Studies on conjoint application of nutrient sources and PGPR on growth,yield, quality,and economics of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.)

The present experiment was carried out with cauliflower cv. Pusa Snowball K1 in a randomized block design with three replications. The experiment comprised of seven different treatments with different sources of nutrients including organic fertilizers, inorganic fertilizers, and biofertilizers, which were applied following the proper procedures as per treatment. Conjoint use of fertilizers, manures, and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) significantly influenced plant growth and yield attributes of crop. Gross weight (1,267.22 g), curd weight (981.05 g), curd yield (392.45 q/ha), number of days taken to curd initiation (86.17) and curd maturity (94.00) and ascorbic acid content (74.87 mg/100 g) were found best under T₅. Also, treatment T₅ recorded 42.77% increase in yield over recommended practice (T₁) along with highest benefit cost ratio (3.36) and quality (ascorbic acid). From present investigation, it can be concluded that treatment T₅ (75% NPK + 50% FYM and 50% VC on N equivalence basis + PGPR) can be suggested as a cost-effective nutrient module for getting higher yield and quality with 25% net saving of fertilizers, besides enhanced soil health as evident by soil fertility status of soil after crop harvest.     

Bioorganic Nutrient Source Effect on Growth,Biomass, and Quality of Natural Sweetener Plant Stevia and Soil Fertility in the Western Himalayas

The effects of bioorganic nutrients on stevia were studied during 2011 and 2012 at Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India. Bioorganic nutrient sources were evaluated in fourteen treatment combinations. Results showed that number of leaves plant^?1, leaf area plant^?1, and fresh and dry leaf biomass plant^?1 were significantly greater with the application of farmyard manure (FYM) 15 Mg ha^?1 + vermicompost (VC) 5 Mg ha^?1 + stevia seedlings treated with phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) and azotobacter as compared to the control but plant height and the number of branches were not significantly affected by various treatments. This superior combination also resulted in considerably greater amounts of phosphorus (P) in stem (1.18 percent) and potassium (K) in leaf (2.39 percent). Stevia plants supplied with VC 7.5 Mg ha^?1 + stevia seedlings treated with PSB and azotobacter recorded greater stevioside (7.2 percent) and total steviol glycoside (8.4 percent). Application of organic manures in combination with biofertilizers enhanced soil organic carbon and available nutrient status of soil as compared to control.     

Effect of Long-Term Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) Practices on Soil Nutrients Availability and Enzymatic Activity under Acidic Inceptisol of North-Eastern Region of India

ABSTRACT

Soil acidity is one of the main limitations for optimal use of land resources for better crop production. And, long-term fertilization experiments found to be helpful in increasing the nutrient supply in these acidic soils. Keeping this in view, a field experiment on rice was carried out by applying biofertilizers and enriched compost in an acidic Inceptisol of Assam over 10 successive years (2006–15) to examine its effects on nutrient availability and soil enzymatic activity. This experiment had five treatments viz. absolute control (T₁), 100% recommended doses (RD) of inorganic NPK (T₂), 50% RD of inorganic NP + 100% K +biofertilizers (T₃), 50% RD of inorganic NP + 100% K +1 tonne enriched compost ha^?1 (T₄) and 25% RD of inorganic NP + 100% K +2 tonnes enriched compost ha^?1 (T₅) under randomized block design with four replications. After completing 10 years of experiment, it was observed that integrated use of enriched compost and biofertilizers with reduced doses of inorganic fertilizers enhanced the soil enzymatic activity as well as nutrient availability in rice grown in acidic clay loam soils of Assam. Application of biofertilizers and enriched compost had positive impact on plant accessible nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in soil as compared to inorganic fertilizers. Also soil organic matter content increased considerably by these treatment. Integrated nutrient management practice in rice had also significantly enhanced the dehydrogenase, fluorescein diacetate and phospho-monoesterase activity in soil.     

Effect of NPK Fertilizers and Co-inoculation with Phosphate-Solubilizing Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus and Potassium-Mobilizing Bacteria on Growth,Yield, Nutrient Acquisition,and Quality of Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.)

