思茅松人工林土壤有机碳库特征

为探讨思茅松人工造林对土壤有机碳库的影响,以云南省普洱市思茅区8种定植模式及7个林龄的思茅松人工林为研究对象,对0～ 50 cm土层土壤有机碳质量分数及密度进行调查分析.结果表明：1）思茅松人工林土壤有机碳质量分数随土壤深度的增加而降低,8种定植模式13a思茅松人工林0～50 cm土壤有机碳质量分数皆大于思茅松天然林;不同林龄思茅松人工林土壤有机碳质量分数在4～10a处于降低阶段,12a以后开始升高.2）土壤可溶性碳质量分数随土壤深度的增加而减小,土壤微生物量碳主要集中于0 ～10 cm土层.3）8种定植模式思茅松人工林土壤有机碳密度在64.48 ～ 84.30 t/hm2之间,其中2m＆#215;4m定植模式最大,1m＆#215;1m模式最小;土壤可溶性碳密度数值范围为0.30 ～0.42 t/hm2,土壤微生物量碳密度为0.49 ～ 1.29 t/hm2;4～ 14 a思茅松人工林土壤有机碳密度和可溶性碳密度随林龄的增加呈现先降后升的特点,14a时土壤有机碳密度达92.14 t/hm2,可溶性碳密度达0.42 t/hm2;土壤微生物量碳密度10a时最大,达0.92 t/hm2.研究表明思茅松人工林具有较强的土壤碳积累能力.     

区域土壤有机碳密度及碳储量计算方法探讨

土体中有机碳含量在纵向和横向上都具有空间相关性。本文利用曲周县四疃乡30个土壤剖面的有机碳含量数据,采用常见的纵向拟合方法建立了基于30个土壤剖面有机碳测定数据的对数函数拟合模型,计算得到研究区的土壤有机碳密度和碳储量分别为5.60kg C m-2和4.72×108kgC;又根据研究区土壤剖面中有机碳含量分布的不规则性特点,通过对土壤剖面层次的归一化处理,利用地统计横向插值方法,计算得到该区的土壤有机碳密度和碳储量分别为3.95kg Cm-2和3.33×108kgC。由于两种算法对数据的组织方式不同,得到的土壤有机碳密度和碳储量存在较大差异。两种方法适用于土壤有机碳在剖面中分布形式不同的土壤类型。     

梯田土壤有机碳密度分布及影响因素

研究丘陵地区不同土地利用方式下土壤有机碳密度的分布及其影响因素,为丘陵地区土壤肥力培育和生产力提升提供技术参考。通过密集采样,分析东南丘陵水田、旱地、果园和茶园4种典型利用方式下耕层土壤有机碳密度变化及其影响因素。结果表明,东南丘陵地区土壤有机碳密度平均为4.14kg/m2,其变化受地形、土地利用方式及土壤化学性状等因素影响。海拔为200～800m时有机碳密度最高,平均为4.38kg/m2;坡度对土壤有机碳密度影响表现为2°～6°>6°～15°>15°～25°>0～2°>25°以上;从坡向看,南北坡有机碳密度较高,东西坡较低;不同土地利用方式土壤有机碳密度果园>茶园>水田>旱地;水田土壤有机碳密度与土壤中碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾呈显著正相关,与缓效钾呈极显著负相关,旱地与速效磷和速效钾呈显著正相关,果园与碱解氮和速效钾呈正相关,茶园仅与碱解氮呈显著正相关。     

土地利用和管理方式对农牧交错带土壤碳密度的影响

为研究农牧交错区土地利用和管理方式对土壤碳库的影响,以农牧交错区未扰动自然土壤的天然草地和扰动自然土壤的开垦农田为研究对象,测定了不同土地利用和管理方式下0～50 cm土层的土壤体积质量、土壤有机碳含量及土壤有机碳密度。结果表明,5种土地利用和管理方式下的土壤有机碳密度在8.21～11.30 kg/m2之间,土壤有机碳主要分布在土壤表层,随着土层深度增加,土壤有机碳含量和密度减小。未扰动自然土壤的天然草地,0～50 cm的土壤有机碳含量及碳密度高于扰动自然土壤的开垦农田及撂荒地,以草地围封刈割利用下的土壤有机碳密度最高,草地自由放牧利用下的土壤有机碳密度最低。扰动自然土壤的农田撂荒10 a后与开垦农田相比,0～50 cm土层的有机碳含量及碳密度显著提高。土地利用及管理方式的变化改变了土壤体积质量及土壤有机碳含量,进而影响了土壤有机碳密度。围封割草或控制放牧,是适宜农牧交错区增加生态系统土壤碳贮量的利用途径。     

