旱作春玉米冠层及叶片瞬态气体交换及水分利用效率日变化特征

旱作作物不同尺度瞬态气体交换和水分利用效率同步观测的研究，对于节水高效农业理论研究和生产实践均具有及其重要的意义。该文采用涡度相关技术和LI-COR6400便携式光合作用测定仪测定旱作春玉米灌浆期冠层、叶片瞬时CO₂和H₂O汽交换速率，并分析其瞬态水分利用效率日变化特征。结果表明，旱作春玉米灌浆期0～100 cm根层土壤相对湿度为40%时，日变化过程中晴日中上部位叶片的光合速率高峰值为1.3 mg·m^-2·s^-1(29.82 μmol·m^-2·s^-1)，与同纬度地区灌溉玉米的光合速率高峰值相近；而群体下光合速率高峰值为0.9 mg·m^-2·s^-1(20.65 μmol·m^-2·s^-1)，只及同纬度地区灌溉玉米灌浆期光合速率高峰值的54.5%；群体和叶片水分利用效率高峰值分别为0.16 g(CO₂)/g(H₂O)和0.06 g(CO₂)/g(H₂O)，正午前后分别维持在0.0055～0.0123 g(CO₂)/g(H₂O)和0.0113～0.0197 g(CO₂)/g(H₂O)，叶片尺度的光合速率和水分利用效率在10∶00以后的时段内明显高于群体水平。     

长江中下游甘薯氮磷钾肥施用效果与区域土壤养分丰缺指标研究

根据2009—2014年在长江中下游薯区实施的68个氮、磷、钾肥料用量田间试验结果，建立了基于养分丰缺指标法——肥料效应函数的甘薯氮、磷、钾施肥指标体系。结果表明：施用氮肥、磷肥、钾肥均对甘薯具有极显著的增产效果(P<0.01)；植薯土壤水解性氮含量的“高”、“低”指标分别为170 mg/kg和100 mg/kg，有效磷含量的临界指标为17 mg/kg，土壤速效钾含量“高”、“低”的指标分别为110 mg/kg和30 mg/kg；高产田块甘薯的氮、磷、钾肥最佳经济推荐施用量分别为N 125 kg/hm²、P₂O₅160 kg/hm²和K₂O 182 kg/hm²，中低产田块的氮、磷、钾肥最佳经济推荐施用量分别为N 155 kg/hm²、P₂O₅120 kg/hm²和K₂O 220 kg/hm²。     

保水型专用肥对制种玉米田土壤蓄水量的影响及最佳施肥量研究

在甘肃省河西内陆灌区的制种玉米田,采用田间试验方法,研究了保水型专用肥对土壤物理性质和蓄水量的影响及制种玉米田最佳施肥量。结果表明,影响玉米产量的因素由大到小依次为:CO(NH₂)₂>(NH₄)₂HPO₄>糠醛渣>保水剂>ZnSO₄·7H₂O;因素间最佳组合为:CO(NH₂)₂600kg/hm²,(NH₄)₂HPO₄350kg/hm²,ZnSO₄·7H₂O 30kg/hm²,保水剂19.98kg/hm²,糠醛渣15 000kg/hm²。保水型专用肥施肥量与玉米制种田容重呈负相关关系,与孔隙度、蓄水量、玉米植物学性质和经济性状呈正相关关系。随着保水型专用肥施用量梯度的增加,玉米穗粒数、穗粒重、百粒重、产量在增加,但边际产量、边际利润表现为递减,保水型专用肥施用量在10.00t/hm²的基础上再增加2.50t/hm²,收益出现负值。经回归统计分析,保水型专用肥施用量与玉米产量可用一元二次方程拟合,经济效益最佳施肥量为9.99t/hm²,玉米的理论产量为6 715.33kg/hm²。     