In the present study, the effects of inoculation of biofertilizers (phosphorus-solubilizing arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (AMF), Glomus intraradices, and potassium-mobilizing bacterium (KMB), Frateuria aurantia) in combination with chemical fertilizers nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) on growth, yield, nutrient acquisition, and quality of tobacco were observed in pot culture. Factorial combinations of biofertilizers (AMF and KMB) and chemical fertilizer (NPK) alone and in combination were applied to see the effects on growth, biomass, nutrient acquisition, and leaf quality in tobacco. Results showed that bioinocula applied either singly or in combination did not significantly enhance soil availability of P and K, indicating their unsuitability for direct application. Application of chemical fertilizer in combination with both AMF and KMB strains consistently increased availability of P and K in the soil, improved leaf quality parameters, and enhanced plant growth and vigor, suggesting the potential use of AMF and KMB as biofertilizers in sustainable tobacco crop production.     

Nutrient management on crop productivity and changes in soil organic carbon and fertility in a four–year-old maize-wheat cropping system in Indo-Gangetic plains of India

The aim of this investigation was to prepare and evaluate organic manures (vermicompost, compost and FYM) and mineral fertilizers on crop productivity and changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) and fertility under a four-year-old maize-wheat cropping system. The results demonstrated that yields and nutrient uptake by crops increased significantly in plots receiving manures and mineral fertilizers either alone or in combination than unfertilized control. Application of manures and fertilizers also enhanced SOC, mineral N, Olsen-P and ammonium acetate-extractable K (NH₄OAc-K) after both the crops. Surface soil maintained greater build-up in SOC, mineral N, Olsen-P and NH₄OAc-K than sub-surface soil. Plots amended with manures at 5 t ha^?1 and 50% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) had pronounced impact on improving SOC and fertility after both the crops indicating that integrated use of manures and mineral fertilizers could be followed to improve and maintain soil fertility, increase crop productivity under intensive cropping system.     

Evaluation of INM in Citrus on Vertic Ustochrept: Biometric Response and Soil Health

Emerging multiple nutrient deficiencies have necessitated renewed efforts to address nutrient management issue through integrated use of inorganic fertilizers (IF), organic manures (OM), and microbial consortium (MC). Accrued long term field experiment data on evaluation of integrated nutrient management (INM) in Nagpur mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) carried out with the objective of working out an efficient INM module grown on Vertic Ustochrept showed much better effectiveness of MC when used in combination with IF fertilizers and OM, farmyard manure (FYM) or vermicompost (Vm). However, the latter could produce a much higher magnitude of response. The net increase in canopy volume within four years (2007–2012) with 100% recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) was much higher compared with 75% RDF plus 25% Vm plus MC, with significantly better fruit quality parameters. Soil quality parameters in terms of soil microbial biomass (SMB) and soil microbial biomass nutrients (SMBN) were much higher with 75% RDF plus 25% Vm plus MC as compared with exclusive use of IF as 100% RDF. These changes within rhizosphere were very well translated into consequent improvements in leaf nutrient composition, being significantly higher with 75% RDF plus 25% Vm plus MC over 100% RDF. These observations warranted strong support in favor of INM-based treatments than sole use of IF.     

Impact of organic‐manure combinations on the productivity and soil quality in different cropping systems in central India

