荒漠绿洲农业生态系统养分平衡与调控

通过研究新疆绿洲农业生态系统历年养分平衡演变情况发现，N盈余为-26.9%～+27.2%，P₂O₅盈余为188.1%，K₂O则亏缺，新绿洲化肥投入已占养分总投入的74.9%，有机养分投入逐年减少。提出了养分良性循环指数(M_N)概念，当前新绿洲M_N只有0.128。阐述了人为调控模式施肥制度，其M_N可达到0.581，有机氮再循环系数H接近1。为了培肥地力，模式养分平衡要求N盈余在40%以上，以实现绿洲农业生态系统养分良性循环。     

生物质炭对土壤N2O消耗的影响及其微生物影响机理

生物质炭在温室气体减排方面具有很大的发展前景,它不仅能实现固碳,对于在大气中停留时间长且增温潜势大的N₂O也能发挥积极作用。本研究采用室内厌氧培养试验,按照生物质炭与土壤质量比（0、1%和5%）加入一定量生物质炭,土壤重量含水率控制在20%。利用Robotized Incubation平台实时检测N₂O和N₂浓度变化,通过测定土壤中反硝化功能基因丰度（nirK、nirS、nosZ）分析生物质炭对N₂O消耗的影响及其微生物方面的影响机理。结果表明：经过20 h厌氧培养后,0生物质炭处理的反硝化功能基因丰度（基因拷贝数·g^-1）分别为6.80×10⁷（nirK）、5.59×10⁸（nirS）和1.22×10⁸（nosZ）。与0生物质炭处理相比,1%生物质炭处理的nirS基因丰度由最初的2.65×10⁸基因拷贝数·g^-1升至7.43×10⁸基因拷贝数·g^-1,nosZ基因丰度则提高了一个数量级,由4.82×10⁷基因拷贝数·g^-1升至1.50×10⁸基因拷贝数·g^-1,然而nirK基因丰度并无明显变化;5%生物质炭处理的反硝化功能基因丰度并未发生显著变化。试验结束时,添加生物质炭处理的N₂/（N₂O+N₂）比值也明显高于0生物质炭处理。相关性分析结果表明,nirS基因丰度和nosZ基因丰度均与N₂O浓度在0.01水平上显著相关。试验末期nirS基因丰度和nosZ基因丰度均随着N₂O浓度的降低而升高。因此在本试验中,添加1%生物质炭可显著提高nirS和nosZ基因型反硝化细菌的丰度,增大N₂/（N₂O+N₂）比值,促进N₂O彻底还原成N₂。生物质炭对于N₂O主要影响机理是增大了可以还原氧化亚氮的细菌活性,促进完全反硝化。     

不同供氮水平下玉米大豆间作体系干物质积累和氮素吸收动态模拟

玉米/大豆间作具有一定的养分利用优势,但是不同供氮水平对玉米/大豆间作体系干物质累积和氮素吸收的调控作用不同。本试验采用田间裂区设计,运用Logistic模型分析,模拟了4个氮水平下玉米/大豆间作作物干物质积累和氮素吸收的动态变化。结果表明,玉米、大豆干物质累积和氮素吸收动态符合Logistic模型,相关系数R²均在0.9以上。在N0（不施氮肥）、N1（180 kg·hm^-2）、N2（240 kg·hm^-2）和N3（300 kg·hm^-2）供氮水平时,间作玉米最大生长速率（I_max-B）分别比单作提高34.2%、46.7%、25.9%和25.1%,而相应的供氮水平下,大豆的I_max-B分别降低27.7%、30.3%、16.5%和23.7%,但整个间作系统的I_max-B平均增加32.1%;玉米和大豆干物质的其他模拟参数与I_max-B规律一致。氮素吸收动态与干物质积累表现出同步的变化特点,在N1水平下,单位面积间作玉米的氮素最大吸收量（K_-N）、最大吸收速率（I_max-N）和瞬时吸收速率（r-N）比相应单作分别提高18.4%、48.9%和25.8%,而间作大豆的K_-N、I_max-N和r-N值比单作处理分别降低15.9%、29.9%和16.69%,整个间作系统氮素分别提高0.4%、13.7%和7.8%;施氮水平对大豆r-N无显著性影响。间作显著地提高了氮素当量比（LER_N>1）,其中N0水平下LER_N值最高,随着施氮量的增加,LER_N有下降趋势。在本试验条件下,N2供氮水平下玉米/大豆间作体系干物质积累量和氮素吸收量最高,间作优势最明显。     

