采后红光处理对芥蓝芽菜生物活性物质的影响

为研究采后红光处理对不同贮藏温度下芥蓝芽菜中生物活性物质含量的影响,本试验设置了采后红光、白光和黑暗处理芥蓝芽菜试验,分析了不同贮藏时间其芥子油苷、维生素C、花青素和总多酚的含量及抗氧化能力的变化。结果表明,25℃贮藏时,芥蓝芽菜中芥子油苷含量在采后贮藏过程中逐渐降低,采后红光处理可显著延缓芥子油苷含量的下降。在贮藏1、2、3 d后,采后红光处理组芥蓝芽菜中总芥子油苷含量分别较黑暗处理组提高56.67%、146.31%、32.24%;此外,采后红光处理延缓了芥蓝芽菜中维生素C含量的下降,促进了花青素、总多酚物质的积累,提高了芽菜的抗氧化能力。10℃贮藏时,采后红光处理促进了芥蓝芽菜中花青素的积累,对其他抗氧化物质含量及抗氧化能力无显著影响。上述结果表明,25℃贮藏条件下采后红光处理可以有效延缓芥蓝芽菜中生物活性物质的下降,维持芽菜营养品质。研究结果表明采后红光处理在芥蓝芽菜采后品质维持方面有较大的应用前景。     

花椰菜主要生物活性物质及其抗氧化能力分析

分析了花椰菜不同器官(花球、茎、叶和根)中芥子油苷等主要生物活性物质及其抗氧化能力,发现烯丙基芥子油苷是花椰菜中主要的芥子油苷,不同器官中芥子油苷的组分与含量差异显著,根系中的总芥子油苷、总脂肪类、总芳香类以及烯丙基芥子油苷和4-甲氧基-吲哚-3-甲基芥子油苷的含量均显著高于其他器官,叶片中吲哚类芥子油苷的含量最高,花球中总芥子油苷、烯丙基芥子油苷和吲哚-3-甲基芥子油苷含量次之,茎中的总芥子油苷含量最低;叶片中的叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、维生素C和多酚含量及抗氧化能力显著高于其他器官。这些结果表明花椰菜的叶片和根系中生物活性物质含量丰富,具有进一步开发和综合利用潜力。     

油菜素甾醇对萝卜芽菜生物活性物质的影响

为探究油菜素甾醇对萝卜芽菜生物活性物质的影响,用表油菜素内酯及其类似物高芸薹素单独或者与氯化钠共同处理萝卜芽菜,测定并分析其芥子油苷、花青素、维生素C和总多酚的含量以及抗氧化能力的变化。结果表明,20 nmol·L~(-1)表油菜素内酯单独处理时,芥子油苷含量显著降低,但与40mmol·L~(-1)氯化钠共处理时,芥子油苷含量显著上升;20 nmol·L~(-1)高芸薹素单独处理或者与40 mmol·L~(-1)氯化钠共处理则对芥子油苷含量无显著影响。此外,表油菜素内酯和高芸薹素单独处理或者分别与氯化钠共处理均能显著提高花青素和维生素C的含量,但对总多酚含量和抗氧化能力均无显著影响。综上,表油菜素内酯与氯化钠共处理是提高萝卜芽菜中芥子油苷、花青素以及维生素C等主要生物活性物质的有效手段,这为通过化学调控的方法改良萝卜芽菜的品质提供了理论依据和技术支撑。     