In a field experiment, the effect of combination of different organic manures on the productivity of crops and soil quality were evaluated in deep vertisols of central India. Combinations of cattle dung manure (CDM), poultry manure (PM), and vermicompost (VC) vis‐à‐vis mineral fertilizers were tested in four cropping systems involving soybean (Glycine max L.), durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.), mustard (Brassica juncea L.), chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), and isabgol (Plantago ovata Forsk). The organic manures were applied based on the N‐equivalent basis and nutrient requirement of individual crop. The grain yields of durum wheat and isabgol were higher in the treatment that received a combination of CDM + VC + PM whereas in mustard, CDM + PM and in chickpea, CDM + VC recorded the higher yields. The yield levels in these organic‐manure combinations were similar to the yields obtained with mineral fertilizers. Among the cropping systems, soybean–durum wheat and among the nutrient sources, the combination of CDM + VC + PM recorded the highest total productivity. At the end of the 3‐year cropping cycle, application of organic manures improved the soil‐quality parameters viz., soil organic carbon (SOC), soil available nutrients (N, P, and K), soil enzymes (dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase), and microbial biomass C in the top 0–15 cm soil. Bulk density and mean weight diameter of the soil were not affected by the treatments. Among the cropping systems, soybean–durum wheat recorded the highest SOC and accumulated higher soil available N, P, and K. In conclusion, the study clearly demonstrated that the manures applied in different combinations improved the soil quality and produced the grain yields which are at par with mineral fertilizers.     

Soil nutrient status and yield of rice as affected by long-term integrated use of organic and inorganic fertilizers

Nutrient balance is the key component to increase crop yields. Excess and imbalanced use of nutrients has caused nutrient mining from the soil and deteriorated crop productivity and ultimately soil health. Replenishment of these nutrients has a direct impact on soil health and crop productivity. Based on this fact, the present research was conducted to determine the effects of long-term integrated use of organic and inorganic fertilizers on soil nutrient status and yield (grain and straw) in rice. Different combinations of inorganic nitrogen (N) and organic sources (sewage sludge and compost) were applied to the soil. Data revealed that application of mineral NPK in combination with 50% N through compost significantly increased the organic matter content (0.36%), available phosphorus (16.50 kg/ha) and available potassium content (239.80 kg/ha) in soil. The maximum available N (225.12 kg/ha) was found by the substitution of 50% N through sewage sludge. This improvement in soil nutrient status through combined use of organic and inorganic fertilizers produced significant increase in grain and straw yield as compared to inorganic fertilizers alone. Maximum grain (6.96 t/ha) and straw (8.56 t/ha) yields were found in treatment having substitution of 50% N (recommended) through compost @10t/ha. Also, a significant positive correlation was found between soil nutrients and straw and grain yield in rice. Thus the study demonstrated that substitution of 50% inorganic N through compost will be a good alternative for improving soil fertility.     

不同液体有机肥对新疆棉花生长及土壤养分的影响

为研究不同液体有机肥对新疆棉花生长及土壤养分的影响，进而确定滴灌棉田最适宜的液体有机肥类型，为优化新疆滴灌棉花施肥技术提供理论依据，采用盆栽试验，设置5个处理包括不施肥（CK）、常规施肥（化肥，CF）、含氨基酸液体有机肥（AF）、含腐殖酸液体有机肥（HF）、酸性有机肥浸提液（BF），考察了不同施肥处理对棉花生长、叶片光合能力、产量构成、土壤养分以及养分利用率的影响。结果表明：与CF处理相比，不同液体有机肥均能促进棉花生长，提高土壤有效养分含量。其中，AF处理较CF处理显著提高了棉花叶片气孔导度（G_s），增加7.18%；与CF处理相比，HF处理对棉花株高、茎粗、叶片蒸腾速率（T_r）、总根表面积的促进作用最显著，分别增加了6.38%、3.92%、11.01%和14.52%~11.84%，棉花茎和地下部干物质量最高；BF处理棉花总根长显著提高41.21%~49.48%，同时叶片净光合速率（P_n）最强，棉花单株成铃数、衣分最高，棉花蕾铃、籽棉和整株干物质量显著提高了27.91%、11.83%和9.76%。对于土壤理化性质，AF、HF和BF处理较CF处理均显著提高了土壤有效磷含量；BF处理显著降低了土壤pH，且土壤有机质、碱解氮和速效钾含量均高于其他处理。BF处理棉花肥料偏生产力、肥料农学效率和肥料贡献率较CF处理提高了5.83%~19.33%，显著高于其他处理。总之，3种液体有机肥均能促进棉花生长，增加棉花干物质积累，提高土壤有效养分含量以及肥料利用率，其中以酸性有机肥浸提液效果最佳。因此，在滴灌棉田应用酸性有机肥浸提液可以获得更高的棉花产量及肥料利用率，有利于新疆滴灌棉田可持续发展。     

