冻融交替对不同施肥水平的黑土中氮磷元素含量的影响

为探究冻融交替对不同施肥水平的黑土中氮磷元素含量变化的影响,对东北地区的黑土进行了模拟冻融处理,并分析其氮磷指标（总氮磷、有效氮磷）的变化。结果表明,冻融交替处理后黑土中全氮的含量会降低,而有效氮和有效磷的含量会提高。单独施加无机肥会加剧冻融交替造成的土壤全氮流失（P<0.05）,5次冻融交替后有效氮含量的增长率降低,有效磷含量的增长率升高。5次冻融交替后,施加有机肥的土壤全氮和全磷含量无显著变化,有效氮和有效磷含量增长率均显著提高（P<0.05）。在寒冷地区冻融条件下的农业生产实践过程中,应适当提高有机肥的施用量,以抑制黑土中氮元素的流失,增强氮磷元素的可用性,保持土壤肥力并降低水体富营养化的风险。     

Long‐term effects of manure and fertilization on soil organic matter and quality parameters of a calcareous soil in NW China

Long‐term applications of inorganic fertilizers and farmyard manure influence organic matter as well as other soil‐quality parameters, but the magnitude of change depends on soil‐climatic conditions. Effects of 22 annual applications (1982–2003) of N, P, and K inorganic fertilizers and farmyard manure (M) on total organic carbon (TOC) and nitrogen (TON), light‐fraction organic C (LFOC) and N (LFON), microbial‐biomass C (MB‐C) and N (MB‐N), total and extractable P, total and exchangeable K, and pH in 0–20 cm soil, nitrate‐N (NO ‐N) in 0–210 cm soil, and N, P, and K balance sheets were determined using a field experiment established in 1982 on a calcareous desert soil (Orthic Anthrosol) at Zhangye, Gansu, China. A rotation of irrigated wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)‐wheat‐corn (Zea mays L.) was used to compare the control, N, NP, NPK, M, MN, MNP, and MNPK treatments. Annual additions of inorganic fertilizers for 22 y increased mass of LFON, MB‐N, total P, extractable P, and exchangeable K in topsoil. This effect was generally enhanced with manure application. Application of manure also increased mass of TOC and MB‐C in soil, and tended to increase LFOC, TON, and MB‐N. There was no noticeable effect of fertilizer and manure application on soil pH. There was a close relationship between some soil‐quality parameters and the amount of C or N in straw that was returned to the soil. The N fertilizer alone resulted in accumulation of large amounts of NO ‐N at the 0–210 cm soil depth, accounting for 6% of the total applied N, but had the lowest recovery of applied N in the crop (34%). Manure alone resulted in higher NO ‐N in the soil profile compared with the control, and the MN treatment had the highest amount of NO ‐N in the soil profile. Application of N in combination with P and/or K fertilizers in both manured and unmanured treatments usually reduced NO ‐N accumulation in the soil profile compared with N alone and increased the N recovery in the crop as much as 66%. The N that was unaccounted for, as a percentage of applied N, was highest in the N‐alone treatment (60%) and lowest in the NPK treatment (30%). In the manure + chemical fertilizer treatments, the unaccounted N ranged from 35% to 43%. Long‐term P fertilization resulted in accumulation of extractable P in the surface soil. Compared to the control, the amount of P in soil‐plant system was surplus in plots that received P as fertilizer and/or manure, and the unaccounted P as percentage of applied P ranged from 64% to 80%. In the no‐manure plots, the unaccounted P decreased from 72% in NP to 64% in NPK treatment from increased P uptake due to balanced fertilization. Compared to the control, the amount of K in soil‐plant system was deficit in NPK treatment, i.e., the recovery of K in soil + plant was more than the amount of applied K. In manure treatments, the recovery of applied K in crop increased from 26% in M to 61% in MNPK treatment, but the unaccounted K decreased from 72% in M to 37% in MNPK treatment. The findings indicated that integrated application of N, P, and K fertilizers and manure is an important strategy to maintain or increase soil organic C and N, improve soil fertility, maintain nutrients balance, and minimize damage to the environment, while also improving crop yield.     