紫花苜蓿茎秆在常压热风干燥中的传质模拟研究

根据斐克定律和质量守恒原理，建立了可以预测干燥过程中苜蓿茎秆内部水分分布的常压热风干燥的传质数学模型。通过对扩散模型边界条件的处理，结合紫花苜蓿茎秆内部水分扩散的干燥试验结果，采用数值模拟方法确定了干燥苜蓿茎秆的传质系数。结果表明，干燥苜蓿样本的含水率与模拟分析含水率的决定系数为R²=0.927，模拟分析具有较高的准确度。在此基础上进行的苜蓿茎秆内部水分分布的模拟计算保证了与苜蓿非稳态干燥过程的一致性。     

亚热带杉木人工林下植物多样性对氮沉降的响应

基于野外长期控制试验,研究了氮沉降7 a后人工杉木林下植物多样性的响应。试验处理分为N₀[(Control),0 kg/(hm²·a)];N₁[60 kg/(hm²·a)];N₂[120 kg/(hm²·a)];N₃[240 kg/(hm²·a)]。林下植物中共发现51种植物,隶属34科,45属。随着氮沉降的增加,呈现出植物α多样性指数减少,而β_ws多样性指数增加的趋势,群落相似性指数明显降低。去趋势对应分析排序(detrended correspondence analysis, DCA)结果表明,氮沉降改变了植物群落结构。其中,菝葜和沿海紫金牛在4个处理中均有发现,为广适种。毛冬青、粗叶榕、毛花连蕊茶、毛枝连蕊茶、香附子这几种植物在N₀-N₂处理中有发现,属于较耐受种。茅莓、羊乳、羊角藤、琴叶榕、紫麻、杜虹花、乌蔹莓、海金莎均为一般耐受种,在N₀和N₁处理中有发现。另外,黄瑞木、黄樟等16种植物可能为敏感种,仅可在N₀处理中发现。总之,亚热带森林植物多样性受到了氮沉降增加的不利影响,应针对某些濒危植物种类实施合理的保育措施。     

覆膜方式和滴灌带布设对春玉米根区土壤水氮均匀度及根冠生长及产量的影响

为探求不同覆膜方式及滴灌带布设对作物产量及收获系数的影响,设置不同滴灌带间距(A1:1 m;A2:0.5 m)与覆膜方式(M1:全覆盖;M2:半膜覆盖),通过2年田间试验研究其对根区土壤水氮分布均匀度(CU_w, CU_N)及春玉米根冠生长及产量的影响。结果表明:膜下滴灌条件下,根区土壤含水率与其分布均匀度具有一致性;高频滴灌施肥虽提高根区土壤NO₃^-含量却降低其分布均匀度,表现出不一致性。提高土壤水、氮分布均匀度未显著影响作物根长密度,但增加地上部叶面积,从而降低作物根冠面积比。相比滴灌带布设,覆膜方式对春玉米产量和收获系数的影响更为显著。低频灌溉条件下,全膜覆盖处理提高春玉米根区土壤水分和NO₃^-含量及均匀度,其作物产量较部分覆膜处理提高37.4%;而高频灌溉下,部分覆膜处理的作物产量较全膜覆盖处理提高7.7%。当根表面积与叶面积之比(RSA/LA)趋于4时,作物产量和收获系数最高,RSA/LA过高或过低均会降低作物产量和收获系数。综合考虑作物产量、收获系数和滴灌带成本,低频灌溉下建议选择A1M1处理,高频充分灌溉条件下建议选择A1M2处理。     