Impact of long-term organic and inorganic nutrient managements on the biological properties and eubacterial community diversity of the Indian semi-arid Alfisol

Intensive cropping with limited nutrient management options in low fertile semi-arid tropical soils will have agricultural sustainability problems in future. A better understanding of soil variables as influenced by long-term nutrient amendments could lead to the identification of more precise indicators to monitor soil fertility that would promote sustainability. Long-term nutrient experiment in semi-arid Alfisol at Coimbatore, India was investigated in two successive years, 2009 and 2010 to assess the enduring effects of organic (OM) and inorganic (IC) nutrient managements on soil variables. The organic amendments induced higher microbial population and enzyme activity compared to IC and control soils. The principal component analysis of observed variables revealed that soil organic carbon, microbial biomass carbon (MBC), dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase activity and diazotrophs population could be the possible indicators for predicting soil fertility resulting from long-term nutrient managements. The eubacterial community profile assessed by 16S rRNA gene sequence polymorphism revealed that the abundance and relative ratio of phyla belonging to Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria and Firmicutes were considerably affected due to either organic manures or inorganic fertilizers, and organic nutrient management favours bacterial community diversity. These results emphasize the importance of organic nutrient management to maintain soil biological properties in semi-arid Alfisol.     

Carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus mineralization of tree leaves and manure

 Farmers in developing countries cannot afford inorganic fertilizers. Multipurpose tree leaves or livestock manure are major sources of nutrients for soil fertility replenishment. Nutrient release from these organic inputs depends on their chemical composition and on soil properties. This study determined the chemical composition of leaves of four African browse species and manure from goats fed leaves as protein supplements, and their mineralization of C, N and P. Cumulative evolved CO₂ was significantly correlated with the initial N content of the organic inputs (r 0.83, P<0.05) and the C : N ratio (r 0.80, P<0.05), and was negatively correlated with the lignin : N ratio (r–0.71, P<0.05). Cumulative P released was negatively correlated with the C : P ratio (r 0.76, P<0.05) and positively correlated with initial P content of the organic amendments (r 0.76, P<0.05). Cumulative N mineralized was not significantly correlated with initial N, lignin or P concentrations of the organic inputs. Leaves from Acacia karro and Acacia nilotica had high concentrations of polyphenols, which may have caused immobilization of N in both leaves and manure. Gliricidia sepium leaves had low amounts of soluble polyphenols, a high N content and a high rate of N mineralization, but the manure from goats fed Gliricidia leaves immobilized N. The leaves of all browse species immobilized P, but the manure released P. The results suggested that some browse leaves cannot meet the N and P requirements of crops due to their low P content and prolonged N and P immobilization. However, the manures had higher P contents and rates of P mineralization, which suggested that manure is a good source of P for crops. The implications of these results for nutrient cycling in mixed farming systems is discussed. Received: 28 October 1998     

Definition of sustainable and unsustainable issues in nutrient management of modern agriculture

Abstract. Sustainable management of nutrients in agricultural systems is critical for sufficient production of nutritious foods and to minimize environmental pollution. In this overview, we discuss some of the most important factors influencing nutrient cycling, and how practices for sustainable nutrient management can be optimized. In most cases, problems are associated with excessive use of nutrients (manures, other organic amendments, and inorganic fertilizers). Options for dealing with such problems at the farm level include: reducing nutrient inputs to balance exports, increasing the land area on which manures are applied, and export of excess nutrients from the farm in the form of value-added products. These strategies can be used singly, or in combination. Nutrients in the human food chain are often not recycled back to primary crop production. To manage such issues, and avoid regional nutrient accumulations, we need to develop a better understanding of large-scale nutrient flows, and develop policies to manage them. We stress the importance of scale when considering nutrient management in the future.     