肥料重金属含量状况及施肥对土壤和作物重金属富集的影响

本文对肥料中重金属的含量状况以及施肥对土壤和农作物重金属累积影响的研究进展进行了系统分析和总结。过磷酸钙中锌（Zn）、 铜（Cu）、 镉（Cd）、 铅（Pb）含量高于氮肥、 钾肥和三元复合肥,有机-无机复混肥料中的Pb含量高于其他化肥。有机肥如畜禽粪便、 污泥及其堆肥中的重金属含量高于化肥,猪粪中的Cu、 Zn、 砷（As）、 Cd含量明显高于其他有机废弃物,鸡粪中铬（Cr）含量高;污泥和垃圾堆肥中Pb或汞（Hg）含量高。商品有机肥Zn、 Pb和镍（Ni）含量高于堆肥,Hg含量高于畜禽粪便。多数研究表明,氮磷钾配施与不施肥相比土壤Cd和Pb含量增加,施用有机肥比不施肥提高土壤Cu、 Zn、 Pb、 Cd含量。施用化肥对农作物重金属富集的影响不明确,而施用有机肥可提高作物可食部位Cu、 Zn、 Cd、 Pb 的含量,影响大小与有机肥种类、 用量、 土壤类型和pH以及作物种类等有很大关系。在今后的研究中应着重以下几个方面, 1）典型种植体系下土壤重金属的投入/产出平衡; 2）不同种植体系下长期不同施肥措施对土壤重金属含量、 有效性影响的动态趋势; 3）典型种植体系和施肥措施下土壤对重金属的最高承载年限; 4）现有施肥措施下肥料中重金属的最高限量标准。     

肥料混施对赤红壤氮磷淋失特征的影响

采用室内模拟土柱淋洗方法研究了无机复合肥、有机复合肥、猪粪堆肥和花生麸4种肥料单施和两两混施条件下氮磷在赤红壤中的淋失特征。结果表明,各处理总氮淋失率在43.2%～74.8%之间,总磷淋失率在0.01%～0.08%之间,赤红壤中肥料氮淋失严重,肥料磷淋失有限。肥料单施处理的无机氮淋失量和有机氮基本相近,肥料混施处理的无机氮淋失量远高于有机氮;各施肥处理磷的淋失均以颗粒磷为主。肥料混施显著增加铵态氮和无机氮淋失,减少有机氮和总氮淋失。猪粪与复合肥混施减少颗粒磷和总磷淋失,花生麸与复合肥混施则促进颗粒磷和总磷淋失,所有混施处理均减少可溶性磷淋失。肥料混施对赤红壤氮磷淋失特征具有显著的混施效应。     

Influences of Nitrification Inhibitor 3,4-Dimethylpyrazole Phosphate on Heavy Metals and Inorganic Nitrogen Transformation in the Rice Field Surface Water

Agricultural intensification has led to the use of high inputs of chemical fertilizers into rice-cultivated lands, and nitrogen and heavy metals in runoff loss from land were a major environmental problem. It is important to mitigate nitrogen and heavy metal pollution for the water body. The nitrogen and heavy metal transformation in the rice field surface water was studied by applied combined organic and inorganic nitrogen fertilizer plus the nitrification inhibitor 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) in the sandy loam paddy soil and blue clayey paddy soil. The results showed that, the application of DMPP in the rice field in organic and inorganic fertilizer combined application models decreased the heavy metal average concentration of total Cu, Zn, and Cd by 22.1 to 30.2, 33.1 to 36.9, and 10.9 to 17.5% in surface water, respectively. Furthermore, in the sandy loam paddy soil and blue clayey paddy soil, the nitrate, nitrite, and total inorganic nitrogen concentrations decreased by 44.4 and 59.6, 90.3 and 88.6, and 14.2 and 25.4% in the rice field surface water with the DMPP addition, in the organic and inorganic fertilizer combined application models in the rice field, respectively. DMPP could be used as an effective nitrification inhibitor to decline the potential nitrogen and heavy metals runoff loss in the combined application models of organic and inorganic fertilizers in some rice fields, minimizing the nitrogen and heavy metal transformation risk from agricultural fields to the water body and being beneficial for protecting the ecological environment.     

