用于地膜原料的大豆秸秆粉碎预处理工艺参数优化

为了满足植物纤维制取机对大豆秸秆原料长度的要求,采用改进的揉切式粉碎机对大豆秸秆进行预处理,选取揉切机的主轴转速、喂入量以及秸秆的含水率为试验因素,以大豆秸秆粉碎长度为响应函数,对大豆秸秆原料的预处理工艺参数进行了组合试验研究。结果表明:1)各因素对于秸秆粉碎长度影响的贡献率从高到低排序为主轴转速、含水率和喂入量;2)预处理工艺的最优参数组合为喂入量168 kg/h、大豆秸秆含水率处于36%~58%、揉切机主轴转速处于1 100~1 300 r/min。在此工艺参数条件下,大豆秸秆粉碎长度分布符合植物纤维制取机所要求的70~85 mm的理想范围。研究结果为完善植物纤维地膜制造工艺体系提供了参考。     

新型秸秆揉切机系列产品研制与开发 国家“九五”、“十五”科技攻关计划课题 国家农业科技成果转化资金项目

项目自行研制成功了可变切割速率（〈30m/s），采用先进高速摄影（最高频率可达32000幅/秒）的秸秆物料加工力学特性试验装置，系统研究了切割速率与秸秆切割阻力的相关关系以及秸秆物料的揉切破碎机理等，为新机具的开发提供了基础理论数据。     

干腌火腿揉制加工腿坯运动受力分析与仿真

针对干腌火腿传统手工揉制加工生产率低、含盐量高、品质不稳定等问题,提出了一种机械式揉制加工方法。以HTRZJ500型火腿揉制机为研究对象,进行了火腿揉制加工中腿坯运动和受力的分析与仿真:首先以干腌火腿为研究对象建立其腿坯的空间力学模型,绘制出腿坯在稳定揉制状态下的7个关键工位图谱;然后结合工位图谱与火腿揉制机揉制装置的结构尺寸,计算出腿坯全程被凸轮顶揉次数约36次,总时间约12 s,揉制力出现的两次峰值大小分别为609 N和973N;最后运用Solid Works软件创建了揉制装置虚拟样机,并通过Solid Works Motion仿真研究了腿坯揉制加工过程中的运动和受力规律。运动仿真结果表明:腿坯在整个揉制过程中持续振动,在4 s的仿真时间中出现了两次揉制力峰值,大小分别为677 N和994 N,与工位图谱对应位置的揉制力计算值的相对误差分别为10%和2.1%,仿真模型较为合理。该文结合工位图谱分析法和虚拟仿真技术揭示了干腌火腿的揉制加工运动机理和揉制力的变化规律,为火腿揉制机结构的设计与优化提供了理论参考。     

分段螺旋式甘草茎秆揉切装置设计与试验

针对全混合日粮饲草料揉切需求，该研究设计了一种分段螺旋式甘草茎秆揉切装置，对分段螺旋叶片的主体结构和搅龙结构参数进行设计，建立了刃口曲线方程，分析了装置揉切机理，并试制了分段螺旋式甘草茎秆揉切装置试验台。以搅龙转速、加工时间、填充系数、刀片与底壳间隙为因素，以粒度、破节率、单位质量能耗为指标，开展四因素三水平Box-Behnken试验，对试验结果进行方差分析和二次回归拟合，得出各因素对粒度影响显著性由大到小为加工时间、搅龙转速、填充系数、刀片与底壳间隙；对破节率的影响显著性由大到小为加工时间、填充系数、搅龙转速、刀片与底壳间隙；对单位质量能耗的影响显著性由大到小为填充系数、加工时间、搅龙转速、刀片与底壳间隙。对交互影响因素进行响应曲面分析并进行参数优化验证试验，结果表明：当搅龙转速为25 r/min、加工时间为12 min、填充系数为0.46、刀片与底壳间隙为15 mm时，甘草茎秆的揉切粉碎粒度为11.76 mm，破节率为83.27%，此时单位质量能耗为9 959.82 J/kg，试验值与模型理论值误差不超过7%，参数优化模型合理，满足作业要求。研究结果可为全混合日粮搅拌机的研发提供理论依据。     

