量与土壤有机质呈显著正相关,而土壤pH值与土壤可交换态Cr呈极显著负相关,与碳酸盐态Cr呈极显著正相关。凤凰山茶叶Cu含量的范围在41.20～118.93mg·kg^-1之间,平均为52.92mg·kg^-1。茶叶中Cu含量与土壤可交换态Cu、有机束缚态Cu、有机质都有显著的正相关性,而与土壤pH值有显著的负相关性。茶叶Cr含量的范围在2.73～6.29mg·kg^-1之间,平均为4.13mg·kg^-1。茶叶Cr含量与土壤有机质和pH值分布呈显著正相关和显著负相关。     

粤东凤凰山茶区土壤不同形态铅含量及其影响因素

通过对粤东凤凰山茶区12个大型茶园土壤和茶叶进行采样,采用连续提取法将茶园土壤Pb分为可交换态、碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化态、有机束缚态和残渣态,探讨茶园土壤Pb的5种化学形态分布与土壤理化性质、茶叶Pb含量的相关性关系。结果发现,土壤中Pb的5种化学形态分布的规律为残渣态〉铁锰氧化态〉交换态〉有机束缚态〉碳酸盐态。土壤有机质与可交换态Pb含量呈显著负相关,与碳酸盐结合态Pb呈极其显著负相关,而土壤pH值与土壤可交换态Pb呈显著负相关,与碳酸盐态Pb和有机束缚态Pb呈极其显著正相关。茶区12个茶园土壤样品的Pb生物有效性系数范围在0.029～0.113,平均值为0.061;Pb可迁移性系数范围在0.021～0.078,平均值为0.044。凤凰山茶叶Pb含量的范围在1.39～1.82 mg/kg之间,平均为1.56 mg/kg。茶叶中的Pb含量与土壤氧化物结合态Pb、有机束缚态Pb呈显著正相关,与土壤有机质呈极其显著正相关。     

黄土高原旱地连续施用锰肥的土壤效应研究

采用连续浸提形态分级方法，研究了连续施用锰肥17a后锰的土壤化学特性变化。结果表明：经过长期连续施用锰肥，土壤全锰和DTPA—Mn含量增加不多。土壤DTPA—Mn含量随试验时间的延长呈增加趋势，施锰土壤有效锰提高不多，土壤DTPA—Mn含量只增加了0．4～1．7mgkg^-1。土壤中的锰主要以矿物态存在，占土壤全锰含量的比例为87．3％～91.8％。碳酸盐态、氧化锰态和紧结有机态锰占全锰的比例相当，土壤中各形态锰按含量大致呈矿物态〉碳酸盐态〉氧化锰态〉紧结有机态〉松结有机态〉交换态的顺序。施入土壤的锰肥有91．1％～98．6％进入碳酸盐结合态、氧化锰结合态、紧结有机态和矿物态，只有很少一部分仍留在有效态锰库中。交换态和松结有机态锰对土壤锰的有效性起着主要作用，可以反映土壤锰的供给状况，碳酸盐态和紧结有机态锰不能反映土壤锰的有效性。     