Effects of Continuous Use of Chemical Fertilizers and Manure on Soil Fertility and Productivity of Maize–Wheat under Rainfed Conditions of the Western Himalayas

Long-term effects of continuous use of chemical fertilizers and manure on soil fertility and productivity of a maize–wheat system were investigated in the ongoing long-term fertilizer experiment, during rabi (2007–2008) and kharif (2008) seasons at the research farm of Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University–Hill Agricultural Research and Extension Centre, Dhaulakuan. After 16 cropping cycles, bulk density decreased in plots where farmyard manure (FYM) was applied, whereas pH decreased in all the treatments. The organic carbon content of the soil increased in all the treatments except 100% nitrogen (N). Cation exchange capacity (CEC) increased in all the treatments over the initial status of the soil. Available N showed buildup over the initial status in most of the treatments. Available phosphorus (P) declined from initial status in treatments where only N was applied alone or with FYM. There was reduction in available potassium (K) status in all the treatments except 100% NPK. Continuous addition of FYM with balanced application of inorganic fertilizers improved content of exchangeable calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) over initial status compared to imbalanced application of fertilizers. Continuous use of imbalanced inorganic fertilizers resulted in lesser crop yields and nutrient uptake compared to that with the application of balanced dose of inorganic fertilizers with FYM.     

农业废弃物中重金属含量特征及农用风险评估

为了解江西省主要农业废弃物中重金属污染状况和评估其再利用产物农用的安全性,在江西省内采集了水稻秸秆、蔬菜废弃物、猪粪和牛粪等样品,对样品中铬、镍、铜、锌、砷、镉、汞和铅重金属含量进行了测定与风险评估。结果表明,动物性废弃物中重金属含量和超标率明显高于植物性废弃物,其中猪粪属于重度污染,牛粪为轻度污染,植物性废弃物尚处于安全水平。若以江西省农业废弃物为原料制成有机肥,并长期施用于设施菜地,猪粪有机肥施用8.4、15.3和23.9 a后土壤中Cu、Cd和Zn将陆续超标,牛粪有机肥施用23.3 a后土壤中Cu将超标,水稻秸秆、蔬菜废弃物有机肥施用约29a后土壤中Cd将超标,故农业废弃物有机肥须严格控制原料中重金属含量,其农用的长期安全性有待加强监测。     

Nitrogen and/or phosphorus fertilization effects on organic carbon and mineral contents in the rhizosphere of field grown sorghum

The effects of nitrogen (N) and/or phosphorus (P) fertilizers on the nutritional status in the rhizosphere were studied by monitoring throughout the growth period the concentrations of organic carbon (C), inorganic N, NaHCO₃ extractable P, exchangeable K, Ca, and Mg in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) down in an Alfisol field, and of all these elements except for extractable P, and exchangeable Ca in a Vertisol field in semi-arid tropical India. These concentrations were compared between the rhizosphere soil and bulk soil of sorghum grown in both fields.

Organic C content of the rhizosphere soil increased with plant age and was significantly higher than that in the bulk soil throughout the growth of sorghum, but it was not affected by the rates of N or P fertilizer. Inorganic N concentration in the rhizosphere soil was significantly higher than that in the bulk soil until maturity in sorghum. The content of available P in the rhizosphere soil was significantly higher than in the bulk soil after the middle of the growth stage. Its average concentration in the rhizosphere soil across growth stages was significantly higher than in the bulk soil, which contradicts the observation in many reports that there is a depletion of P in the rhizosphere soil. The concentration of three exchangeable cations, K, Ca, and Mg, showed different patterns in the rhizosphere and the bulk soils. The concentration of K was almost constantly higher in the rhizosphere soil than in the bulk soil, Ca concentration was not different between the two soils, and Mg concentration was significantly higher in the bulk soil than in the rhizosphere soil. The reasons for these discrepancies cannot be explained at present. The concentrations of these cations were not affected by the rate of N or P fertilizer except for Mg at a later growth stage. The differences between rhizosphere and bulk soils in Alfisol were similar to those in Yertisol with respect to the concentration of organic C, inorganic N, and exchangeable K and Mg.     