不同有机物料投入下黄河故道土壤有机碳积累特征的研究

【目的】黄河故道潮土区土壤有机质含量低、结构差是限制当地作物优质高产的重要问题,通过连续施用不同有机物料,探究不同有机物料投入下,黄河故道区典型土壤的有机质积累特征,为该区土壤的快速固碳提供理论依据和参考方案。【方法】试验共设置7个处理：单施NPK肥作为对照(CK),其他处理在单施NPK肥的基础上增施有机肥6000 kg/hm_² (M1)、有机肥12000 kg/hm_² (M2)、树枝菌渣6000 kg/hm_² (B1)、树枝菌渣12000 kg/hm_² (B2)、秸秆菌渣6000 kg/hm_² (S1)、秸秆菌渣12000 kg/hm_² (S2), 采用随机区组设计。【结果】与CK相比,外源有机物料施入会显著增加玉米产量和有机质含量,增幅范围分别为21.7%～58.3%和37.4%～70.1%,产量的增加直接导致进入土壤的秸秆残渣及根茬碳相应增加38.9 kg/hm_²～76.9 kg/hm_²,致使 B2处理增产保肥效果最佳。就有机物料种类而言,用量为12000 kg/hm_²的树枝菌渣对土壤活性有机质的提升幅度最大,比相同用量的有机肥和秸秆菌渣高26.2%和57.0%,秸秆菌渣的碳库管理指数最高,但与树枝菌渣相比无显著差异。树枝菌渣由于碳氮比高,在土壤中分解慢,相同用量下,矿化消耗的碳量低于秸秆菌渣和有机肥,单位碳投入下的呼吸量比秸秆菌渣和有机肥低42.3%和29.3%。【结论】用量为12000 kg/hm_²的树枝菌渣由于碳投入量大,矿化消耗少,对黄河故道潮土有机质提升效果最好,玉米增产最明显。     

施氮水平对太行山前平原冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系土壤温室气体通量的影响

应用静态明箱-气相色谱法对4 个施氮肥水平N0 [0 kg(N)·hm^-2]、N200 [200 kg(N)·hm^-2]、N400 [400kg(N)·hm^-2]、N600 [600 kg(N)·hm^-2]的夏玉米-冬小麦季轮作体系2008~2010 年的土壤温室气体(CH₄、CO₂ 和N₂O)排放通量进行研究, 同时观测5 cm 土层土壤温度并记录降水量。结果表明: 太行山前平原冬小麦-夏玉米轮作农田生态系统为CH₄ 吸收汇, CO₂ 和N₂O 排放源。随着氮肥施入量的增加土壤对CH₄ 的吸收速率降低, 而CO₂ 和N₂O 的排放速率增加。冬小麦季施氮处理土壤对CH₄ 的吸收速率显著低于无氮肥的N0 处理, 而N600处理土壤CO₂ 和N₂O 排放速率显著高于N0 处理(P<0.05)。施肥和灌溉会直接导致土壤CO₂ 和N₂O 的排放通量增加, 同时土壤对CH₄ 的吸收峰值减小。土壤温度升高和降水量增加以及干湿交替加剧均会造成N₂O 和CO₂排放速率增加。同时在持续干燥和低温条件的冬季不施氮处理观测到土壤对N₂O 的吸收现象。N0、N200、N400 和N600 处理土壤CH₄ 年排放总量(kg·hm^-2·a^-1)分别为-1.42、-0.75、-0.82、-0.92(2008~2009 年)和-2.60、-1.47、-1.35、-1.76(2009~2010 年), N0、N200、N400 和N600 处理土壤CO₂ 年排放总量(kg·hm^-2·a^-1)分别为15 597.6、19 345.6、21 455.9、29 012.5(2008~2009 年)和10 317.7、11 474.0、13 983.5、20 639.3(2009~2010年), N0、N200、N400 和N600 处理土壤N₂O 年排放总量(kg·hm^-2·a^-1)分别为1.05、2.16、5.27、6.98(2008~2009年)和1.49、2.31、4.42、5.81(2009~2010 年)。     

玉米脉动流化干燥数学模型的建立与验证

通过分析和试验研究，认为模型MR=(M-M_e)/(M₀-M_e)=exp(-kt^N)能较准确的描述玉米在脉动流化床干燥中的水分变化规律。模型中的系数k和N主要受干燥器入口风温、风速、脉动频率和床层高度的影响。采用四因素的二次回归正交组合设计来拟合系数k、N与上述4个因素的关系，建立了脉动流化床上干燥玉米的回归数学模型。通过试验确认回归数学模型可以较准确的预测玉米在脉动流化床干燥中的水分变化。     

