肥水蚓坑措施下不同施肥对土壤养分和山地苹果生产的影响

陕北黄土高原丘陵沟壑区是山地苹果重要产区，为提升山地果园土壤养分和果实品质及产量，以“肥水蚓坑”措施为基础，通过田间试验探讨不施肥、单施化肥、有机无机肥配施(牛粪+化肥、菇渣+化肥、牛粪+菇渣+化肥)等不同施肥对山地果园土壤养分、叶片营养、苹果产量与品质的影响。结果表明：(1)不施肥处理的土壤有机质含量和速效养分含量均低于施肥处理，其中，单施化肥处理低于有机无机肥配施处理，牛粪+菇渣+化肥处理的效果优于其他施肥处理。(2)施肥处理的苹果叶片不同生育期的全氮、磷、钾含量均显著高于不施肥对照，有机无机肥配施处理优于单施化肥处理。(3)不施肥处理与施肥处理的苹果果实硬度和果形指数无显著差异，施肥处理均可显著提高苹果产量和果实可溶性固形物、可溶性糖及维生素C含量，牛粪+菇渣+化肥优于其他处理，单施化肥的果实可滴定酸含量显著高于不施肥和有机无机肥配施。单施化肥的果实糖酸比与不施肥无显著差异，却显著低于有机无机肥配施。综上，“肥水蚓坑”结合有机无机肥配施可以减少化肥的施用，提高土壤养分含量，确保苹果提质增产，牛粪+菇渣+化肥(牛粪∶菇渣=1∶1)是山地苹果提质增产的优质管理模式，值得在陕北黄土丘陵...

The Effect of Different Fertilization on Soil Nutrient and Mountain Apple Production Under the Fertilizer Water Earthworm Pit Measures

The hilly and gully area of the Loess Plateau in northern Shaanxi is an important production area for mountain apples. In order to improve the soil nutrients, fruit quality and yield of mountain orchards, based on the ‘fertilizer water earthworm pit' measures, through field experiments, effects of different fertilization such as no fertilization, single application of chemical fertilizers, combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers(cow manure+chemical fertilizer, mushroom residue+chemical fertilizer, cow manure+mushroom residue+chemical fertilizer), on soil nutrients, leaf nutrition, apple yield and quality in mountain orchards had been monitored. The results show that:(1)the soil organic matter content and available nutrients in the treatment without fertilization were lower than those in the fertilization treatment; Among the treatments, the soil organic matter content and available nutrients under single application of chemical fertilizer were lower than those of the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers, and the treatment of cow manure+mushroom residue+chemical fertilizer had better effects on improving soil nutrients than other fertilization treatments;(2)the total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents of apple leaves in different growth stages of fertilization treatment were significantly higher than those of no fertilization control, and the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers were better than that of single application of chemical fertilizers;(3)there were no significant difference in apple fruit hardness and fruit shape index between no fertilization treatment and fertilization treatment; fertilization treatments had significantly increased apple yield, soluble solids, soluble sugar and vitamin C content, and cow manure+mushroom residue+chemical fertilizer was better than other treatments; The titratable acid content of single application of chemical fertilizer was significantly higher than that of no application and combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers; there were no significant difference between the sugar-acid ratio of single application of chemical fertilizer and no application of fertilizer, but they were significantly lower than that of combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers. To sum up, the combination of ‘fertilizer water earthworm pit' combined with organic and inorganic application could reduce the application rate of chemical fertilizers, increase soil nutrient content, and ensure the quality and production of apples. Cow manure+mushroom residue+chemical fertilizer was a high-quality management model for mountain apples to improve quality and increase production. Cow manure+mushroom residue+chemical fertilizer(cow manure:mushroom residue=1:1 should be popularization and application in mountain orchards in the loess hilly and gully regions of northern Shaanxi.