猕猴桃大帐气调气流组织的数值模拟及优化

为确定合理的猕猴桃大帐气调参数,提高大帐气调贮藏性能,该研究通过模拟猕猴桃在果框内的自然堆叠状态,建立了单个猕猴桃尺度的大帐气调微环境模型,采用数值模拟方法,分析猕猴桃大帐气调过程中N₂纯度、流量、管径、出口高度4个关键参数对降氧时间及气体分布均匀性的影响。基于Box-Behnken原理设计四因素三水平正交仿真试验,利用Design-Expert软件建立响应指标回归模型,对所选取的4个因素进行响应面分析和参数优化。对优化参数组合进行仿真试验,对比优化参数组合条件下响应面回归模型预测值与仿真试验数值模拟值。结果表明：各因素对降氧时间影响由大到小顺序为出气口高度、流量、N₂纯度、管径;对不均匀系数影响由大到小顺序为N₂纯度、出气口高度、管径、流量。猕猴桃大帐气调的最优气调参数组合为N₂纯度96.0%、流量23.0 m³/h、管径50 mm、出气口高度3126 mm,对应的降氧时间、不均匀系数分别为989 s、6.1%。降氧时间响应面回归模型预测值与仿真值之间的相对误差为3.1%,不均匀系数响应面回归模型预测值与仿真值之间的相对误差为8.4%。研究对于大帐气调装备的研发及性能提升具有重要的理论和实际意义。     

单膜孔点源肥液入渗水氮分布特性试验研究

该文通过室内试验，研究了膜孔灌肥液单点源自由入渗湿润体内水分和NO^－₃-N浓度的分布特性，提出了膜孔肥液自由入渗湿润体内水分和NO^－₃-N浓度分布的数学模型。研究结果表明：水分和NO^－₃-N浓度分布模型计算精度较高，并符合点源湿润体内土壤含水率和NO^－₃-N的分布规律；根据湿润体内水分和NO^－₃-N浓度分布模型，推求得到了湿润体中土壤含水率、NO^－₃-N浓度和湿润半径三者之间的关系。以上成果为进一步研究膜孔肥液入渗的影响因素和灌水技术提供了理论基础。     

等高反坡阶对玉米生长及光合特性的影响

[目的] 探讨坡耕地等高反坡台阶措施对玉米生长及光合特性的影响，为云南省坡耕地作物种植提供科学依据。[方法] 以玉米（云瑞668）为供试材料，采用田间试验，试验设置2个布设有反坡台阶的坡耕地样地（2^#和3^#，CR）及1个未扰动的对照样地（1^#，CK），通过野外定位监测方法，测定玉米生长相关指标，净光合速率、蒸腾速率、水分利用效率以及作物产量，研究等高反坡阶对玉米生长特征、光合特性的影响。[结果] 等高反坡阶措施对玉米茎粗、穗位高影响不显著。反坡阶坡中地块对玉米株高促进作用最为显著，增幅为27.9%；反坡阶样地玉米叶面积指数显著高于原状坡耕地，LAI最高达5.01~5.78，灌浆期后可维持相对较高的LAI，而CK组LAI范围为3.78~4.79，且下降较快；反坡阶处理下玉米叶片净光合速率（P_n）、气孔导度（G_s）、叶片瞬时水分利用效率（WUE_L）、作物水分利用效率（WUE）均高于坡耕地；玉米产量分别较坡耕地提高了9.6%，13.8%。[结论] 在云南省坡耕地作物种植地区，通过布设等高反坡阶减少水土流失，提高土壤水分，增加土壤贮水量，进而使叶片维持较高的光合作用以及生理状态，为玉米干物质生产奠定了生理基础，提高了作物产量。自然降雨情况下，坡耕地坡度为15°时布设高反坡阶对玉米光合特性、WUE及产量促进作用最佳。     

