根区施用生物炭和脱硫石膏提高盐碱土壤质量及向日葵产量

为了靶向消减根区土壤盐碱障碍和定向培育健康沃土,在内蒙古河套灌区开展田间小区试验,设置沙土覆盖种植孔（S）、条施生物炭+沙土覆盖种植孔（B+S）、条施生物炭+脱硫石膏覆盖种植孔（B+G）3个处理,对比分析0～20 cm和>20～40 cm土层土壤质量及向日葵产量差异。结果表明：根区施用生物炭和脱硫石膏改变了0～40 cm土壤水溶性离子组成,主要表现为增加Ca²⁺含量而降低Na⁺含量。与S处理相比,B+S和B+G处理显著降低了0～40 cm土壤钠吸附比（Sodium adsorption ratio,SAR）和>20～40 cm土层pH值,增大了土壤脱盐率（Ds）;B+S和B+G处理还增加了0～40 cm土壤有机质（OM）、硝态氮（NO₃^--N）、有效磷（AP）和速效钾（AK）含量,为向日葵出苗和生长提供了良好的土壤环境。此外,B+S和B+G处理通过调理盐碱指标（SAR,Ds,Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺）和肥力水平（AK,NO₃^--N和OM）来提高土壤质量,二者基于全数据集的土壤质量指数（SQI）比S处理分别增大了35.7%和88.5%。但相比之下,B+G处理在这两个方面的作用效果要优于B+S处理,因而获得了最高籽粒产量。可见,在根区条施生物炭和脱硫石膏覆盖种植孔相结合可提高盐碱地土壤质量和向日葵产量,为河套灌区盐碱地改良利用提供技术支撑。     

秸秆覆盖对旱作冬小麦农田土壤呼吸、作物产量及经济 环境效益的影响

基于2009-2011年田间试验, 研究了黄土旱塬区不同秸秆覆盖措施下冬小麦农田土壤呼吸和小麦产量变化, 计算了生产每千克籽粒产量下土壤CO₂的释放量, 并以此比较了处理间的经济 环境效益值。试验包括4个处理: 无覆盖对照(CK)、全年9 000 kg·hm^-2秸秆覆盖(M₉₀₀₀)、全年4 500 kg·hm^-2秸秆覆盖(M₄₅₀₀)和夏闲期秸秆覆盖(SF)。结果表明: 冬小麦生育期内土壤CO₂累积释放量在处理间无显著差异, 但第1年生育期为14.92~17.43 t(CO₂)·hm^-2, 显著高于第2年[12.95~13.69 t(CO₂)·hm ^-2](P<0.05), 处理和年份的交互作用不显著。与CK(产量5.03 t·hm^-2)相比, 秸秆覆盖降低了作物产量, 其中M₉₀₀₀ (4.71 t·hm^-2)与CK差异显著。经济 环境效益值计算结果显示, 冬小麦生育期内生产每千克籽粒释放2.96~3.16 kg CO₂, 处理间无显著差异。从各处理平均值看, 小麦产量以及经济 环境效益值均存在显著的年际差异, 降水偏少的第1年度作物产量(4.60~4.98 t·hm^-2)显著低于降水相对丰富的第2年度(4.50~5.47 t·hm^-2), 但经济 环境效益值(3.03~3.69 kg·kg 1、2.45~2.88 kg·kg^-1)结果相反。处理和年份对作物产量和经济 环境效益值具有显著的交互影响, 在缺水年份秸秆覆盖能够提高作物产量, M₉₀₀₀处理具有最优的经济 环境效益; 而在丰水年份, 秸秆覆盖导致产量显著下降, CK具有更好的经济 环境效益。     

沟垄覆膜聚水改土耕作措施对小南瓜耗水特性和产量的影响

针对冀西北高原砂质栗钙土干旱、粗骨、土层薄等限制农业稳产和高产的障碍因子，该文通过田间试验，以稀植经济作物小南瓜为试材，研究了沟、垄不同覆膜方式和积聚不同厚度熟土(聚土)措施的聚水保墒与增产作用。结果表明：沟覆膜方式聚集降水和保蓄土壤水分的作用好于垄膜处理，收获后1 m土体贮水量比播前盈余56.79 mm。与垄膜处理相比，沟膜平均少耗水51.61 mm，水分利用效率平均高16.42 kg·mm^-1·hm^-2。垄膜条件下，聚土处理的产量差异达显著水平；沟膜条件下，聚土40 cm与60 cm处理产量差异不显著，以沟膜＋积聚40 cm厚度熟土＋N₆₀P₄₅处理产量最高，达到9812.5 kg/hm²。该技术可作为冀西北高原旱砂地农田提高作物产量和水分利用效率的一种种植模式。     