Nutrient Mineralization from Nitrogen- and Phosphorus-Enriched Poultry Manure Compost in an Ultisol

The combination of inorganic fertilizers and compost is a technique aimed at improving crop growth and maintaining soil health. Understanding the rate of nutrient release from enriched compost is important for effective nutrient management. A laboratory incubation study was conducted for 112 days to study the nutrient mineralization pattern of poultry manure compost enriched with inorganic nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizer nutrients in an Ultisol. Compost applied at the rate of either 5 or 10 g kg^?1 was blended with N (50 kg N ha^?1) and P (30 kg P ha^?1). Carbon dioxide evolution and N and P mineralization were measured fortnightly. The bacterial and fungal populations were determined at the mid and end of the experiment. The combination of compost and inorganic N and P increased carbon (C) and P mineralization by 4?8% and 56?289%, respectively, over the application of either compost or inorganic N and P. However, P addition influenced the amount of C mineralized. Inorganic N and P, on the other hand, were better at increasing N mineralization than compost blended with inorganic N and P over a short time. The addition of compost stimulated bacterial and actinomycete populations, while fungal populations were unaffected. Actinomycetes and bacteria had similar and higher relationship trend with C (R² = 0.24) and P (R² = 0.47) mineralization and were key determinants in nutrient mineralization from compost in this Ultisol. Integrating compost with inorganic fertilizers improves nutrient availability through the growth and activities of beneficial microorganisms.     

Impact of organic manures with and without mineral fertilizers on soil chemical and biological properties under tropical conditions

Soils receiving organic manures with and without chemical fertilizers for the last 7 yr with pearlmillet–wheat cropping sequence were compared for soil chemical and biological properties. The application of farmyard manure, poultry manure, and sugarcane filter cake alone or in combination with chemical fertilizers improved the soil organic C, total N, P, and K status. The increase in soil microbial‐biomass C and N was observed in soils receiving organic manures only or with the combined application of organic manures and chemical fertilizers compared to soils receiving chemical fertilizers only. Basal and glucose‐induced respiration, potentially mineralizable N, and arginine ammonification were higher in soils amended with organic manures with or without chemical fertilizers, indicating that more active microflora is associated with organic and integrated system using organic manures and chemical fertilizers together which is important for nutrient cycling.     

Growth,Nutritional, and Yield Parameters of Wetland Rice as Influenced by Microbial Consortia Under Controlled Conditions

A pot culture experiment was undertaken under controlled conditions in the National Phytotron Facility to investigate the interactive effect of microbial inoculants—blue-green algae (BGA), Azospirillum, phosphate-solubilizing bacterium (PSB) Pseudomonas striata, vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (VAMF), and Azolla, individually and in combination with chemical fertilizers and/rock phosphate on the wetland rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivar ‘PNR 381’. The microbial inoculants—BGA, PSB, VAMF, and Azospirillum—positively interacted with one another, resulting in significant improvement in yield and nutritional parameters. Application of biofertilizers also substantially improved soil (peat) fertility status by increasing the nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), and organic carbon content. The biofertilizer combination BGA + PSB + VAMF + Azospirillum was best for improved growth and yield traits, nutritional status of rice, and sustained soil (peat) fertility. Azolla, which is a highly competitive organism, suppressed the growth of the other four inoculants. The inclusion of VAMF and PSB was observed to significantly improve the zinc nutrition of the paddy and the P utilization of the applied rock phosphate. A basal dose of nitrogenous fertilizer was essential for deriving maximum benefits from applied inoculants, thereby underlying the supplementary/complementary role of biofertilizers in efficient nutrient management in agriculture.     