表面活性剂辅助的甲硫氨酸和色氨酸叶面喷施对芥蓝生长及菜薹芥子油苷组分和含量的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了脂肪族芥子油苷和吲哚族芥子油苷的合成前体甲硫氨酸和色氨酸单独及配合表面活性剂叶面喷施对芥蓝(Brassica alboglabra L.)生长及菜薹中芥子油苷组分和含量的影响。结果表明,各处理对芥蓝生长指标及芥子油苷组分无显著影响,在芥蓝菜薹中均检测到7种脂肪族芥子油苷和4种吲哚族芥子油苷。与喷施清水对照相比,甲硫氨酸、色氨酸单独叶面喷施及表面活性剂辅助的色氨酸叶面喷施,对芥蓝菜薹总芥子油苷含量、总脂肪族芥子油苷含量和总吲哚族芥子油苷含量均无显著影响。表面活性剂辅助下甲硫氨酸叶面喷施处理中菜薹总芥子油苷和总脂肪族芥子油苷含量比清水对照处理分别提高28.5%和31.9%,其中在11种芥子油苷中脂肪族芥子油苷3-丁烯基芥子油苷含量提高幅度最大,达到44.3%,同时表面活性剂辅助下甲硫氨酸叶面喷施显著提高了芥蓝菜薹全硫含量并降低了氮硫比(N/S)。本试验结果表明,有效供给甲硫氨酸能明显促进脂肪族芥子油苷的合成和积累,而辅之以表面活性剂能增进叶面对甲硫氨酸的吸收效果,其影响机理还有待进一步研究。     

NO处理对草莓果实采后品质和苯丙烷类代谢的影响

为探讨NO处理在草莓果实采后保鲜中的作用机制,以红艳草莓为材料,定期测定草莓果实室温下的品质、抗氧化物质含量、细胞膜脂质过氧化程度和苯丙烷类代谢的变化。结果表明,NO熏蒸处理能有效抑制草莓果实采后腐烂,其最优浓度为20μL·L~(-1)。NO处理可显著抑制草莓果实贮藏期间可溶性固形物含量的下降,降低细胞膜过氧化程度,保持较好品质;也可显著提高草莓果实中苯丙氨酸解氨酶、4-香豆酰辅酶A连接酶、肉桂醛羟化酶和查尔酮异构酶等苯丙烷类代谢相关酶的活性,增加总酚、花色苷和总黄酮的积累,提高草莓果实的抗氧化活性。因此,适宜浓度的NO处理(20μL·L~(-1))可提高草莓果实贮藏品质,延长保鲜期。本研究为丰富草莓果实采后保鲜技术提供了较好的理论和应用价值。     

喷施蔗糖和葡萄糖对小白菜硫代葡萄糖苷含量的影响

以小白菜"上海青"为试验材料,研究了喷施蔗糖和葡萄糖对小白菜生长和硫代葡萄糖苷含量的影响。结果显示,蔗糖和葡萄糖喷施对小白菜地上部鲜重和干重均没有显著影响,喷施蔗糖均能够显著增加小白菜总脂肪族硫代葡萄糖苷、总吲哚族硫代葡萄糖苷和总硫代葡萄糖苷含量,其中,0.1mol/L蔗糖喷施显著提高了3-丁烯基硫代葡萄糖苷和吲哚-3-甲基硫代葡萄糖苷含量,0.2mol/L蔗糖喷施显著增加了吲哚-3-甲基硫代葡萄糖苷和4-甲氧基吲哚-3-甲基硫代葡萄糖苷含量。0.2mol/L葡萄糖喷施显著增加总硫代葡萄糖苷及单个硫代葡萄糖苷含量。蔗糖和葡萄糖喷施均有增加总吲哚族硫代葡萄糖苷相对百分含量的趋势。研究表明外源喷施糖对小白菜硫代葡萄糖苷含量和组成具有显著的影响。     

氮素水平对芥蓝生长及芥子油苷含量的影响

采用溶液培养方法,研究了不同供氮水平对芥蓝生物量及抗癌次生代谢物芥子油苷含量的影响。结果表明,氮素水平从N100 mg/L到常规营养液的 N 200 mg/L范围内,芥蓝地上部、根部及菜苔鲜重均随供N水平的提高而显著增加,但菜苔总芥子油苷含量却随供N水平提高而显著降低;当N素水平提高到N 300~400 mg/L时,芥蓝生物量不再显著增加;而菜苔总芥子油苷含量相对于N 150和200 mg/L处理却显著增加。由于脂肪族和吲哚族芥子油苷分别来源于不同的氨基酸,两者的含量随供N水平的变化趋势不同。脂肪族芥子油苷含量以N 100 mg/L处理最高,是常规供N (200 mg/L)处理的1.2倍,吲哚族芥子油苷以400 mg/L处理最高,是常规供N处理的1.5倍。显然,在常规营养液的供N水平下,可以获得理想的芥蓝生物产量;但适当提高供N水平,在保证高产的同时可显著提高芥蓝菜苔的芥子油苷含量,有利于提高其抗癌品质。     