盐胁迫下硝态氮对囊果碱蓬根系发育和氮吸收的影响

The effiects of NaCl salinity and NO₃^- on growth, root morphology, and nitrogen uptake of a halophyte Suaeda physophora were evaluated in a factorial experiment with four concentrations of NaCl (1, 150, 300, and 450 mmol L^-1) and three NO₃^- levels (0.05, 5, and 10 mmol L^-1) in solution culture for 30 d. Addition of NO₃^- at 10 mmol L^-1 significantly improved the shoot (P < 0.001) and root (P < 0.001) growth and the promotive effect of NO₃^- was more pronounced on root dry weight despite the high NaCl concentration in the culture solution, leading to a significant increase in the root:shoot ratio (P < 0.01). Lateral root length, but not primary root length, considerably increased with increasing NaCl salinity and NO₃^- levels (P < 0.001), implying that Na⁺ and NO₃^- in the culture solution simultaneously stimulated lateral root growth. Concentrations of Na⁺ in plant tissues were also significantly increased by higher NaCl treatments (P < 0.001). At 10 mmol L^-1 NO₃^- , the concentrations of NO₃^- and total nitrogen and nitrate reductase activities in the roots were remarkably reduced by increasing salinity (P < 0.001), but were unaffected in the shoots. The results indicated that the fine lateral root development and effective nitrogen uptake of the shoots might contribute to high salt tolerance of S. physophora under adequate NO₃^- supply.     

水培条件下CO2与NH+4/NO-3配比对番茄幼苗生育的影响

升高CO₂浓度能够促进作物的光合作用，提高作物的生物量和产量，但关于CO₂与NH⁺₄/NO^-₃比及其交互作用对作物影响的研究较少，为探索番茄幼苗生长发育对CO₂浓度升高的响应是否对NH⁺₄/NO^-₃配比有较强的依赖关系，本试验在营养液栽培条件下，以番茄(Lycopersicun esculentum Mill)为试材，研究正常大气CO₂浓度(360 μL/L)和倍增CO₂浓度(720 μL/L)与不同NH⁺₄/NO^-₃配比的交互作用对番茄幼苗生长的影响。结果表明：CO₂浓度升高提高了低NH⁺₄/NO^-₃比例处理中番茄叶片的光合速率和水分利用率，提高幅度随NH⁺₄/NO^-₃比例的降低而增强，光合速率增强最大达55%。在同一CO₂浓度处理下净光合速率与水分利用率均随NH⁺₄/NO^-₃比例的增加而显著降低。这说明CO₂浓度升高对番茄幼苗生长发育的促进作用随NH⁺₄/NO^-₃比例的降低而提高，但并没有减弱全NH⁺₄-N处理中番茄幼苗的受毒害作用。综上所述，CO₂浓度升高能提高植物生产的节水能力和水分生产力；水培条件下，NO^-₃-N是最适合番茄幼苗生长发育的氮源，其它NH⁺₄/NO^-₃比例对番茄幼苗的生长发育有一定的抑制作用，仅以NH⁺₄-N作氮源则番茄幼苗很难生长。     

浅埋滴灌条件下优化施氮对西辽河平原春玉米田碳、氮足迹的影响

为探究西辽河平原浅埋滴灌条件下优化施氮对春玉米农田生态系统碳氮足迹的影响,于2019—2020年在内蒙古通辽市科尔沁区农业高新科技示范园区连续2年进行定位试验,以传统漫灌常规常量追氮为对照（CK）,设置浅埋滴灌下常量追氮（T₁）和优化追氮（T₂：70%常量追氮）2个处理,研究不同灌溉方式和氮肥管理对春玉米产量、农田经济效益和农田碳氮足迹的影响。结果表明,相比于传统漫灌,浅埋滴灌下T₁和T₂处理在增加玉米产量的同时提高农田经济效益（P<0.05）。土壤呼吸CO₂碳排放是农田碳足迹主要来源,占比43%~44%,化肥是农业生产资料碳排放主要来源,占生产资料碳排放总量36%~43%;氮肥施用是输入氮足迹的主要组成部分,占比93%~95%。农田生态系统净碳值浅埋滴灌下T₁和T₂处理无显著差异,分别较传统漫灌CK处理增加15.43%,9.29%;碳效率浅埋滴灌下优化追氮T₂处理最高,较CK处理提高10.63%。氮素平衡浅埋滴灌下优化追氮T₂处理最接近零点,显著低于T₁和CK处理（P<0.05）;氮投入有效利用水平T₂处理最高,显著高于CK处理（P<0.05）。综合来看,浅埋滴灌下优化追氮T₂处理降低西辽河平原农田生态系统碳、氮排放,提高碳效率和氮投入有效利用水平,保证玉米产量和经济效益,是西辽河平原春玉米兼顾高产、高效和生态的水氮管理模式。     