不同有机肥中Cu、 Zn在农田土壤中的有效性与形态归趋

【目的】畜禽粪便有机肥的施用是造成我国农田土壤重金属污染的重要原因之一。本文选用两种典型规模化养殖场畜禽粪便有机肥,研究其在石灰性土壤和酸性土壤上施用1年后Cu、 Zn的有效性和形态归趋,为客观评价畜禽粪便有机肥中重金属进入土壤后的环境行为和生态风险提供理论依据。【方法】采用温室土壤培养试验,在石灰性土壤和酸性土壤上分别设对照(CK)、 施2%鸡粪(CM2%)、 施5%鸡粪(CM5%)、 施与CM2%、 CM5%含等量Cu、 Zn的重金属无机盐溶液(CS2%、 CS5%)、 施2%猪粪(PM2%)、 施5%猪粪(PM5%)、 施与PM2%、 PM5%含等量Cu、 Zn的重金属无机盐溶液(PS2%、 PS5%)9个处理,每个处理设3次重复,在温室条件下培养1年。测定土壤pH值, EDTA提取有效态Cu、 Zn以及采用改进Tessier连续提取法提取的各形态Cu、 Zn的含量,分析鸡粪、 猪粪及等量无机盐溶液中Cu、 Zn进入土壤后的有效性和形态归趋。【结果】施用鸡粪和猪粪1年后,石灰性土壤的pH值降低,酸性土壤的pH值升高,施用5%猪粪时石灰性土壤pH值降低了0.23个单位,酸性土壤pH值升高了0.87个单位。施入鸡粪、 猪粪1年后,石灰性土壤中有效态Zn和酸性土壤中有效态Cu、 Zn含量显著增加,施用5%猪粪时酸性土壤中有效态Cu含量增加了1.95倍,施用5%鸡粪时2种土壤中有效态Cu的含量均显著低于等量无机盐。施用鸡粪和等量无机盐后,2种土壤中交换态和有机结合态Cu的含量显著增加,交换态、 碳酸盐结合态、 有机结合态和铁锰氧化物结合态Zn的含量显著增加; 施用猪粪和等量无机盐后,2种土壤中交换态、 铁锰氧化物结合态和有机结合态Cu的含量显著增加,碳酸盐结合态和铁锰氧化物结合态Zn的含量显著增加。【结论】施用鸡粪、 猪粪提高了石灰性土壤中Zn和酸性土壤中Cu、 Zn的有效性,高用量条件下鸡粪中Cu的有效性低于等量无机盐。1年后, 通过畜禽粪便有机肥带入2种土壤中的Cu 主要以交换态和有机结合态的形式存在,Zn则主要以碳酸盐结合态、 铁锰氧化物结合态和有机结合态的形式存在。2种土壤上有机肥带入的Cu、 Zn转化为铁锰氧化物结合态的比例低于等量无机盐,2种有机肥带入2种土壤中的Cu转化为交换态和有机结合态的比例高于等量无机盐。鸡粪带入的Zn转化为交换态的比例在酸性土壤中低于等量无机盐,但在石灰性土壤中则高于等量无机盐。     

长期不同施肥对旱地红壤性质和作物生长的影响

通过对红壤旱地连续13年定位监测研究,发现在红壤旱地长期坚持有机肥料与无机肥料配合施用,土壤有机质含量逐步提高,土壤有机质从开始的11.5g/kg上升到24.3g/kg,增加的有机质以易氧化的有机质为主,稳定性高的有机质较少。红壤长期施用化学磷,明显提高土壤有效磷含量,土壤供磷性能大为改善,施用有机肥料能减少土壤对磷的固定,提高磷肥的有效性和利用率。红壤长期施用单一化学肥料,土壤明显酸化,土壤交换性氢铝显著增加,作物生长变差,产量降低。施用有机肥料,明显降低土壤交换性氢铝含量,增加土壤养分,保持作物的稳产和高产。     

硅藻土有机肥对Cd-Zn复合污染土壤重金属形态和有效性的影响

通过室内土壤培养试验研究硅藻土有机肥对Cd、Zn复合污染土壤重金属形态和有效性的影响。结果表明,添加硅藻土有机肥可提高Cd、Zn复合污染土壤的pH值,降低土壤有效态Cd、Zn的含量。硅藻土有机肥对Cd、Zn复合污染土壤Cd、Zn形态有明显的影响,表现为明显降低土壤交换态、松结有机态Cd、Zn含量,提高紧结有机态和残渣态Cd、Zn含量。相关分析表明,土壤交换态、松结有机态Cd、Zn的含量与土壤有效态Cd、Zn的含量均呈极显著相关,氧化锰结合态Cd与土壤有效态Cd含量显著相关。硅藻土有机肥用量(土壤重量的5%和10%)对土壤有效态Cd、Zn和不同形态Cd、Zn含量无显著差异。     