水氮量对小麦/玉米间作土壤硝态氮累积和水氮利用效率的影响

为了提高氮肥和水分利用效率,该文在甘肃河西灌区试验地点,采用田间小区试验,研究了不同氮水平（0、225、450 kg/hm²）和灌水量（750、1125、1500 m ³/hm²）对小麦/玉米间作土壤硝态氮累积和水氮利用效率的影响。结果表明,不同氮肥和灌水量对小麦带土壤硝态氮含量和累积量影响较小,对玉米带影响显著。随氮肥用量增加,玉米带土壤硝态氮含量和累积量增加,随灌水量和氮肥用量增加,0～60 cm土壤硝态氮相对累积量增加,60～140 cm土层降低。氮肥当季利用率、氮肥生产率、氮肥产投比都是以225 kg/hm²氮水平较高,但不同灌水量差别不大。WUE（水分利用效率）以W₇₅₀N₂₂₅最高,W₁₅₀₀N₀最低,随灌水量增加WUE降低。     

发酵柑桔皮渣流化干燥传热传质分析

为了开发高效合理的柑桔皮渣发酵—干燥成套设备,需要进行发酵柑桔皮渣的干燥机理分析、传热传质的研究。该文采用流化干燥方法对发酵柑桔皮渣的干燥进行试验研究,建立了小型的流化床干燥试验台,分析了风速、颗粒粒径、初始含水率等对发酵柑桔皮渣流化干燥过程中传热传质的影响。试验表明：流化床的传热传质性能与流体的物理性质、操作参数、颗粒本身的物理性质以及流化床的特性密切相关。试验结果表明,传热系数沿流化床床高增加而减小,在床高4～6 cm之间,传热系数减小的幅度较大;在风速、颗粒粒径、初始含水率3个影响因素中,风速对传热系数的影响最大,当风速从2.06 m/s增大到2.75 m/s时,床高2～4 cm区域的平均局部传热系数增大了近92%。根据试验结果建立了传热传质数学模型并获得了传热无因次准则方程式,为强化传热传质以提高干燥效果提供了理论依据。     

蒸渗仪测定滴灌枣树不同时间尺度下腾发强度特征

为精确测定、准确模拟阿克苏地区滴灌枣树腾发过程,基于大型称重式蒸渗仪测定枣树全生育期逐时及逐日腾发强度（ET）,利用水量平衡方程、PM公式及经典统计原理,分析不同时间尺度下叶面积指数（LAI）、气象因素[温度（I）、风速（V）、净辐射（R_n）]、表层土壤含水率（W）与枣树腾发强度的相关关系并建立预测模型。结果表明：枣树日内腾发强度呈单峰型变化趋势,夜间变化幅度较小且腾发贡献率低。枣树全生育期逐日腾发强度变化呈先增大后减小的趋势,花期的腾发强度最大,为4.42 mm·d^-1;全生育期腾发总量为640.83 mm,其中花期和果实生长发育期耗水量占比较大,分别为38.61%和32.72%。在小时和日时间尺度上,影响腾发强度的主要因素不完全相同,且影响程度有所差异。综合考虑各影响因素,以萌芽期、花期、果实发育期为基础,分别建立以小时、日尺度下估算腾发强度的经验模型ET₁（h）=0.153+0.004T+0.012V+0.176R_n+0.002W+0.067LAI、ET₂（d）=-3.325+0.081T+0.163R_n+0.069W+2.089LAI,拟合度R²均在0.7以上,以果实发育期与成熟期数据对模型进行检验,纳什效率系数分别达0.63、0.80。经偏相关检验,冠层净辐射（R_n）对两种尺度的腾发强度均影响最显著,因此以枣树全生育期数据量为基础,仅建立冠层净辐射（R_n）与腾发强度的回归模型ET₁（h）=-0.063 3R_n²+0.361 2R_n—0.003 7、ET₂（d）=-0.018 3R_n²+0.684 7R_n–1.642 1,R²分别为0.704 7与0.743 6,可满足缺少数据支撑情况下的腾发过程估算。这些模型明确了阿克苏地区滴灌枣树腾发机制及影响程度,可为水分管理精准化提供计算基础。     