间作及伴随阴离子肥料对油菜吸收积累镉的影响

为提高Cd污染土壤植物修复效率, 采用盆栽方法研究了Cd含量为10.0 mg·kg^-1的土壤中, 伴随阴离子肥料和间作鹰嘴豆对油菜生长与吸收积累Cd的影响。结果表明: 单作下, 不同肥料处理土壤DTPA提取态Cd含量为Cl^->NO₃^->SO₄^2- >无伴随阴离子; 间作鹰嘴豆提高土壤DTPA提取态Cd含量, 且伴随C₁^-、SO₄^2- 或NO₃^- 条件下达显著水平。单作下, 油菜主根长为NO₃^- >C₁^- >SO₄^2- >无伴随阴离子, 根系体积为SO₄^2->NO₃^- >C₁^- >无伴随阴离子, 根系活力NO3 >SO42 >Cl >无伴随阴离子; 间作鹰嘴豆在无肥处理下可显著提高油菜的主根长与根系体积, 在无肥处理、SO₄^2- 、NO₃^- 处理下显著提高根系活力。单作下, 油菜地上部Cd含量表现为C₁^- >SO₄^2- >NO₃^- >无伴随阴离子, 间作鹰嘴豆可显著降低无肥处理地上部Cd含量, 但显著提高施肥处理地上部的Cd含量。单作下, 施肥可显著增加油菜的Cd积累总量, 以伴随C₁^-处理最大, 达470.4 μg·plant^-1; 间作鹰嘴豆也可提高油菜的Cd积累总量, 且伴随C₁^- 处理最大, 达783.7 μg·plant^-1。除伴随C₁^- 处理外, 施肥处理均可显著提高油菜的Cd转移系数, 施肥处理的Cd转移系数均大于1; 间作鹰嘴豆也可提高油菜的Cd转移系数, 且施肥条件下达显著水平。因此, 如果把油菜用作Cd污染土壤植物修复作物, 可选择施用含Cl 肥料和间作鹰嘴豆, 以提高修复效率。     

DNDC模型和TOPSIS法联合确定生物降解地膜覆盖农田合理施氮量

为明确干旱区最优覆盖地膜类型和施氮制度，于内蒙古河套灌区木垒滩节水试验站进行为期2年的不同类型地膜覆盖农田不同施氮量试验。在高氮水平（传统施氮336 kg/hm²）下设置3种覆膜处理，包括塑料地膜（PFM3）、生物降解地膜（BFM3）和无膜覆盖处理（NFM3）；同时在生物降解地膜覆盖下设立3个施氮水平，包括中氮（BFM2，276 kg/hm²）、低氮（BFM1，216 kg/hm²）和不施氮（BFM0，0 kg/hm²），共6个处理。利用2年观测的产量、吸氮量和氮淋失量对DNDC模型进行率定和验证，并基于改进的TOPSIS方法对地膜类型和施肥制度进行优化。结果表明：DNDC模型对地膜覆盖及氮肥调控下作物生长与氮素迁移较为敏感，产量、吸氮量与氮淋失量模拟的EF与R²均大于0.83，NRMSE均小于20%，能够为作物生产力与资源利用进行预测和评估。随施氮量增加，所有覆膜处理的氮淋失量呈线性增加，当施氮量增加至106 kg/hm²时，氮肥利用率达到峰值；当施氮量增加至256 kg/hm²时，覆膜处理的产量不再发生明显变化，同时生物降解地膜的净收益也达到最大值；但其成本高，导致净收益比塑料地膜降低6.84%，比无膜覆盖处理提高3.17%。塑料地膜和生物降解地膜覆盖下的氮淋失量、氮肥利用率和产量无明显差异，均大于无膜覆盖处理，平均提高8.22%~26.69%。利用改进的TOPSIS法对产量、氮淋失量、残膜量、氮肥利用率和净收益5个方面进行综合评价，选出在生物降解地膜覆盖下施用氮肥231~256 kg/hm²是干旱地区较合理的覆膜施氮制度。     