施用有机物料对土壤镉形态的影响

采用室内培养试验,研究作物新鲜秸秆和腐熟猪粪对模拟镉（Cd）污染的土壤中Cd形态转化的动态影响。结果表明,各处理土壤交换态Cd含量随培养时间均逐渐降低。碳酸盐结合态和铁锰氧化物结合态Cd含量先增加后降低, 而有机质结合态和残渣态Cd含量则逐渐增加。添加秸秆可增加土壤交换态Cd含量,但随时间延长,增幅逐渐降低, 猪粪则可降低土壤交换态Cd含量。添加有机物后土壤交换态Cd含量的变化主要是由有机质结合态或残渣态Cd含量的变化而引起。秸秆和猪粪对土壤Cd形态的转化与土壤胡敏酸（HA）和富里酸（FA）的变化有关。秸秆对能活化土壤Cd的FA增加幅度大于对能钝化土壤Cd的HA增加幅度,降低HA/FA比,但降幅随时间逐渐减少; 猪粪在整个培养阶段对HA增加幅度均大于FA的增加幅度,增加HA/FA比。秸秆和猪粪均可降低潮土pH而提高红壤pH,但只有猪粪可通过提高红壤pH降低Cd向交换态转化。添加秸秆和猪粪后,Cd由低活性态向交换态转化与HA/FA呈显著负相关。     

淹水条件下有机物料对潮土外源镉形态及化学性质的影响

在室内淹水培养条件下,运用连续提取法研究稻草、紫云英和猪粪对潮土中外源镉的形态及土壤化学性质的影响。结果表明,有机物料显著增加了土壤有机碳,pH,活性氧化物的含量。有机碳的增加显著地增加紧有机结合态镉含量,而显著地降低了交换态镉的含量。并随着时间的增长,影响更显著。交换态镉的含量与Eh值呈显著的正相关,而紧有机结合态镉与Eh值呈显著的负相关。     

有机肥施用和外源镉添加对土壤理化性质、油菜生长及其镉积累的影响

采用盆栽试验方法，研究了施用鸡粪、牛粪、蚯蚓粪对外源添加不同浓度Cd土壤的酶活性等性状、盆栽作物油菜生长及其Cd吸收积累的影响；试验供试土壤Cd添加浓度为0、1、10、50 mg kg?1，以不施有机肥为对照、3种有机肥用量均为4%。结果表明:施用有机肥使土壤有机质含量、酶活性显著提高，施用鸡粪、牛粪处理土壤脲酶、磷酸酶活性最高，施用蚯蚓粪处理土壤的过氧化氢酶活性最高，但土壤pH值受施用有机肥的影响不明显。外源Cd的添加使土壤酶活性下降、且下降幅度与Cd添加浓度成正比；在高浓度添加Cd（10、50 mg kg?1）土壤，与对照相比三种有机肥处理有机结合态Cd比例提高37.6% ~ 117.3%，交换态Cd比例降低了14.7% ~ 28.3%。在Cd添加浓度为0、1、10 mg kg?1土壤，施用有机肥处理与对照相比，油菜叶片叶绿素含量、产量显著提高，且施用鸡粪和牛粪的效果又好于施用蚯蚓粪；而在Cd添加浓度50 mg kg?1土壤，只有施用蚯蚓粪处理油菜的叶绿素含量和产量提高，较未施用有机肥处理分别提高了38.8%和290%。在Cd添加量为10、50 mg kg?1土壤，施用有机肥处理油菜植株体内Cd浓度较未施有机肥处理下降了14.2% ~ 27.7%，而油菜体内Cd含量的降低效果以施用蚯蚓粪处理最好，优于施用鸡粪、牛粪处理。总之，从降低油菜体内Cd含量和提高油菜产量来看，在添加Cd浓度低于10 mg kg?1的土壤，施用鸡粪、牛粪的效果较好，而在添加Cd浓度达到50 mg kg?1的土壤则以施用蚯蚓粪的效果为更好。     