油菜籽过热蒸汽流化床常压干燥过程的数学模拟

为提高过热蒸汽流化床干燥模型的模拟精度,该文基于过热蒸汽流化床干燥机理,结合“双流体”理论建立了描述过热蒸汽流化床干燥过程的非稳态轴对称二维数学模型。利用有限体积法求解模型,模拟研究了常压下油菜籽的过热蒸汽流化床干燥过程及其干燥动力学特性,模拟结果与试验数据相吻合。研究结果表明,该模型能够很好地描述常压下油菜籽的过热蒸汽流化床干燥过程和物料在干燥过程中的运动状态。     

Re-evaluation of the structural properties of some British swelling soils

The structural condition of swelling soils can be assessed from their shrinkage curves. We re‐evaluated data on six British swelling soils using modern methods to model the void ratio, e, as a function of the moisture ratio, ?. The points on the e–? curve were fitted with a constitutive shrinkage equation using an unbiased least‐squares, curve‐fitting program. The shrinkage curves were then differentiated to obtain their slopes, σ(?), which were used to calculate the overburden potentials, Ω. The slope functions were subsequently differentiated to obtain the curvatures, κ(?), from which the maximum curvature at the wet end was used to separate the structural shrinkage, S_c, from the proportional (unsaturated) shrinkage. At the point of maximum curvature, S_c and the volumetric air content, θ_ac, were calculated and found to correspond closely to those reported previously. Water retention curves were constructed and fitted using the van Genuchten equation, from which the α coefficient appears an important structural parameter. The structural condition of a swelling soil appears to be well described by its air content at the point of maximum curvature, its van Genuchten α coefficient, and a parameter describing the effect of the overburden potential.     

Measurement and Comparison of Glass Transition and Sticky Point Temperatures of Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS) with Varying Condensed Distillers Solubles (CDS) and Drying Temperature Levels

Distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) is the main coproduct of the U.S. fuel ethanol industry and has significantly impacted the livestock feed markets in recent years. Particle agglomeration and subsequent flowability problems during storage and transport are often a hindrance, a nuisance, and expensive. This paper aims at characterizing the glass transition (T_g) and sticky point (T_s) temperatures of DDGS samples prepared with varying condensed distillers solubles (CDS) levels (10, 15, and 20%, wb), drying temperatures (100, 200, and 300°C), and moisture contents (0, 10, and 20%, db), and it discusses implications on DDGS flowability behavior. Distillers wet grains were combined with specified levels of CDS and dried in a convection‐style laboratory oven to produce DDGS. Subsequently, predetermined amounts of water were added to the DDGS to achieve desired moisture content levels. To determine T_g (°C), a differential scanning calorimeter was used, whereas T_s (°C) was determined through a novel technique with a rheometer. Results indicated high correlations between observed T_s and observed T_g (R² = 0.87) data for DDGS samples. Also, the empirical model for predicted T_g = f (drying temperature, CDS level, and moisture content) based on the Gordon–Taylor model showed favorable R² (0.74). Stickiness of DDGS increased with an increase in moisture content, indicating flow problems resulting from moisture. It was found that drying temperatures and CDS levels each had significant effects on T_g and T_s as well.     

粮食热风干燥含水率在线模型解析

为了揭示粮食在深床动态干燥过程中的含水率变化规律,指导干燥工艺设计,实现干燥过程实时跟踪与调控,提高干燥品质,降低能耗。基于薄层干燥水分扩散模型、深层干燥质量守恒原理、态函数和不可逆热力学分析方法,建立并求解了粮食深床干燥基础方程,获得了顺流、逆流、横流和静置层干燥方式下粮食含水率和干燥速率分布解析式,解析出了粮食在顺流层内经历持续降速干燥的过程,逆流层内存在干燥速率的极值点,在通风温度、湿度、送风量相同的干燥条件下,逆流干燥速率明显高于顺流,表明了逆流干燥能量利用效果优于顺流;粮食在横流和静置层内的干燥特性相同,进风侧和出风侧的干燥速率相差很大,在层厚度0.5 m、粮食含水率20%以上时,出风侧的干燥速率几乎为0,干燥的均匀性较差。在5HP-3.5型循环式缓苏干燥机上的试验结果显示,深层干燥解析值与实测值间的最大偏差为0.69%,极差范围为-0.27%~0.69%,从粮食干燥的惯性特征推断,产生偏差的原因主要是仪器检测误差。解析方法对实现粮食深床干燥过程动态跟踪和调控,指导干燥设计,降低干燥能耗、提高干燥效率和干燥机产能等具有重要意义。     