有机肥施用和外源镉添加对土壤理化性质、油菜生长及其镉积累的影响

采用盆栽试验方法，研究了施用鸡粪、牛粪、蚯蚓粪对外源添加不同浓度Cd土壤的酶活性等性状、盆栽作物油菜生长及其Cd吸收积累的影响；试验供试土壤Cd添加浓度为0、1、10、50 mg kg?1，以不施有机肥为对照、3种有机肥用量均为4%。结果表明:施用有机肥使土壤有机质含量、酶活性显著提高，施用鸡粪、牛粪处理土壤脲酶、磷酸酶活性最高，施用蚯蚓粪处理土壤的过氧化氢酶活性最高，但土壤pH值受施用有机肥的影响不明显。外源Cd的添加使土壤酶活性下降、且下降幅度与Cd添加浓度成正比；在高浓度添加Cd（10、50 mg kg?1）土壤，与对照相比三种有机肥处理有机结合态Cd比例提高37.6% ~ 117.3%，交换态Cd比例降低了14.7% ~ 28.3%。在Cd添加浓度为0、1、10 mg kg?1土壤，施用有机肥处理与对照相比，油菜叶片叶绿素含量、产量显著提高，且施用鸡粪和牛粪的效果又好于施用蚯蚓粪；而在Cd添加浓度50 mg kg?1土壤，只有施用蚯蚓粪处理油菜的叶绿素含量和产量提高，较未施用有机肥处理分别提高了38.8%和290%。在Cd添加量为10、50 mg kg?1土壤，施用有机肥处理油菜植株体内Cd浓度较未施有机肥处理下降了14.2% ~ 27.7%，而油菜体内Cd含量的降低效果以施用蚯蚓粪处理最好，优于施用鸡粪、牛粪处理。总之，从降低油菜体内Cd含量和提高油菜产量来看，在添加Cd浓度低于10 mg kg?1的土壤，施用鸡粪、牛粪的效果较好，而在添加Cd浓度达到50 mg kg?1的土壤则以施用蚯蚓粪的效果为更好。     

Growth Parameters,Leaf Characteristics and Nutrient Status of Banana as Influenced by Organics,Biofertilizers and Bioagents

Nutrients play an important role in improving productivity and quality of banana. It has been observed that the nutrient applied alone was less effective in improving banana production as compared to nutrients applied in combination with organic manures and biofertilizers. Keeping in view the conservation of soil health and quality production on a long-term basis, a field experiment was conducted during 2009–2011 to find out the influence of Integrated Nutrient Management of banana on leaf characteristics, growth and nutrient status of tissue cultured banana cv. ‘Grand Naine’. The study indicates that combination of inorganic fertilizers with organic manures, biofertilizers and bioagents significantly increased growth parameters, leaf characteristics, and leaf nutrient status of banana. The leaf characteristics in terms of functional leaves, total number of leaves, phyllochron, leaf area, and leaf area index were significantly influenced by the combination of inorganic fertilizers with different biofertilizers and organic manures. Similarly, leaf nutrient status like nitrogen, phosphorus pentoxide_, (P₂O₅), potassium dioxide (K₂O), and leaf relative water content were also influenced greatly by different nutrients. Treatment involving combination of 100% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) + arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) + Azospirillum+ Trichoderma harzianum showed overall superiority in most of the parameters.     

Nutrient uptake and residual effect of organic treatments applied to vegetable–rice system in an acid soil

Direct and residual effects of organic treatments and in combination with inorganic fertilizers applied to acid soils were studied in the okra–rice system. Among the treatments studied, vermicompost (V.C) and poultry manure improved soil pH and exhibited liming effect, whereas inorganic fertilizer decreased soil pH. Inorganic fertilizer contributed to 78% of net return in okra but the residual effect was observed in inorganic and V.C combination. Soil available nitrogen and potassium had increased at 100% recommended dose, compensated crop uptake at 75%, but depletion was observed at 50%. Uptake of nitrogen was higher for okra from inorganic fertilizer but higher phosphorus and potassium uptake from V.C was observed for rice. Organic treatments showed better correlation between soil pH and zinc (Zn) uptake by okra and significant residual effect on rice. But it reduced the solubility of iron (Fe) and its uptake by okra and indicated a negative correlation between pH and diethylene triamine penta acetic acid-extractable Fe²⁺.     