草地退化对青海湖流域小蒿草草甸土壤碳密度的影响

以青海湖流域小嵩草草甸土壤为研究对象,对不同退化程度下小蒿草草甸土壤容重和有机碳含量进行了测定,并在此基础上确定了土壤有机碳密度。结果表明:随着小嵩草草甸退化程度的加剧,其土壤容重在剖面上表现为逐渐增大趋势,土壤有机碳含量从表面逐渐减小,特别是0—10 cm表层有机碳含量减少尤为明显,未退化的表层有机碳平均含量是严重退化的6.5倍。土壤有机碳密度变化与有机碳含量在4种不同退化植被土壤中表现一致;4种不同退化程度小嵩草草甸0—100 cm土壤有机碳密度分别为（10.74±3.03）,（12.41±4.15）,（8.04±6.24） kgC/m²和（4.56±0.70） kg/m²,即轻度退化 > 未退化 > 中度退化 > 重度退化,说明随退化程度的加剧,土壤有机碳密度呈现显著下降趋势,但轻度退化有助于碳积累。     

松嫩平原玉米带农田土壤有机碳时空格局

该文基于吉林省第二次全国土壤普查省数据、县级土壤剖面资料和2003－2006年实测数据,估算了不同土壤类型农田表层土壤有机碳密度和储量,并对近25年来土壤有机碳时空变化特征及其原因进行分析。结果表明,总体上松嫩平原玉米带农田土壤有机碳密度和储量呈增加趋势。其中,碱土、暗棕壤、黑土和草甸土的土壤有机碳密度增幅分别达33%（4.16 kg/m2）,23.05%（3.79 kg/m2）、16.51%（3.74 kg/m2）和12.20%（3.77 kg/m2）;相反,黑钙土有机碳密度下降幅度达30.79%（2.18 kg/m2）。两时期土壤有机碳密度的空间分布格局基本一致,呈中部高、边缘低的趋势,但25年间土壤有机碳含量变化与1980年初始含量呈显著负相关（r＝-0.615**,P＜0.01）,且4.04 kg/m2是土壤有机碳上升或下降的临界值。根据West等提出的土壤碳汇潜力估算方法,如果保持1980年土地利用方式和传统的栽培耕作措施不变的情况下,松嫩平原玉米带农田土壤有机碳的碳汇潜力为0.33 Tg/a。     

东北黑土有机碳储量及其对大气CO2的贡献

开垦荒地和翻耕农田导致土壤结构破坏,加速土壤有机碳(SOC)损失。通常计算土体中SOC的损失时忽略了侵蚀和沉积作用产生的SOC在景观中的再分布,因而过高地估计了农业土壤对大气CO2的贡献。近年来,土壤科学研究表明,通过采用新的管理措施后,能使农田土壤由大气CO2碳源转变为碳汇。以东北黑土为例,计算其SOC库储量及耕种以来释放到大气中CO2的数量;评价侵蚀和沉积作用对SOC损失的影响;估算东北黑土采用新的管理方式后,该土类可固定大气CO2的潜力。根据第二次土壤普查资料和回归拟合方法,得出东北黑土1m深度的SOC平均密度为12.54kgC/m2,有机碳储量为646.2TgC。应用修正的土壤流失方程(RUSLE)和有关该区土壤侵蚀资料,计算黑龙江和吉林两省每年土壤迁移的碳量为0.34～2.84TgC/a,因沉积作用引起的SOC在景观中再分布的数量为0.27～2.27TgC/a。由此计算自耕种以来,东北黑土净释放到大气中的CO2数量为34.6～434.6TgC。如果采用新的管理措施后,东北黑土最大固碳潜力为244.3TgC,在未来20年内土壤固碳潜力为30.9TgC,平均每年1.55TgC/a。     

川中典型紫色丘陵区表层土壤有机碳密度空间变异及影响因素

根据94个样点表层(0-20cm)土壤有机碳分析化验数据,运用地统计学方法研究川中典型紫色丘陵区清流河流域土壤有机碳密度的空间变异特征及其影响因素,结果表明,该区域表层土壤有机碳密度在4.60~59.59kg/m2之间,平均值为20.58kg/m2,变异系数为52.32%,属于中等变异强度;土壤有机碳密度总体分布呈团状或条带状分布,其中高值区(28.70kg/m2)主要位于研究区东部的大清河下游,并以此为中心,向北、西和南3个方向呈辐射状逐步降低;低值区(17.20kg/m2)主要分布在南部、西部和北部;研究区中部土壤有机碳密度多介于17.20~25.80g/m2。研究区域土壤有机碳密度与土壤母质、地形、土地利用方式、排灌方式和土壤质地等因素密切相关,在不同土壤母质、地形、土地利用方式、灌溉方式和土壤质地下土壤有机碳密度差异达极显著或显著水平。     