Soil texture affects the conversion factor of electrical conductivity from 1:5 soil-water to saturated paste extracts

Electrical conductivity (EC) of soil-water extracts is commonly used to assess soil salinity. However, its conversion to the EC of saturated soil paste extracts (EC_e), the standard measure of soil salinity, is currently required for practical applications. Although many regression models can be used to obtain EC_e from the EC of soil-water extracts, the application of a site-specific model to different sites is not straightforward due to confounding soil factors such as soil texture. This study was conducted to develop a universal regression model to estimate a conversion factor (CF) for predicting EC_e from EC of soil-water extracts at a 1:5 ratio (EC_1:5), by employing a site-specific soil texture (i.e., sand content). A regression model, CF=8.910 5e^{0.010 6sand}/1.298 4 (r²=0.97, P < 0.001), was developed based on the results of coastal saline soil surveys (n=173) and laboratory experiments using artificial saline soils with different textures (n=6, sand content=10%-65%) and salinity levels (n=7, salinity=1-24 dS m^-1). Model performance was validated using an independent dataset and demonstrated that EC_e prediction using the developed model is more suitable for highly saline soils than for low saline soils. The feasibility of the regression model should be tested at other sites. Other soil factors affecting EC conversion factor also need to be explored to revise and improve the model through further studies.     

周期变换气流式喷动床的研究

对周期变换气流式喷动床装置的干燥动力学进行了研究。实验中使用了两种物理特性差别较大的物料,甜菜种子和小麦种子。根据研究结果建立了降水率与干燥时间和气流温度之间的数学关系式。     

The power-function model for the soil moisture characteristic

The minimum number of parameters required to model the unsaturated soil moisture characteristic, relating volumetric water content (θ) and matric suction (χ), is shown to be two. A third parameter, θ=θ_s at saturation, is required to define its saturation limit. The popular power-function χ/χ_e, = (θ/θ_s)^b is the most general three-parameter model, with χ normalized by a notional air-entry potential, χ_e. When log-transformed, e.g. as In χ= a + bln(θ/θ_s), it gives a good fit to observations over varying ranges of χ. We show, using US, Australian, UK and NZ data, that a,b and θ_s, in this formulation are uncorrelated across a wide range of textures, thus providing a ‘basis set’ of independent parameters. Gregson et al. (1987) used the alternative formulation In χ= a″+ bln(100θ), with χ rescaled to a percentage. Their reported correlation between a″ and b, which led to their ‘one-parameter model’ of the characteristic, is shown to be a mathematical artefact, arising from absorption of the term – b[ln(100)+ ln θ_s] into a″.     

Phosphate Diffusion Coefficients in Soil as Affected by Bulk Density and Water Content

Phosphate diffusion coefficients (D_e) were determined by the quantity of P that diffused from a soil block with P addition into a soil block without P addition. To compare the results with theoretical concepts and to quantify the influencing factors, D_e was also calculated using the equation of Nye (1968). This equation takes into account the P diffusion coefficient in water, D₁, the volumetric water content, θ, the impedance factor, f, and the buffer power, b, of the soil. The results show that D_e strongly depends on volumetric water content whereas the effect of bulk density on D_e values was relatively small. If the weighted average buffer power was used, calculated D_e values were in good agreement with measured values at higher soil moisture contents. At θ < 0.22 g cm^?3 the measured values for D_e were smaller than the calculated. This effect is attributed to incomplete contact between the two soil blocks. The only small influence of bulk density on D_e is caused by the fact that bulk density affects both θ and b in a way which compensates each other.