Tomato fruit yield and quality are affected by organic and inorganic fertilization and cadmium pollution

The effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd) (0, 3, 30, and 100 mg.kg^‐1) and different fertilizers on the yield and quality of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill cv. Marmande) fruits were evaluated in a calcareous soil (Haploxeroll calcic). Two types of fertilizer were applied, one organic with the addition of sewage sludge and other inorganic with amounts of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) equivalent to those due to the sewage sludge incorporation. Plants fertilized with sewage sludge produced the highest yield. Very little difference was found in fruit quality due to fertilization and the presence of Cd had no significant effect on yield and quality of fruit.     

不同肥料配合对温室迷你黄瓜硝酸盐含量及品质的影响

试验研究了单施氮肥、氮磷、氮钾、氮磷钾、有机肥与氮磷钾、有机肥与减半氮磷钾、有机肥与生物有机肥、有机肥与酵素菌肥，有机肥与生物有机肥和酵素菌肥配施，对日光温室春茬迷你黄瓜不同采收期、追肥后不同间隔天数采收果实的硝酸盐含量变化、品质以及总产量的影响。结果表明：采收中期果实硝酸盐含量较高，采收初期和后期较低；一次追肥后果实硝酸盐含量先上升，在6～9d达最高值，之后下降；在每公顷最高施氮量600kg的条件下，不同施肥配合果实中的硝酸盐含量和53．1～145．9mg/kg之间，合理的氮肥用量并不会造成迷你黄瓜果实内硝酸盐含量的积累；迷你黄瓜品质以有机肥配合无机肥施用最好；降低有机无机配合处理中无机肥用量或完全施用有机肥不会生产出品质最优的产品，但产量以有机肥与酵素菌肥、生物有机肥配施和有机肥配施一定量的氮磷钾无机肥增产效果较好。     

浙江省商品有机肥中重金属含量变化趋势及风险管控对策

  【目的】  有机肥是农业生产的重要肥源，了解有机肥质量安全现状，可为有机肥合理施用和管控提供参考。  【方法】  于2017年采集浙江省96家有机肥生产企业共99个商品有机肥样品，研究分析其Hg、As、Cd、Pb、Cr、Cu、Zn和Ni 8种重金属含量、分布特征、污染成因及施用风险。并与2013年文献进行比较，分析重金属含量的变化。  【结果】  1) 商品有机肥中Hg、As、Cd、Pb、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni的平均含量分别为0.17、5.5、0.63、17.3、33.2、213.8、660.5、17.7 mg/kg，变异系数为54.9%～151.3%，含量差异较大。相比2013年，Cd、Pb、Cr、Hg和As含量在2017年均有所降低，降幅为23.0%～72.7%，其中Hg和As含量大体呈逐年下降趋势，2017年较2009年平均含量分别下降74.2%和51.8%，Cr和Pb平均含量较2010年分别下降74.9%和54.4%，Cd平均含量在近4年降幅明显，2017年较2013年下降72.7%。但商品有机肥中As仍有8.1%超标，Cu、Zn含量偏高，Ni含量有增加趋势。Cu、Zn、Ni是浙江省商品有机肥主要风险因子。2) 主成分和相关性分析表明，Cu-Zn、Cr-Ni-Hg、Cd-Pb重金属污染来源具有同源性。Cu、Zn、As以饲料添加来源为主，Cr、Hg、Ni主要来源于饲料原料本身，Cd、Pb则以饲料原料本身、生产粘结剂或生产环境来源为主。3) 商品有机肥成分配方复杂，猪粪原料占比较大，其次为鸡粪和牛粪。根据NY 525—2012有机肥重金属限量标准，以猪粪为主要原料的有机肥As超标率9.6%，以鸡粪、羊粪为主要原料的有机肥未出现重金属超标，根据德国腐熟堆肥重金属限量标准，以猪粪和鸡粪为主要原料的有机肥Cu、Zn超标样品较多，Ni只在以猪粪和鸡粪为主要原料的有机肥中出现超标。4) 长期施用含重金属商品有机肥，存在土壤重金属积累风险。按有机肥年施肥量30 t/hm2推算，Cu、Zn和Cd风险相对较大，安全使用年限分别为14、18、34 年。  【结论】  浙江省商品有机肥总体质量安全程度较高，有机肥中Cr、Pb、Hg、As、Cd含量近年来得到较好的控制，但Cu、Zn、Ni含量偏高，部分As含量超标，长期施用条件下存在土壤重金属累积风险，因此需加强对有机肥中重金属的管控，制定商品有机肥中Cu、Zn、Ni限量标准，以保障土壤长期可持续利用。     

