中国南瓜对嫁接黄瓜产量与风味影响的综合评价

为探讨中国南瓜砧木种质资源的多样性,筛选同时具有较高产量和较优风味品质嫁接黄瓜的中国南瓜砧用种质,本研究以国内外102份中国南瓜高代自交系种质为砧木,以黄瓜品种新泰密刺为接穗进行嫁接,利用主成分分析、隶属函数分析和聚类分析对嫁接黄瓜形态学和农艺性状等13项指标进行综合评价。结果表明,与对照新泰密刺相比,102份嫁接组合的各项指标存在广泛变异,主成分分析显示前5个主成分累计贡献率达到86.226%,其中植株产量因子、雌花因子、果实风味因子是构成嫁接组合性状差异的主要因子。系统聚类分析将102个嫁接组合划分为4个类群,隶属函数分析表明柿饼南瓜5Bb636-3(N67)和三禾13-s08z13-3(N91)等7份砧木的嫁接组合产量和口感等各项指标表现突出,可作为南瓜砧木品种选育的优异亲本材料。本研究进一步丰富了中国南瓜砧木的评价体系,为选育嫁接黄瓜性状良好的中国南瓜砧木品种提供了重要依据。     

38份藜麦种质资源农艺性状与产量的关系分析

为了解藜麦种质资源在甘肃省陇中旱作区农艺性状和产量的关系,更高效的选育藜麦新品种,以38份藜麦种质资源为材料,采用相关性分析、主成分分析和聚类分析方法对影响产量的主要农艺性状进行了分析。结果表明,藜麦产量与各个农艺性状的相关程度从高到低依次为冠幅、全生育期、籽粒直径、千粒重、株高,全生育期与其余农艺性状均存在极显著相关性。冠幅、全生育期、籽粒直径、千粒重、株高等5个农艺性状可以归为3个主成分因子,其累积贡献率为76.657%,同时在类间距离为17.5处,将所有种质资源可分为三大类群。     

空间诱变选育特小型黄瓜新种质

利用卫星搭载黄瓜自交系材料,通过地面种植、观察、分离、纯化,获得特小型黄瓜自交系CHA03-10-2-2。该自交系瓜长8cm左右,雌花节率达99.5%,表现稳定,可直接用于培育特小型黄瓜新品种。     

22个冬小麦品种主要农艺和品质性状遗传多样性分析

为了解甘肃天水地区育成冬小麦品种的遗传多样性,提高种质资源的利用效率,以22份冬小麦品种为试验材料,研究了其主要农艺性状与品质性状的变异情况、遗传多样性指数,并进行了主成分分析和聚类分析。结果表明,农艺性状中,穗粒数的变异系数最大(11.5%),千粒重的遗传多样性指数最高(1.75);品质性状中,沉降值的变异系数最大(31.3%),容重的遗传多样性指数最高(1.87)。说明供试材料的遗传多样性较丰富。8个性状的主成分分析结果表明,前4个主成分的累计贡献率为82.636%,用类平均法(UPGMA)将22个品种聚为5类,其中第Ⅰ类群可作为提高品质的材料供育种选择,第Ⅴ类群可作为增产材料供育种选择。     

2012—2014年第四轮国家青稞品种区试合作点结果

2012 — 2014年第四轮国家青稞品种区试合作点试验结果表明,在9个参试品种(系)中,甘9828综合农艺性状表现优良,折合产量4 700 kg/hm2,居第1位;甘9619综合农艺性状表现较好,折合产量为4 600 kg/hm2,居第2位,以上2个品种(系)可在甘南州青稞种植区推广种植。09YN-04折合产量为4 300 kg/hm2,居第3位,可作为搭配品种在甘南州青稞种植区种植。其余品种(系)作为种质资源保存。     