UPLC-MS/MS同时测定土壤中19种植物激素方法的建立和验证

[目的]本文旨在建立土壤中多种植物激素的提取及超高效液相色谱串联质谱法,并用此方法同时测定土壤中茉莉酸、吲哚-3-乙酸、反式玉米素,玉米素核苷、异戊烯基腺嘌呤、吲哚-3-丁酸、N6-异戊烯基腺嘌呤、独脚金内酯、玉米素、二氢玉米素核苷、吲哚-3-丙酸、吲哚-3-乙酸甲酯、二氢玉米素、吲哚-3-羧酸、茉莉酸甲酯、油菜素内酯、脱落酸、赤霉素、水杨酸共19种植物激素含量。[方法]以根标土壤为试验材料,采用异丙醇水甲酸(80∶19∶1,V/V/V)作为提取剂,经过超声、离心后得到植物激素提取液,提取液于常温条件下真空浓缩至干,采用甲醇进行复溶,得到植物激素待测液。采用Waters ACQUITYUPLC■HSST3色谱柱对19种植物激素进行分离,以0.30 mmol/L甲酸铵水溶液(含0.01%甲酸)作为流动相A和0.30 mmol/L甲酸铵乙腈(含0.01%甲酸)作为流动相B进行梯度洗脱,流速为0.3 mL/min,柱温为30℃;采用超高效液相色谱串联质谱,多反应监测离子模式进行定性定量分析,其中,茉莉酸、吲哚-3-乙酸、反式玉米素、玉米素核苷、异戊烯基腺嘌呤、吲哚-3-丁酸、N6-异戊烯基腺嘌呤、独脚金内酯、玉米素、二氢玉米素核苷、吲哚-3-丙酸、吲哚-3-乙酸甲酯、二氢玉米素、吲哚-3-羧酸、茉莉酸甲酯、油菜素内酯采用正离子模式扫描,脱落酸、赤霉素、水杨酸采用负离子模式扫描;采用外标法测定植物激素回收率。[结果]在本试验浓度范围内,上述19种植物激素浓度与对应峰面积的相关系数(r)均大于0.99,检出限介于0.02~1.06 ng/g之间,19种植物激素的加标回收率为70.2%~117%,相对标准偏差介于0.20%~7.3%之间。采用优化后的实验方法测定土壤中的植物激素,结果检测出吲哚-3-乙酸、吲哚-3-羧酸、吲哚-3-乙酸甲酯、水杨酸和独角金内酯5种植物激素,含量为0.55~5.79ng/g。[结论]本方法前处理不需要过夜浸提,加入二氯甲烷后,超声离心浓缩复溶后可直接进样检测,大大缩短了样品的前处理时间,超高效液相色谱串联质谱法操作简单,选择性好,灵敏度高,可实现土壤样品中多种植物激素的同时检测,为土壤中植物激素的深入研究提供了一种有效的研究方法。     

短波紫外线处理对采后草莓果实腐烂和抗氧化能力的影响

以"凤冠"草莓为材料,研究了0、1.5、3.0和4.5kJ.m-2UV-C处理对草莓果实在10℃,12d贮藏期间腐烂和果实抗氧化能力的影响。结果表明,3kJ.m-2UV-C处理能显著抑制草莓果实采后腐烂的发生和MDA的积累,延缓果实失重、硬度和可溶性固形物含量的降低,促进果实CIRG值的提高,增强果实采后着色能力,从而保持果实的感官和食用品质。同时,3kJ.m-2UV-C处理能促进贮藏期间果实总花色苷、总酚含量和DPPH自由基清除能力的增加,减少草莓果实中抗氧化组分含量的下降,维持果实较高的营养品质。说明适宜剂量的UV-C处理(3kJ.m-2)在草莓果实采后后贮运保鲜和抗氧化能力调控中具有潜在的应用前景。     