不同灌溉条件下不同类型冬小麦产量水分利用效率差异原因分析

以旱地品种"西峰20"和"晋麦47"、水旱兼用型品种"石家庄8 号"、高水肥地品种"石4185"和"科农9204"5 个冬小麦品种为材料, 通过田间不同灌溉处理试验研究了不同抗旱类型冬小麦品种收获指数和群体水分利用效率对产量水分利用效率的影响差异。结果表明: 不同抗旱类型的小麦在不同灌溉处理下, 产量水分利用效率(WUE_y)以及变化趋势存在显著差异。旱地冬小麦品种WUE_y 和收获指数(HI)显著低于水地品种和水旱兼用型品种。不同品种间WUE_y 最大相差42.01%, HI 相差25.91%。HI 和群体水分利用效率(WUE_bm)与WUE_y 呈显著正相关关系。株高与HI 呈显著负相关关系(R²=0.574)。在不灌溉条件下, 品种间WUE_y 差异源自HI 的差异; 而在补充灌溉条件下, 品种间WUE_y 的差异源自WUE_bm 和HI 的共同作用。说明不同抗旱类型的小麦对不同灌溉处理的响应方式和适应策略不同。旱地品种在干旱胁迫条件下, 主要靠增加WUE_bm 来提高WUE_y; 而水地品种和水旱兼用型品种在补充灌溉中凭借较高的WUE_bm 和HI 共同作用提高WUE_y。     

不同阳离子组成微咸水灌溉对生菜光合和离子吸收特性的影响

为探究不同微咸水水质对土壤盐分和作物生长的影响,在日光温室条件下,以生菜为供试对象开展盆栽试验,以CaSO₄的饱和溶液为对照(CK),向去离子水中添加氯化盐形成不同阳离子组成的微咸水处理(Na⁺,T_Na;Na⁺/K⁺比为1:1,T_Na-K;K⁺,T_K),各处理添加盐分总摩尔量相同,研究灌溉水中不同阳离子组成对土壤盐分、阳离子含量以及生菜光合特性、离子吸收和生长的影响。结果表明:(1)微咸水灌溉下生菜生长季末(播后80天)各处理0-20 cm土壤饱和提取液电导率(EC_e)较播种前和播种后50天显著升高,其中,CK处理显著低于其他处理(P<0.05)。土壤pH在不同处理和不同土层深度上差异均不显著(P>0.05)。生长季末土壤盐分阳离子大多积累在表层,与盐分分布一致。(2)与CK相比,单盐离子胁迫(T_Na和T_K处理)显著降低生菜净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度等光合特性(P<0.05),从而降低产量,T_Na处理最低;而T_Na-K处理光合特性虽显著低于CK处理,但高于T_Na和T_K处理,说明T_Na-K处理的盐分离子组成缓解了单个盐分离子对生菜生长的危害,且生菜产量较T_Na和T_K处理有所升高,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。(3)与CK相比,T_Na和T_K分别显著提高生菜叶片中Na⁺和K⁺含量;而T_Na-K处理叶片Cl^-含量虽然高于CK,但显著低于T_Na和T_K处理(P<0.05)。微咸水中Na⁺、K⁺阳离子比为1:1的盐分组成维持了生菜植株的离子平衡,缓解了单个一价阳离子对生菜生长的盐胁效应,而对于单个离子来说,Na⁺对生菜的毒害作用明显大于K⁺。研究结果为微咸水灌溉管理提供科学依据。     