黄瓜突变体库的构建及表型变异的初步研究

为构建黄瓜突变体库,利用不同浓度的甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)溶液在不同处理时间下诱变华南型黄瓜高代自交系6457,并对诱变前后黄瓜表型变异特征进行分析。结果表明,根据诱变后的种子发芽率、成苗率,筛选出1.5%EMS处理10 h为最佳诱变条件。采用最佳诱变条件处理2 500粒黄瓜种子,构建了包含221个M₂株系的黄瓜突变体库。在M₁群体中出现叶片皱缩、叶色嵌合、植株多卷须、矮化、黄化、白化、畸形、果实嵌合体等变异性状,表型突变频率达18.9%;在M₂群体中筛选到长瓜、短瓜、心形叶、花萼叶片化、矮化植株等典型的突变体,表型突变频率达11.7%。本研究结果丰富了黄瓜种质资源,为黄瓜功能基因组学研究和新品种选育提供了一定的理论依据。     

苦瓜新品种九杂翠玉的选育

九杂翠玉是以综合性状好,抗病性中等,抗逆性和适应性较强的优质早熟强雌系10-c1-1为母本,以中熟品种,生长势中等,分枝力强,商品性好,果肉厚,适应性广的10-44为父本,配制而成的苦瓜一代杂交种。2017年9月7日通过重庆市农作物品种鉴定,定名为九杂翠玉(渝品审鉴2017013)。该品种植株长势旺,分枝能力强,主、侧蔓均可结瓜,综合性状好。主蔓第一朵雌花着生于9~14节,雌花株率占93.4%。果实长圆筒形,果面肉突起、果色绿白色,果长36.45 cm,果粗10.45 cm,果肉厚1.08cm,平均单果质量1 034.53 g。肉质脆嫩,清凉微苦。抗病性中等,抗逆性和适应性较强。熟性配套(早熟,长采收期),高产,商品性好。     

玉米种质资源观测筛选试验

为有效保护和高效利用玉米种质资源,通过对25份玉米种质资源的生育期、经济性状、农艺性状的观测鉴定,筛选出综合性状表现好的8份玉米种质资源。其中,B1B1、P74生育期较早,脱水快,可以做中早熟品种选育的基础材料;1CPS、P32、18♀、7♀的生育期为中晚熟,植株株型好,果穗性状优良,适宜做中晚熟玉米品种选育的基础材料; TS-1、TS-3的生育期偏晚,叶片数多、叶片宽大,鲜果穗重,适合做饲用玉米品种选育的基础材料。     

重庆科光种苗有限公司 重庆市农业科学院

<正>蜜宝/Pumpkin F1最新选育一代杂交种。生长势强早中熟。蔓生,主蓃第13-15节着生第一雌花。瓜棒锤形.瓜面微棱.瓜挤小.脐端膨大.果颈稍细。嫩瓜绿色有光泽.老瓜橙黄色.肉质致密,特甜.品质极佳.耐贮运。单瓜重2-3kg.-般亩产2500kg。     

辣椒种质表型性状与SSR分子标记的遗传多样性分析

为改良辣椒品种和挖掘新品种选育的特异种质材料,以52份纯化的辣椒种质为供试材料,对18个表型性状进行变异性、多样性和主成分分析,分别基于表型性状及SSR分子标记对供试材料进行聚类分析,并对2种聚类结果进行相关性分析。结果表明,18个性状在不同种质材料之间存在显著差异,平均变异系数为34.57%,平均香农多样性指数为2.47;被提取的前7个成分占表达信息量的78.153%,其中第1主成分占表达信息量的20.991%,且第1主成分在果实直径、果肉厚度、单果重、果形指数、叶片宽度和叶片长度等性状上呈现较高的载荷量;表型性状分析将52份材料分成四类,SSR标记分析将52份材料也分成四类,但2种分类方法的结果之间不存在相关性(r=-0.027,P=0.6050.05),即2种方法得出的结果吻合性不高。本研究结果为辣椒种质资源创新和新品种选育提供了一定的理论依据。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.