针形绿名茶连续清洁化加工技术要点

阐述了针形绿名茶连续清洁化的加工设备、工艺流程,介绍了全程清洁化加工的技术要点:鲜叶原料的选择、鲜叶摊放、杀青、风选冷却、回潮、初揉捻、解块、二青、复揉捻、再解块、整形、摊晾回潮、干燥。     

基于PLC控制的自动化茶叶揉捻机组研究

根据串联并行原理与闭环控制系统,以6CR-40揉捻机和PLC为载体,设计了一种自动上下茶叶,自动控制揉捻压力、时间和揉桶转速的新型、先进、适应大中小各型茶厂使用的自动化茶叶揉捻机组。     

微型水力发电机组在丘陵山区的推广应用

微型水力发电机组从80年代初逐渐在农村得到应用,到1989年底湖南全省已推广6599台,装机容量9175kW。特别在广大丘陵山区,如郴州、零陵已发展到3466台、4817kW,占全省拥有量的52.5％。 微型水力发电机组主要由能量转换机构、配套加工机具、用电照明负载组成。在水力作用下,水轮机的转轮把水能转换为机械能,带动发电机主轴旋转,又将机械能转换为电能。如将转轮主轴连接配套加工机具,便可进行农副产品加工。     

秸秆揉碎加工工艺与秸秆养畜

在对现有的秸秆加工工艺和机具分析与研究的基础上，认为秸秆揉碎加工具有更加明显的优点，提出了发展和推广秸秆揉碎加工工艺的观点，以推动和发展秸秆养畜，并提出相应的建议。     

秸秆揉碎加工工艺与秸秆养畜

在对现有的秸秆加工工艺和机具分析与研究的基础上，认为秸秆揉碎加工具有更加明显的优点，提出了发展和推广秸秆揉碎加工工艺的观点，以推动和发展秸秆养畜，并提出相应的建议。     

原料肉的机械前处理工艺对猪肉切片火腿品质的影响

为了改善猪肉切片火腿出水、质构和口感问题,以精选猪后腿肉的股四头肌为主要原料,研究5种机械处理工艺对猪肉切片火腿系水性(蒸煮损失率、压榨失水率和杀菌失水率)、质构特性(硬度、弹性、内聚性和咀嚼度)、色泽和感官品质的影响。5种对原料肉的机械处理工艺包括只滚揉、注射腌制液后滚揉、嫩化后滚揉、注射后嫩化滚揉、腰刀绞制后滚揉。结果表明:注射和嫩化均可显著降低火腿的蒸煮损失率和压榨失水率,注射后嫩化滚揉的火腿的蒸煮损失率最低,为7.90%,而腰刀绞制后滚揉的火腿切片杀菌失水率最低,为2.66%,注射后嫩化滚揉与腰刀绞制后滚揉的火腿压榨失水率均最低,并且均显著低于其他处理组。注射和嫩化均可提高产品的硬度、内聚性和咀嚼度,注射嫩化滚揉组合处理与进行1种机械处理或2种机械处理相比,样品具有更好的质构特性,但是5种机械处理工艺中,腰刀绞制后滚揉的猪肉火腿硬度、内聚性和咀嚼度均最大。注射和嫩化有利于提高产品的亮度值(L*)和红度值(a*),降低产品的黄度值(b*)。通过感官评价可知,只经过滚揉的火腿具有最差的感官品质,注射后滚揉和嫩化后滚揉火腿的感官品质差异不大,注射后嫩化滚揉的火腿的质地和切片性低于腰刀绞制后滚揉的火腿,但是显肉性和色泽优于腰刀绞制后滚揉火腿。因此,工业化生产建议原料肉采用注射后嫩化滚揉处理,猪肉切片火腿具有最好的品质。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。