水分和有机物料对锌污染土壤改良的耦合效应

通过室内培养和盆栽试验相结合的方式,系统研究了3种土壤水分含量条件下,添加不同有机物料对锌污染土壤的改良效应。研究结果表明:淹水、田间持水量和65%相对含水量条件下添加有机物料均有利于污染土壤中可交换态Zn含量的降低,铁锰氧化物及有机结合态Zn含量的增加。3种水分条件培养土壤中,以淹水条件下,麦苗体内Zn的含量最低,麦苗的生长发育最好。田间持水量和65%相对含水量条件下麦苗部分发育指标差异不显著。添加不同有机物料对促进麦苗生长的影响顺序大致为:蚯蚓粪草炭猪粪CK。     

Effect of Organic Materials on Partitioning,Extractability and Plant Uptake of Metals in an Alum Shale Soil

Soils developed on sulphide-bearing shale (alum shale) in Norway contain naturally high amount of heavy metals. We conducted a greenhouse pot experiment to study the effect of four rates (0, 2, 4, and 8%) and three sources (cow manure, pig manure and peat soil) of organic matter in partitioning and distribution, extractability and plant uptake of Cd, Cu, Ni and Zn in an alum shale soil. Sequential extraction scheme was used to determine the distribution patterns of metals in the soil. DTPA was used for extracting the metals from the soil. Wheat (Triticum aestivum) was used as a test crop to study the plant uptake of metals. The highest amount of Cd was present in the exchangeable fraction, irrespective of the rate and source of organic matter applied. Copper, Ni, and Zn, on the other hand, were present only in small quantities in this fraction. The largest fraction of Cu was associated with organic matter and the amounts present in the oxide, carbonate and exchangeable fractions were very small. Nickel and Zn were found mainly in the residual fraction. Increasing rates of cow and pig manure decreased the amounts of Cd and Ni associated with the exchangeable fraction whereas, the addition of peat soil at the same rate increased the amounts of these metals associated with this fraction. This effect of organic matter was primarily associated with the change in soil pH caused by different organic matter sources. The DTPA-extractable metals were decreased with increasing rates of organic matter application, irrespective of its source. Grain and straw yields of wheat were decreased with increasing rates of organic matter. The application of organic matter increased the Cu and Zn concentrations in both grain and straw. The concentration of all metals was lower in plants grown in the cow manure amended soil as compared to those grown in the soil amended with either pig manure or peat soil. These results sugggest that the source of organic matter was a determining factor for metal distribution in the soil and for metal uptake by plants. In this study cow manure slightly increased the soil pH and thus was more effective than either pig manure or peat soil in reducing the plant uptake of metals but in general the efficiency of the organic material in reducing heavy metal uptake was small.     

有机物料对淹水土壤中施入的镉形态的影响

The effect of three organic materials(rice straw,Chinese milk vetch and pig manure)on the fractionation of cadmium added into two soils(a red soil and a fluvo-aquic soil) was studied using submerged incubation experiment.The organic materials increased soil soild organic carbon(SOC),pH value,the concentration of active Si in all the treatments and active Fe and Mn in some treatments.Accumulated SOC caused directly the increase of Cd bound to solid organic matter and consequently the decrease of exchangeable Cd.Higher active Si and pH,as well as lower Eh,were also responsible for the reduction of exchangeable Cd.Cd bound to mn oxide was positively correlated with pH values and rose significantly after one-month incubation,but decreased after three-month incubation.Cd bound to amporphous Fe oxide increased with the incubation time,but was not affected significantly by adding organic materials.     