外源甘氨酸甜菜碱处理对西葫芦果实冷害和品质的影响

为探讨甘氨酸甜菜碱(GB)处理对西葫芦果实贮藏期间冷害和品质的影响,以亚历山大西葫芦为材料,采用外源甜菜碱浸泡的方法,比较分析了冷害指数、相对电导率、叶绿素含量、抗氧化酶类活性、1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)自由基清除力等指标的变化。结果表明,10 mmol·L-1GB处理能有效抑制西葫芦果实低温贮藏过程中冷害的发生和相对电导率的上升,保持较高的叶绿素、总酚含量;同时,GB处理抑制了褐变相关的多酚氧化酶(PPO)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性,促进了抗氧化相关的过氧化氢酶(CAT)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性,减少了活性氧的产生和积累,从而使西葫芦果实保持较高的抗氧化活性。综上所述,GB处理能有效减轻西葫芦果实的冷害症状,维持西葫芦果实在低温贮藏期间的品质,本研究为西葫芦果实采后贮藏保鲜提供了理论依据。     

Antioxidant and choleretic properties of Raphanus sativus L. sprout (Kaiware Daikon) extract

Brassica vegetables and glucosinolates contained therein are supposed to reduce the risk of cancer and to possess health-promoting properties. The benefits of a Brassica-based diet may be particularly expressed by eating sprouts, in which the glucosinolate content is higher than in mature vegetables. With this in mind, a first objective of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant properties of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) sprouts (Kaiware Daikon) extract (KDE), in which the glucosinolate glucoraphasatin (GRH), showing some antioxidant activity, is present at 10.5% w/w. The contribution of GRH to KDE's antioxidant activity was considered in two chemical assays (Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity and Briggs-Rauscher methods). The total phenol assay by Folin-Ciocalteu reagent was performed to quantify the reducing capacity of KDE. Finally, on the basis of the putative choleretic properties of antioxidant plant extracts, the effect on the bile flow of KDE administration was investigated in an animal experimental model. The findings showed that KDE has antioxidant properties and significantly induced bile flow in rats administered 1.5 g/kg of body weight for 4 consecutive days.     

Aqueous extract from Spanish black radish (Raphanus sativus L. Var. niger) induces detoxification enzymes in the HepG2 human hepatoma cell line

Spanish black radish (Raphanus sativus L. var. niger) is a member of the Cruciferae family that also contains broccoli and Brussels sprouts, well-known to contain health-promoting constituents. Spanish black radishes (SBR) contain high concentrations of a glucosinolate unique to the radish family, glucoraphasatin, which represents >65% of the total glucosinolates present in SBR. The metabolites of glucosinolates, such as isothiocyanates, are implicated in health promotion, although it is unclear whether glucosinolates themselves elicit a similar response. The crude aqueous extract from 0.3 to 3 mg of dry SBR material increased the activity of the phase II detoxification enzyme quinone reductase in the human hepatoma HepG2 cell line with a maximal effect at a concentration of 1 mg/mL. Treatment of HepG2 cells with the crude aqueous extract of 1 mg of SBR per mL also significantly induced the expression of mRNA corresponding to the phase I detoxification enzymes: cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1, CYP1A2, and CYP1B1 as well as the phase II detoxification enzymes: quinone reductase, heme oxygenase 1, and thioredoxin reductase 1. Previous studies have shown that the myrosinase metabolites of different glucosinolates vary in their ability to induce detoxification enzymes. Here, we show that while glucoraphasatin addition was ineffective, the isothiocyanate metabolite of glucoraphasatin, 4-methylthio-3-butenyl isothiocyanate (MIBITC), significantly induced phase II detoxification enzymes at a concentration of 10 microM. These data demonstrate that the crude aqueous extract of SBR and the isothiocyanate metabolite of glucoraphasatin, MIBITC, are potent inducers of detoxification enzymes in the HepG2 cell line.     