硅藻土有机肥对Cd-Zn复合污染土壤重金属形态和有效性的影响

通过室内土壤培养试验研究硅藻土有机肥对Cd、Zn复合污染土壤重金属形态和有效性的影响。结果表明,添加硅藻土有机肥可提高Cd、Zn复合污染土壤的pH值,降低土壤有效态Cd、Zn的含量。硅藻土有机肥对Cd、Zn复合污染土壤Cd、Zn形态有明显的影响,表现为明显降低土壤交换态、松结有机态Cd、Zn含量,提高紧结有机态和残渣态Cd、Zn含量。相关分析表明,土壤交换态、松结有机态Cd、Zn的含量与土壤有效态Cd、Zn的含量均呈极显著相关,氧化锰结合态Cd与土壤有效态Cd含量显著相关。硅藻土有机肥用量(土壤重量的5%和10%)对土壤有效态Cd、Zn和不同形态Cd、Zn含量无显著差异。     

Effects of organic fertilizers on yam productivity and some soil properties of a nutrient-depleted tropical Alfisol

Field experiments were conducted at Owo, southwest Nigeria to select organic fertilizer treatments most suitable for sustaining high soil fertility and yam productivity on a nutrient-depleted tropical Alfisol. Eight organic fertilizer treatments were applied at 20 t ha^?1 with a reference treatment inorganic fertilizer (NPK 15–15–15) at 400 kg ha^?1 and natural soil fertility (control), laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Results showed that organic fertilizers significantly increased (p = 0.05) tuber weight and growth of yam, soil and leaf N, P, K, Ca and Mg, soil pH and organic C concentrations compared with the NSF (control). The oil palm bunch ash + poultry manure treatment increased tuber weight, vine length, number of leaves and leaf area of yam by 66, 25, 21 and 52%, respectively, compared with inorganic fertilizer (NPK) and 37, 22, 19 and 44%, respectively, compared with poultry manure alone. Sole or mixed forms of organic fertilizers showed significant improvement in soil physical conditions compared with IF (NPK) and NSF (control). Synergistic use of oil palm bunch ash + poultry manure at 10 t ha^?1 each was most effective for sustainable management of soils and for improving agronomic productivity of yam.     

京郊有机肥料的质量状况分析

调查分析了北京市125个有代表性的商品有机肥和传统有机肥样品的养分状况、重金属含量及部分微生物学指标.结果表明,目前北京地区有机肥品质并不理想.商品有机肥中,有73.7%的样品有机质含量低于标准,44.7%的样品养分含量不符合标准,73.7%的样品pH值、39.5%的样品含水量不符合标准.传统有机肥的有机质、全氮、全磷含量均高于商品有机肥,但含水量超过商品有机肥1.29倍.商品有机肥中重金属Cd、Cr、Pb、As、Hg的含量变异较大,平均分别为0.678、36.1、17.2、5.26、0.679 mg/kg.商品有机肥和传统有机肥中蛔虫卵死亡率均符合标准,传统有机肥中部分样品大肠杆菌值超标.     