鸡粪和垃圾有机肥对苋菜生长及土壤重金属积累的影响

采用盆栽试验,在红壤和潮土中分别施入土壤重量5%、10%和15%的鸡粪或垃圾有机肥,研究其对苋菜（Amaranthustricoclor L.）生长、土壤化学性状及重金属含量的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,施入鸡粪或垃圾有机肥显著增加苋菜的鲜重、主根长和株高;土壤有机质、EC值、速效磷和速效钾含量均大幅增加,但土壤全氮含量无明显变化。与对照相比,潮土中施用两类有机肥使苋菜植株Cu和Zn含量分别增加26.3%~36.0%和1.2%~20.3%,但未超出国家食品卫生标准对Cu和Zn的允许含量;Cd、Cr和Pb含量都较对照降低,没有出现积累现象。红壤施用两类有机肥,苋菜植株中Zn、Cd和Pb分别下降42.7%~59.9%、0~48.9%和4.1%~71.3%,达到显著水平。有机肥的施入量为5%时,两类土壤中重金属都没有出现明显积累;当施入量为10%和15%时,两类土壤的Cu、Cd、Cr和Pb含量显著增加,出现明显积累趋势,其中除了施用鸡粪使土壤有效Cu含量下降外,两种有机肥均增加了两类土壤中重金属Zn、Cd、Cr和Pb的有效态含量。试验结果提示,从土壤培肥与环境质量安全综合考虑,有机肥的用量应控制在一个适宜范围内。     

Distribution and Speciation of Chromium and Cadmium in an Organic and Inorganic Fertilized Chernozem

Fertilizers are widely applied in agricultural practice to improve crop yield and quality. However, they can also alter the behavior of soil pollutants. A field experiment was conducted on a chernozem in Heilongjiang Province, China. Various proportions of inorganic nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and organic (manure) fertilizers were applied. Soil samples were collected four times over 2 years, and the total concentrations and speciation of chromium (Cr) and cadmium (Cd) were analyzed. Inorganic fertilizer addition had little effect on the total concentration of Cr and Cd, while organic fertilizer addition reduced the total concentrations of both Cr and Cd. Inorganic fertilizers increased the concentration of Cr in the exchangeable form, but decreased that of the residual form (P < 0.05). Addition of inorganic or organic fertilizer alone decreased concentrations of exchangeable Cd (P < 0.05), but the combination of inorganic and organic fertilizers had the opposite effect. High concentration of total Cd exceeding the upper limits of the Environmental Quality Standard for Soils proposed by the Ministry of Environmental Protection of China could result in an environmental risk, and fertilizer application could lower that risk. Results of risk assessment code calculated as the percentage of the sum of metal concentrations in the exchangeable and carbonate-associated form in total metal concentration showed that Cr and Cd risks were lowered when organic fertilizer was applied alone or in combination with inorganic fertilizers. Our study highlighted that organic fertilizer should be applied alone or in combination with inorganic fertilizers to lower the environmental risks of Cr and Cd pollution in the chernozem.     

水分和有机物料对镉污染土壤的改良效应

通过室内培养和盆栽试验相结合的方式,系统研究了3种土壤水分含量条件下,添加不同有机物料对镉(Cd)污染土壤的改良效应。研究结果表明:淹水、田间持水量和65%相对含水量条件下添加有机物料均有利于污染土壤中可交换态Cd含量的降低,铁锰氧化物及有机结合态Cd含量的增加。随土壤中水分含量的增加,影响程度增加,即淹水>田间持水量>65%相对含水量。3种水分条件下,添加蚯蚓粪处理Cd活性降低明显,其次为猪粪处理,草炭处理相对较差。淹水条件下,油菜体内Cd的含量最低,田间持水量和65%相对含水量条件下油菜部分发育指标差异不显著。添加不同有机物料各处理促进油菜生长的顺序大致为:蚯蚓粪>草炭>CK>猪粪。