Content of glucosinolates in cruciferous vegetables grown at the same site for two years under different climatic conditions

Individual glucosinolates (GLS) were determined in vegetables of three Cruciferae species: Brassica oleracea L. (white cabbage, red cabbage, Savoy cabbage, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, kale, kohlrabi), Brassica rapa L. (turnip), and Raphanus sativus L. (red radish, black radish, and white radish) produced in two years. The cultivars were compared for the contents of total-, indole-, and aliphatic GLS. In both years, the total content of GLS was highest in black radish, and all examined R. sativus vegetables contained the greatest amount of aliphatic GLS. Neither the level nor the identity of GLS differentiated among the vegetables of the other cultivars grown in the same year. Comparison of the GLS contents of the same cultivar in two production years, which differed in temperature and rainfall rate, showed that low average 10-day rainfall and high average temperature during the vegetation period significantly increased the GLS content of vegetables. This suggests that the year x cultivar interaction modified the GLS content of vegetables.     

Changes during storage in conventional and ecological wine: phenolic content and antioxidant activity

Polyphenol content, free radical scavenging capacity, and changes during storage over 7 months in the dark were studied in ecological and conventional red and white wines. In red wines, the most changeable components during storage were the anthocyanins since during storage anthocyanins content decreased 88% in conventional wine and 91% in ecological wine. Initially, the total flavonol contents of the conventional and ecological red wines were 163.88 +/- 2.69 and 153.58 +/- 1.71 mg/L, respectively, and no significant variations occurred during storage. No differences in hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives content between conventional and ecological red and white wines were observed. The flavonol level in white wines was very low, as expected since these compounds are found in grape skin. The initial antioxidant activity was 5.37 +/- 0.14 and 5.82 +/- 0.31 mM equivalents Trolox for conventional and ecological red wines, respectively; no significant differences were observed (p = 0.2831), and these values were 7-8 times higher than the antioxidant activity observed in conventional and ecological white wine. In contrast with other studies, the total concentrations of phenolic compounds in conventional and ecological red and white wines were not related to antioxidant activity (p > 0.05). In red wines, no significant differences were observed in the antioxidant activity of ecological and conventional red wine (p = 0.28), while in white wine significant differences were observed in the antioxidant activity between conventional and ecological white wine (p = 0.006).     

Effect of light conditions on the contents of glucosinolates in germinating seeds of white mustard, red radish, white radish, and rapeseed

The study was aimed at determining the effect of light conditions on contents of glucosinolates (GLS) in germinating seeds of white mustard, red radish, white radish, and rapeseed. The seeds were germinated in light and dark, at 25 degrees C, for up to 7 days. As compared to the nongerminated seeds, in seeds exposed to light and germinated for 4, 5, 6, and 7 days the content of total GLS was observed to decrease by 30 to 70% depending on the species. Germination in conducted the dark for the respective periods of time resulted in decreases of total GLS not exceeding 25%. The changes in the concentration of total GLS were attributed to aliphatic GLS predominating in seeds, yet in the case of white mustard to sinalbin belonging to aralkyl glucosinolates. Although seeds germinated in the dark, as compared to those exposed to light, were characterized by a higher total content of indole GLS, the percentage contribution of that group of compounds in white mustard, red radish, and white radish remained at a similar level, irrespective of germination time. Only in the case of rapeseed was the percentage of the sum of indole GLS observed to increase from 17 to up to 45% once the seeds were exposed to light and to 50% once they were germinated in the dark.     

Antioxidant activities and anthocyanin content of fresh fruits of common fig (Ficus carica L.)