SOIL NUTRIENT CHANGES WITH FERTILIZER TYPE IN CASSAVA-BASED CROPPING SYSTEM

ABSTRACT

The changes in soil nutrient status following the application of different fertilizer types were studied in field experiments involving maize-melon intercrop relayed into a cassava-soybean intercrop between 1995 and 1997. The soil at the experimental site was a Kanhaplic Haplustalf, which was under continuous cultivation with arable crops for seven years and fallow for four years. The effects of organic and inorganic fertilizers were investigated singly and in combination. The type of fertilizer had no significant effect on the soil pH, although, cropping significantly lowered the pH from 6.0 to 5.7. Cropping also significantly reduced the soil organic matter and total nitrogen (N). The soil organic matter (OM) and total N were most depleted with organic fertilizer application. Complementary application of organic and inorganic fertilizers limited the degree of depletion from 31.0 to 12.1 g kg^?1 of OM and 1.8 to 0.6 g kg^?1 total N. Soil available P was increased (60%) by inorganic fertilizer while the organic fertilizer increased it by 145% and the combined fertilizer by 186%. Exchangeable calcium (Ca) was depleted by about 12% with organic fertilizer application, 15% by inorganic fertilizer and about 19% with complementary application of organic and inorganic fertilizers. Exchangeable sodium (Na) was reduced from 0.43 to about 0.38 cmol kg^?1 while magnesium (Mg) was increased from 0.5 to about 0.6 cmol kg^?1.     

Effects of a humic deposit (gyttja) on soil chemical and microbiological properties and heavy metal availability

The influence of a humic deposit (Gyttja, G) alone (applied at 25 kg ha⁻¹) and in combination with mineral fertilizer (G + NP) on soil organic matter content, pH, electrical conductivity, total N content, calcium carbonate content, enzyme activities (urease, β-glucosidase, arylsulphatase, and alkaline phosphatase), microbial biomass C, soil respiration, and availability of Cd, Pb, Ni, and Zn was examined through a 180-day incubation period and compared with the behavior of no treatment (control) and NP treatment. A significant increase in organic matter content was observed in soils treated with G + NP. Compared with G and NP alone, the G + NP-amended soils showed higher values of the selected microbiological properties.Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic-acid-extractable Cd, Pb, Ni, Cu, and Zn increased significantly with increasing rates of NP, but the addition of G + NP resulted in a considerable decrease in the amount of extractable metals during the incubation period (P<0.05). Based on these results, it can be concluded that the organic matter applied in the gyttja led to an increase in the metal adsorption capacity of the amended soils. This material can be used to reduce the availability and mobility of heavy metals in the soils intensively amended with mineral fertilizers. A combination of G with NP can, therefore, be considered as an alternative approach in the applications of organomineral fertilization.     

蔬菜化肥减量增效技术途径——以重庆为例

我国蔬菜生产上化肥投入高,化肥减量潜力大。在对重庆化肥投入来源进行分析的基础上,开展重庆主要蔬菜种类的施肥情况调查,并针对性地开展多点有机肥替代试验,研究蔬菜化肥减量和有机替代潜力以及对蔬菜产量的影响。结果表明,2017年蔬菜生产化肥用量占重庆总化肥用量的35.3%,其对2010~2017年重庆化肥用量增加的贡献率为61.4%,远高于其他农作物。469个蔬菜种植农户施肥的调查结果表明,重庆蔬菜种植平均化肥用量为502.7 kg·hm^-2(折N、P2O5、K2O合计),多次采收的蔬菜(茄果类、瓜菜类)和浅根系蔬菜(绿叶菜类、甘蓝白菜类)化肥投入最高,具有较大的化肥减量潜力,深根系蔬菜(根菜类、薯芋类)化肥投入较低。54个有机肥替代试验结果显示,通过有机肥替代化肥,菜地土壤有机碳的投入增加681.6 kg·hm^-2,有机养分投入增加47.2 kg·hm^-2,显著提高蔬菜产量14.7%,每公顷化肥投入平均减少88.0 kg·hm^-2,占总化肥养分投入的17.3%,其中氮肥、磷肥和钾肥分别减少27.26%、43.6%和17.2%,磷肥减量幅度高于氮肥和钾肥。综上所述,重庆蔬菜化肥投入普遍偏高,多次采收和浅根系蔬菜,具有较大的减肥潜力;采用有机肥替代化肥技术,不仅减少化肥投入,还可实现蔬菜增产。