岷江干旱河谷-山地森林交错带根层土壤碳活性与储量特征

根层土受植物地下部分生命活动、代谢影响最直接和最强烈,其碳活性与储量特征对土壤质量改变乃至全球气候变化具有极高的灵敏性。以岷江干旱河谷-山地森林交错带及邻近生态系统为研究对象,研究根层土壤易氧化碳、微生物量碳等碳活性以及碳密度、碳储量特征,可为该区的生态系统管理提供重要科学依据。结果表明,不同生态类型根层土的土壤碳密度为(0.14±0.007)～(101.16±0.301)kgC/m2,碳储量为(30.2±1.51)～(21850.6±65.02)kg。相对于干旱河谷,交错带根层土壤易氧化碳、微生物量碳等碳活性更强,为沿交错带逐步向下改善土壤环境抑制干旱河谷区上延提供了较好的碳素环境。尽管交错带天然林植被面积较小,但其土壤碳密度和土壤有机碳丰度指数因物种优势和所在山地垂直带谱中所处的相对有利位置,显著高于干旱河谷。在交错带内部,以高山栎为优势种的根层土具有更强的储碳能力,是包括退耕还林地在内的自然或人工植被调控生态工程建设中重要造林树种和恢复模式。     

贡嘎南山-拉轨岗日山南坡高寒草原生态系统表层土壤有机碳分布特征及其影响因素

为揭示贡嘎南山-拉轨岗日山南坡高寒草原生态系统表层土壤有机碳分布特征及其影响因素。在不同海拔高度取土样测定土壤理化指标,现场调查植物物种数、土壤类型等,研究了该区域0～20cm土壤有机碳分布特征及其影响因素。结果表明:高寒草原生态系统表层(0～20cm)土壤有机碳密度平均为5.1625±1.2786kgm-2,变异系数24.77%。在海拔4424～4804m范围内,随着海拔升高,表层(0～20cm)土壤有机碳密度表现出增加→减少增加→减少的分布特征。相关分析表明,表层土壤有机碳密度与植被盖度、30～40cm地下生物量、10～20cm土壤含水量、海拔高度、坡度、土壤有机质呈正相关关系,而与0～10cm土壤含水量、30～40cm土壤含水量、土壤pH值和土壤速效N呈负相关关系,影响表层土壤有机碳密度最关键的环境因子是30～40cm地下生物量、土壤pH值、土壤有机质和土壤速效N含量。     

Soil Erodibility and Physicochemical Properties of Collapsing Gully Alluvial Fans in Southern China

In southern China, collapsing gully erosion produces massive deposits of sediment on the plough layer of alluvial fan farmland, leading to reduced nutrients, increased erodibility, and even desertification. The aim of this study was to investigate soil erodibility (the factor K in the universal Soil Loss Equation, USLE) and physicochemical properties of the alluvial fans of the most severe collapsing gully erosion areas (Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong provinces) in southern China. The soils of the collapsing gully alluvial fans had a higher bulk density, but a lower total porosity, saturated water content, and silt and clay fractions than the control (CK) soils from the farmland without desertification. Soil quality gradually decreased from fan edge to fanhead. Significant decreases were found in soil pH, organic matter, cation exchange capacity, and total potassium, nitrogen, and phosphorus, as well as available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, resulting in a gradual decrease in soil nutrients from the fanedge to the fanhead. Soil erodibility was greatest in the fanhead, and soil erodibility K values of the alluvial fans were 53.71%, 66.28%, 67.53%, and 71.68 % greater than that in those of the CK soils of Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong, respectively, indicating a significant correlation between the soil erodibility K values and physicochemical properties, particularly sand fraction and organic matter content. The results provide new insights into the relationship between soil physicochemical properties and erodibility of alluvial fans, and suggest that improving soil structure might increase soil fertility in the collapsing gully alluvial fan farmland.     