肥水蚓坑措施下不同施肥对土壤养分和山地苹果生产的影响

陕北黄土高原丘陵沟壑区是山地苹果重要产区,为提升山地果园土壤养分和果实品质及产量,以“肥水蚓坑”措施为基础,通过田间试验探讨不施肥、单施化肥、有机无机肥配施(牛粪+化肥、菇渣+化肥、牛粪+菇渣+化肥)等不同施肥对山地果园土壤养分、叶片营养、苹果产量与品质的影响。结果表明：(1)不施肥处理的土壤有机质含量和速效养分含量均低于施肥处理,其中,单施化肥处理低于有机无机肥配施处理,牛粪+菇渣+化肥处理的效果优于其他施肥处理。(2)施肥处理的苹果叶片不同生育期的全氮、磷、钾含量均显著高于不施肥对照,有机无机肥配施处理优于单施化肥处理。(3)不施肥处理与施肥处理的苹果果实硬度和果形指数无显著差异,施肥处理均可显著提高苹果产量和果实可溶性固形物、可溶性糖及维生素C含量,牛粪+菇渣+化肥优于其他处理,单施化肥的果实可滴定酸含量显著高于不施肥和有机无机肥配施。单施化肥的果实糖酸比与不施肥无显著差异,却显著低于有机无机肥配施。综上,“肥水蚓坑”结合有机无机肥配施可以减少化肥的施用,提高土壤养分含量,确保苹果提质增产,牛粪+菇渣+化肥(牛粪∶菇渣=1∶1)是山地苹果提质增产的优质管理模式,值得在陕北黄土丘陵...     

Microbial Biomass in Relation to Soil Properties under Integrated Farming Systems of Meghalaya,India

The effects of different integrated farming systems on microbial biomass was studied 20 years after their adoption at Meghalaya, India. The soil fertility was relatively greater in agricultural and agri‐horti‐silvi‐pastoral systems as a result of accumulation of leaf litter/crop residues and addition of inorganic and organic manures. Microbial biomass carbon was greatest in agricultural (378 mg kg^?1) followed by the agri‐horti‐silvi‐pastoral systems (291 mg kg^?1). The most microbial biomass nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) (32.4 and 17.07 mg kg^?1, respectively) were recorded in agricultural followed by agri‐horti‐silvi‐pastoral systems. Microbial biomass carbon (C) had a significant relationship with organic C, microbial biomass N, and biomass P, indicating that the living part of soil organic matter is involved in the transformation of nutrients into the labile pool and governs their availability to the plants. Application of inorganic fertilizers and organics along with lime has contributed more microbial biomass that led to more biological activity attributed in nutrient transformations and also maintained the soil fertility.     

Effects of Boron and Lime on Productivity of Garden Pea under Acidic Soils in Northwestern Himalayas

An experiment comprising seven treatments was conducted to study the effect of boron and lime integrated with organic manures and nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) fertilizers on garden pea productivity. Seed yield along with growth parameters were significantly influenced by combined use of farmyard manure and NPK fertilizers either alone or in combination with boron and lime. Treatment combination of 20 t farmyard manure / ha + 100% NPK + borax (T₄) resulted in 37% increase in seed yield over recommended practice of 20 t farmyard manure / ha + 100% NPK (T₃). In addition, recommended practice supplemented with granubor (T₅) and lime (T₆) also significantly surpassed T₃ with respective increase of 14 and 10% in seed yield. Similarly, maximum nutrient was observed in T₄. Hence, application of boron along with farmyard manure and NPK fertilizers could be the best option to maximize pea productivity in acidic soils under humid subtemperate climate.     