低温胁迫对圆叶决明的伤害及施用Ca肥防护效果的研究

圆叶决明在0℃低温下分别胁迫6、12、18、24 h后，叶片叶绿素总量较对照(25℃)下降21.89%、26.04%、28.16%、29.31%，可溶性蛋白质含量、H₂O₂含量和·O^-₂净产生速率随胁迫时间增加，活性氧清除酶SOD的活性随胁迫时间先上升后下降。施Ca²⁺处理可明显降低圆叶决明叶片·O^-₂净产生速率、H₂O₂含量和细胞质膜的电解质渗透率，同时提高了叶绿素含量和抑制活性氧的产生，其中以0.5 mmol/L浓度的CaCl₂处理效果为最佳，说明Ca²⁺对低温胁迫下圆叶决明的膜结构起有效的保护作用。     

喷杆式喷雾机雾流方向角对药液沉积影响的试验研究

为了研究喷杆式喷雾机的雾流方向角对靶标上药液沉积量的影响，设置±40°、±30°、±20°、±10°、0° 9个雾流方向角，选用标准扇形雾喷头ST120-015，喷雾压力0.25 MPa，分别以1.18 m/s、0.59 m/s的前进速度，按照150 L/hm²和300 L/hm²的喷量针对水平靶标和垂直靶标进行喷雾试验。试验结果表明，改变雾流方向角会增加药液在水平靶标上的沉积量，药液在中部和下部靶标沉积量的增加程度比上部显著，喷量150 L/hm²和300 L/hm²的最佳喷雾雾流方向角分别为20°和30°；对于垂直靶标，喷量150 L/hm²时改变雾流方向角只会增加上部和下部靶标的药液沉积量，而喷量300 L/hm²时改变雾流方向角会使上、中、下三部分靶标的沉积量都增加，且增加程度一致。当喷量150 L/hm²时垂直靶标的最佳雾流方向角为20°～40°，喷量300 L/hm²时的最佳雾流方向角为30°。试验结果表明喷杆前进速度会对最佳雾流方向角产生影响。     

厨余堆肥污染气体减排的工艺参数优化

好氧堆肥处理厨余垃圾具有规模灵活、参数易调整、工艺适配性高等优点,但存在发酵周期长且易产生污染气体等问题,严重限制了就近就地处理利用的推广。污染气体产生与堆体内氧气供应与利用直接相关,为提高发酵速率、减少污染气体排放,优化厨余垃圾堆肥的工艺参数,该研究采用三因素三水平正交堆肥试验L₉（3⁴）,探究粒径、含水率和通风速率三大因素对堆体温度、O₂、pH值、EC值、GI值以及污染气体（H₂S、NH₃、N₂O及CH₄）的影响。结果表明,当初始物料粒径为0.5～10 mm时能够显著加快堆肥进程,在第11 天时GI值即可达80%以上,有效地缩短了堆肥周期。通过对污染气体做极差以及方差分析发现,物料粒径对H₂S排放影响显著,含水率和通风速率对H₂S和N₂O排放影响显著。综合堆肥周期以及污染气体减排效果,厨余垃圾堆肥最优的工艺参数组合为：初始物料粒径为0.5～10 mm、初始含水率为60%、通风速率为0.2 L/（min·kg⁻¹）,研究结果可为厨余垃圾利用提供参考。     

我国大豆最佳施肥量和种植密度评价

施肥量和种植密度是影响大豆高产的重要因素。在收集了大量的大豆试验数据(1998～ 2017年)基础上，通过拟合氮、磷、钾肥用量和种植密度与产量之间的二次函数，得出最佳的施肥量和种植密度，通过逐步回归分析了施肥量和种植密度对大豆产量的影响。结果表明，我国春大豆和夏大豆的产量逐年增加，平均产量分别为 2 610和 2 724 kg/hm²。夏大豆最高产量下的氮、磷、钾肥用量分别为 N 96 kg/hm²、P2O5 80 kg/hm²和K2O 126 kg/hm²；春大豆最高产量下的氮、磷、钾肥用量分别为 N 71 kg/hm²、P2O5 108 kg/hm²和K2O 74 kg/hm²；实现夏、春大豆高产的最佳密度分别为 27万和 34万株/hm²。逐步回归分析显示，磷用量对春大豆产量影响最大，其次为钾肥和密度；在夏大豆产区，密度对产量影响最大，其次为磷肥用量。种植密度是大豆高产的关键因素，春、夏大豆需要提高种植密度获得高产，同时均应注重磷肥施用。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。