Bodengefüge gegen Verdichtungen schützen – Lösungsansätze für den Schutz landwirtschaftlich genutzter Böden

Protecting soil structure against compaction—proposed solutions to safeguard agricultural soils To safeguard the ecological soil functions and the functions linked to human activities, measures against harmful changes to the soil are required, in line with the precautionary principle. The German Federal Soil Protection Act sets obligations for precaution in agricultural land use and, if harmful changes to the soil are foreseeable, measures for averting a danger. The results of a research project of the Federal Environmental Agency show that it is possible to describe an impairment of the soil structure, using methods of soil analysis. But this as a sole information would not qualify for the identification of harmful changes to the soil in the context of the Soil Protection Act, which requires an assessment of the severity of disruption of soil functions and the respective subject of protection. This would make additional soil investigations on site mandatory. Approaches in agricultural engineering and soil physics have introduced procedures to preserve the soil structure, in accordance with the precautionary principle. But these procedures have different goals and different ranges of application and hence offer partial solutions to safeguard against soil compaction. The assessment model of “trafficability by measuring the rut depth” provides information about the compaction status of the soil under applied conditions for farming gear, without providing detailed information about affected soil layers. The soil‐physical model of classifying soils into “risk classes for harmful soil compaction” focuses on the relationship between topsoil compaction and crop yields. The soil‐physical models “precompression stress” and “loading ratio” provide information for the assessment of subsoil compaction and a prognosis of a possible impairment of the soil structure at the water content of field capacity. It is necessary to validate the individual models with additional regional data about soil structure before a final assessment of the prognoses is made.     

Soil health – What should the doctor order?

The concept of soil health has been extensively reviewed in the scientific literature, but there is only patchy and inconsistent information available to farmers and growers who are concerned about the declining condition of their soils and are looking for appropriate test methods and management interventions to help reverse it. Although there are well‐established laboratory methods for soil chemical analysis, and a range of laboratory and field methods for measuring soil physical properties, only now are methods starting to emerge for soil biological analysis. This study provides an overview of the methods that are currently available commercially (or are close to commercialization) for farmers and growers in the UK. We examine the science underpinning the methods, the value of the information provided and how farmers and advisors can use results from such assessments for informed decision‐making in relation to soil management.     

长期化肥有机替代对黑土颜色及腐殖物质的影响

基于30年长期定位试验,通过测定黑土光谱反射率和不同腐殖质组分含量,探究了不同施肥对黑土土壤腐殖质含量、土壤颜色及二者之间的关系。试验设置5个处理:(1)休耕(Fallow);(2)不施肥处理(CK);(3)单施化肥(NPK);(4)有机肥部分替代化肥(NPKM);(5)秸秆部分替代化肥处理(NPKS)。结果表明:与NPK处理相比,Fallow、NPKS、NPKM分别显著提高49.7%,74.3%,27.0%的土壤有机碳含量(p<0.05)。NPKM处理中胡敏酸(HA)含量最高为3.9 g/kg,随后依次为CK、NPKS、NPK、Fallow。NPKM、NPKS和Fallow处理中土壤富里酸(FA)含量为2.2~2.3 g/kg,显著高于NPK和CK。NPKM处理中胡敏素(HM)含量为18.6 g/kg,显著高于其他处理(p<0.05)。不同处理间土壤光谱反射率由高到低依次为NPK>Fallow、CK>NPKS>NPKM,与CK处理相比,NPK土壤光谱反射率在平均提高6.5%,NPKS和NPKM则分别降低11.1%和15.1%。根据线性相关分析结果,黑土土壤光谱反射率与土壤HAHM均呈显著负相关关系(p<0.01),相关系数(r)分别为-0.858,-0.681。综合上述结果,长期有机物料投入可以显著提高黑土腐殖物质含量,降低黑土光谱反射率,使黑土颜色加深,而长期化肥施入则使黑土光谱反射率提高,出现"褪色"现象,有机粪肥在黑土中对土壤有机质和腐殖质含量的提升效果优于秸秆。     

金沙江干热峡谷中退化的土壤生态系统生物学特征初探

Distribution characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity were studied in the dry red soil and Vertisol ecosystems with different degradation degrees in the Yuanmou dry hot valley of the Jinsha River,China.Results showed that Hymenoptera,Araneae and Collembola were the dominant groups of soil animals in the polts studied.The numbers of groups and individuals and density of soil animals in the dry red soil series were higher than those in the Vertisol series,and the numbers of individuals and density of soil animals decreased with the degree of soil degradation.Bacteria dominated microbiococnosis not only in the dry red soils but also in the Vertisols.Microbial numbers of the dry red soil series were higher than those of Vertisol series,and decreased with the degree of soil degradation.The activities of catalase,invertase,urease and alkaline phosphatase declined with the degradation degree and showed a significant decline with depth in the profiles of both the dry red soils and the Vertisols,but activities of polyphenol oxidase and acid and neutral phosphatase showed the same tendencies only in the Vertisols.It was concluded that the characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity could be used as the bio-indicators to show the degradation degree of the dry red soils and Vertisols.Correlation among these soil bio-indicators was highly significant.     