Fig fruit has been a typical component in the health-promoting Mediterranean diet for millennia. To study the potential health-promoting constituents of fig fruits, six commercial fig varieties differing in color (black, red, yellow, and green) were analyzed for total polyphenols, total flavonoids, antioxidant capacity, and amount and profile of anthocyanins. Using reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RP-LC), various concentrations of anthocyanins but a similar profile was found in all varieties studied. Hydrolysis revealed cyanidin as the major aglycon. Proton and carbon NMR confirmed cyanidin-3-O-rhamnoglucoside (cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside; C3R) as the main anthocyanin in all fruits. Color appearance of fig extract correlated well with total polyphenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and antioxidant capacity. Extracts of darker varieties showed higher contents of phytochemicals compared to lighter colored varieties. Fruit skins contributed most of the above phytochemicals and antioxidant activity compared to the fruit pulp. Antioxidant capacity correlated well with the amounts of polyphenols and anthocyanins (R2 = 0.985 and 0.992, respectively). In the dark-colored Mission and the red Brown-Turkey varieties, the anthocyanin fraction contributed 36 and 28% of the total antioxidant capacity, respectively. C3R contributed 92% of the total antioxidant capacity of the anthocyanin fraction. Fruits of the Mission variety contained the highest levels of polyphenols, flavonoids, and anthocyanins and exhibited the highest antioxidant capacity.     

Antioxidant capacity in cranberry is influenced by cultivar and storage temperature

Ten cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton) cultivars were evaluated for oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), anthocyanins, and total phenolics contents after three months of storage at 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 degrees C. The antioxidant capacity of cranberry was affected by cultivars and storage temperatures. Among the 10 cranberry cultivars used in this study, Early Black, Crowley, and Franklin had higher antioxidant capacities than the other cultivars. ORAC values, anthocyanins, and total phenolics contents increased during storage. The highest increases in antioxidant activity, anthocyanin, and phenolics contents occurred at 15 degrees C storage. Fruit stored at 20 degrees C had lower ORAC values than those stored at 15 degrees C. A positive relationship existed between ORAC values and anthocyanin or phenolic content in all 10 cranberry cultivars at different storage temperatures.     

Stability to light, heat, and hydrogen peroxide at different pH values and DPPH radical scavenging activity of acylated anthocyanins from red radish extract

The stability of red radish extract to light, heat, and hydrogen peroxide at different pH values (3, 5, and 7) was examined, in which major anthocyanins were pelargonidin glycosides acylated with a combination of p-coumaric, ferulic, or caffeic acids. The light irradiation (fluorescence light, 5000 lx; at 25 degrees C) indicated that the red radish extract was more stable at lower pH than at higher pH. The HPLC analyses revealed that diacylated anthocyanins in the extract were more stable to light at pH 3 than monoacylated anthocyanins. No significant difference in degradation rates of acylated anthocyanins at pH 5 was observed, whereas anthocyanins acylated with p-coumaric or ferulic acids were more stable at pH 7 than ones with caffeic acids. The stability to heat (at 90-95 degrees C) showed a tendency similar to that for light. The number of intramolecular acyl units contributes to stability to light and heat at lower pH, whereas the characteristics of intramolecular acyl units influence the stability at higher pH. The degradation behavior of red radish extract to H2O2 were almost the same to those of light and heat, depending on the pH. However, HPLC analyses revealed that the stability of individual acylated anthocyanins were independent of the pH. These data suggest that the characteristics, the number, and the binding site of intramolecular acyl units affect the stability of anthocyanin to H2O2. DPPH radical scavenging activity of all acylated anthocyanins was higher than those of pelargonidin and perlargonidin-3-glucoside. The activity of acylated anthocyanins mostly depended on the activity of intramolecular acyl units (caffeic acid > ferulic acid > p-coumaric acid). However, the activity was highly affected by the binding site of intramolecular acyl units even if anthocyanins have common acyl units.