我国商品有机肥和有机废弃物中重金属、养分和盐分状况

【目的】 分析我国主要菜区商品有机肥和有机废弃物的重金属、养分和盐分状况,为蔬菜高效安全施肥和菜田土壤质量改善提供一定的理论依据。【方法】 针对全国主要菜区包括北方6省（市）和南方12省（市）典型商品有机肥和有机废弃物展开调查,取样时间是2014年1月上旬,共采取商品有机肥样品126个和有机废弃物样品255个,对3类商品有机肥和5类有机废弃物中重金属、养分和盐分状况进行了研究。【结果】 1）按照我国现有的NY525-2012有机肥料中重金属限量标准,商品鸡粪中Cd、Pb和Cr超标率分别为10.3%、17.2%和17.2%,商品猪粪中Cd和As超标率分别为20.0%和6.7%,其它商品有机肥中Cr、Cd、As和Hg超标率分别为13.4%、2.4%、2.4%和2.4%;鸡粪中Cd、As和Hg超标率分别为2.4%、7.1%和2.4%,猪粪中Cd、Pb、As和Hg超标率分别为1.5%、3.1%、15.4%和1.5%,牛粪中Cd和Hg超标率分别为1.7%和1.7%,羊粪中Cd超标率为12.5%,其它有机废弃物中Cr和As超标率分别为4.5%和13.6%。现在的畜禽粪便与传统有机肥已经大不相同,尤其是鸡粪和猪粪中Cu、Zn含量远高于上个世纪90年代初,分别增加1.5~16.2倍和1.3~4.7倍。2）商品有机肥中全氮含量、全钾含量和氮磷钾总含量较有机废弃物平均分别高出51.2%、32.0%和15.0%,有机废弃物中全磷含量、有机质含量、C/N比值和C/P比值较商品有机肥平均分别高出23.7%、41.5%、22.7%和15.2%。商品有机肥中,商品猪粪的全磷含量、有机质含量和C/N比值均相对较高,其它商品有机肥的全氮含量、全钾含量、氮磷钾总含量和C/P比值均相对较高;有机废弃物中,鸡粪和猪粪的全氮含量、全磷含量和氮磷钾总含量均相对较高,鸡粪、羊粪和其它有机废弃物的全钾含量相对较高,猪粪、牛粪和羊粪的有机质含量相对较高,牛粪的C/N比值相对较高,牛粪和羊粪的C/P比值相对较高。3）商品有机肥的EC值（平均23.5 mS/cm,n=126）较有机废弃物（平均7.7 mS/cm,n=255）高出2.1倍。商品有机肥中其它商品有机肥的EC值很高,其次是商品猪粪,商品鸡粪的EC值相对较低;有机废弃物中鸡粪和其它有机废弃物的EC值相对较高,其次是羊粪,猪粪和牛粪的EC值相对较低。【结论】 商品鸡粪以Cd、Pb和Cr超标为主,商品猪粪以Cd和As超标为主,其它商品有机肥以Cr超标为主;猪粪、鸡粪和其它有机废弃物以As超标为主,羊粪以Cd超标为主。商品有机肥中全氮含量、全钾含量和氮磷钾总含量均高于有机废弃物,有机废弃物中全磷含量、有机质含量、C/N比值和C/P比值均高于商品有机肥。商品有机肥的EC值远高于有机废弃物。     

Assessment of bio-inoculants-mediated nutrient management in terms of productivity,profitability and nutrient harvest index of pigeon pea–wheat cropping system in India

Abstract

Imbalanced and indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers has been adversely influencing the quality of soil, environment, biodiversity and nutrient status in soil. Conjoint application of bio-inoculants (BI) with organic or inorganic sources of nutrients tweaks nutrient synchrony in soil and improves plant nutrition. With this backdrop an experiment was conducted at Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi during 2016–2018. The objectives were to identify the suitable combinations of BI-mediated nutrient sources for higher productivity and profitability in pigeon pea–wheat cropping system (PWCS). The nine pigeon pea treatments; four sole applications viz., recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF), vermicompost (VC), farm yard manure (FYM), leaf compost (LC) and four conjoint applications viz., RDF?+?BI, VC?+?BI, FYM?+?BI and LC?+?BI and one control were replicated thrice under randomized block design (RBD). However, in succeeding wheat, each of the treatments applied to pigeon pea was further allocated to two levels (50% and 100%) in factorial RBD. Findings exhibit that FYM?+?BI could result into higher equivalent-system grain productivity (10.4 and 10.8?t?ha^?1 during 1st and 2nd year, respectively) of PWCS. However, profitability parameters of PWCS were higher with the RDF?+?BI. Uptake of nutrients (NPK) was significantly higher with FYM?+?BI in pigeon pea and RDF?+?BI in wheat. Nutrient harvest index (NHI) did not vary significantly in both the crops. Conclusively, bio-inoculation is more productive and beneficial in general, while, over the various combinations, recommendation of FYM?+?BI combination could be more productive and sustainable.