设施栽培下原状土与扰动土水分特性的试验研究

以四川省双流县设施栽培土壤为研究对象,对其原状土与扰动土的土壤水分特征曲线、水分物理性质和比水容量等项目进行了研究。结果表明,扰动土水分特征曲线总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土含水量高于原状土,在高吸力阶段两者差异较小。扰动土毛管孔隙度、总孔度和凋萎含水量在剖面上的总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。扰动土不同土层田间持水量和有效水含量差异较小,原状土的田间持水量和有效水含量均随土层加深而减少。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土比水容量远高于原状土,但随土壤水吸力增加,扰动土比水容量变化趋势逐渐与原状土一致。     

植物苗期根系抗侵蚀特性试验研究——以构树和顶坛花椒为例

植物的固土抗蚀作用大小与其根系密切相关,而根系特征决定了根的固土抗蚀作用的发挥,本文以相同基质下构树和顶坛花椒不同特征的根系为研究对象.通过研究根系特征与土壤抗冲性、抗蚀性、抗拉性、紧实度的关系,结果表明,苗期根系能强化土壤抗冲性,构树苗、顶坛花椒苗根系强化值大小分别为78.01>77.71;根系可提高土壤抗蚀性,其抗蚀性强弱为.构树苗>顶坛花椒苗>对照,构树、顶坛花椒、对照试验的土壤水稳性指数分别为4.36,3.16,1.67;不同树种根系对土壤的固结能力不同,构树苗生长下的土壤抗拉能力为214.92 N,明显大于顶坛花椒苗生长下的土壤154.87 N;土壤紧实度大小为构树苗>顶坛花椒苗.并采用加权综合指数法综合评价了苗期不同特征植物根系的固土能力强弱,得出构树苗综合指数为1.058.而顶坛花椒苗为0.902.即构树苗的固土能力强于顶坛花椒,以期为今后的水土保持工作提供一定的理论依据.     

土壤润湿性受土壤特性及土地使用的影响

Depth distribution of soil wettability and its correlations with vegetation type, soil texture, and pH were investigated under various land use (cropland, grassland, and forestland) and soil management systems. Wettability was evaluated by contact angle with the Wilhelmy plate method. Water repellency was likely to be present under permanently vegetated land, but less common on tilled agricultural land. It was mostly prevalent in the topsoil, especially in coarse-textured soils, and decreased in the subsoil. However, the depth dependency of wettability could not be derived from the investigated wide range of soils. The correlation and multiple regression analysis revealed that the wettability in repellent soils was affected more by soil organic carbon (SOC) than by soil texture and pH, whereas in wettable soils, soil texture and pH were more effective than SOC. Furthermore, the quality of SOC seemed to be more important in determining wettability than its quantity, as proofed by stronger hydrophobicity under coniferous than under deciduous forestland. Soil management had a minor effect on wettability if conventional and conservation tillage or different grazing intensities were considered.     

土壤孔隙结构与土壤微环境和有机碳周转关系的研究进展

土壤结构是土壤功能的基础,不仅影响土壤养分的供应、水分的保持及渗透、气体的交换等过程,还为土壤微生物提供了物理生境,并调控土壤有机碳的周转这一关键过程。土壤的孔隙特征能够直接、真实地反映土壤结构的好坏;用土壤的孔隙特征作为试验指标能更好地反映土壤结构对这些过程的调节作用。在此基础上,将高度异质性的土壤孔隙结构同土壤微环境的变化和土壤有机碳的周转过程进行定量分析,对深入了解土壤结构在土壤生态系统中的功能至关重要。因此,着重从土壤孔隙结构对土壤微环境的影响及其与有机碳的关系两方面展开,剖析土壤孔隙结构调控作用下的土壤微环境响应过程,阐述土壤孔隙结构对土壤有机碳周转产生的直接、间接影响,强调土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转进程中的重要作用,并对土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转、植物残体分解及其与微生物协调作用机制等方面研究提出展望。     

土壤因子研究综述

介绍了国内外土壤因子的研究方法及研究成果,指出我国目前土壤因子研究中存在的问题,并结合我国土壤因子研究现状,认为继续土壤水蚀机理的研究是今后土壤因子研究的内容之一,同时,随着GIS和RS技术发展,应用GIS和RS技术研究区域土壤因子也将成为潮流。