氮施用量对夏玉米土壤水氮动态及水肥利用效率的影响

采用田间小区试验,监测夏玉米不同生长期土壤水分和硝态氮剖面含量变化,研究不同施氮量对其时空变化及籽粒产量、水肥利用效率的影响,探讨氮肥对水肥资源高效利用的调节作用。结果表明：不同施氮处理,土壤剖面水分和硝态氮随土壤深度的变化趋势基本一致,即表层50 cm土壤水分和硝态氮含量较高且呈降低态,50-110 cm相对较低且波动较小,灌浆期二者均达到最低值;各生长期表层50 cm土壤含水量呈不施氮处理均高于施氮处理,50-110 cm土层则相反;施氮能提高土壤硝态氮含量,土壤硝态氮运移受土壤水分状况和含量的影响,含量越高,向下移动越深;施氮能显著提高水分利用效率及籽粒产量,增产效果明显（增产28.52%-37.86%）,二者均以施氮240 kg/hm^2处理最高;随施氮量的增加籽粒产量及籽粒吸氮量和水分利用效率增幅均表现为先升高后降低之趋势,当施氮量超过240 kg/hm^2后,籽粒产量和水分利用效率提高并不显著;不施氮与施氮处理氮素生产力、氮肥利用率之间均存在极显著差异。在本试验条件下,从控制土壤硝态氮积累及取得较高的产量和氮素利用率综合考虑,夏玉米的适宜施氮量范围应控制在120-240 kg/hm^2较好。     

漫灌和喷灌条件下土壤养分运移特征的初步研究

用非饱和土壤溶质运移的对流扩散方程及其解析解,联系大田漫灌、喷灌的入渗实际,在室内试验的基础上,研究了漫灌、喷灌入渗条件下,土壤养分运移的特征。研究结果表明,阳离子Ｋ^＋,由于土壤颗粒的吸附作用,流动性差,入渗结束后,Ｋ^＋浓度集中分布在土表０～２０ｃｍ土层内。阴离子ＮＯ₃^-,流动性强,入渗方式对ＮＯ₃^-离子运移影响大。漫灌入渗条件下,孔隙水流速度大（是喷灌的３．５倍）,ＮＯ₃^-运移快,机械弥散作用是喷灌的１１．６倍,入渗结束后,ＮＯ₃^-浓度集中分布在土壤深层的作物主根区之外,不利于作物吸收利用,并容易造成地下水污染。而在喷灌入渗条件下,供水强度低,孔隙水流速度小,ＮＯ₃^-运移慢,弥散作用弱,入渗结束后,ＮＯ₃^-浓度的峰值迁移浅,ＮＯ₃^-浓度集中分布在土壤表层作物主根区内,有利于作物吸收利用。这正是喷灌节水、保肥的内在机理。     

不同水分调控对晋西黄土区苹果×大豆间作系统细根分布与耗水特性的影响

为探求适于晋西黄土区果农间作系统的水分调控措施,选取该地区典型的苹果×大豆间作系统为研究对象,结合覆盖与调亏灌溉2种节水措施,分析了不同水分调控措施对苹果和大豆根系空间分布、耗水量与水分利用等指标的影响。试验设置灌溉上限3个水平:田间持水量的55%(W1,低水),70%(W2,中水)和85%(W3,高水),2种覆盖材料:秸秆覆盖(M1)和地膜覆盖(M2)。结果表明:水分调控措施增加了苹果和大豆总根长密度,且扩大了苹果在水平和垂直方向上的根长分布。苹果根长密度与距树行距离呈负相关,而大豆则呈正相关,且均与垂直深度存在负相关关系。大豆鼓粒期土壤水分随距树行距离的增加先减后增,最小值为距树行1.5～2.0m,与清耕(CK0)和单一覆盖(CK1和CK2)相比,水分调控措施能显著提高0—60cm土层内的土壤水分。聚类分析表明水分调控下苹果和大豆主要水分竞争区域为距树行0.5～1.5m、垂直方向0—40cm土层范围内。M2W2处理苹果细根集中分布在20—40cm土层,大豆细根主要在0—20cm土层,根系错位分布缓解了种间水分竞争,其耗水量可较W3组减少40～50mm,且其产量和水分利用可分别较其他水分调控措施提高29.37%～41.92%,12.29%～53.35%,同时可使间作系统净收益最大,可达2 976.5元/hm~2。由此建议在未坐果的幼龄苹果树行间间作大豆时采用地膜覆盖措施,同时在分枝期灌水150m~3/hm~2,结荚期灌水400m~3/hm~2,鼓粒期灌水300m~3/hm~2,可显著提高间作系统水分利用水平和经济效益。     

Efficiency of Nitrogen Fertilizer for Potato under Fertigation Utilizing a Nitrogen Tracer Technique

Abstract

Efficient crop use of nitrogen (N) fertilizer is critical from economic and environmental viewpoints, especially under irrigated conditions. Nitrogen fertilizer (¹⁵N‐labeled urea) and irrigation methods (drip and furrow) were evaluated on spring and fall potato cultivars under Syrian Mediterranean climatic conditions. Field experiments were conducted in the El‐Ghab Valley near Hama in fall 2000 and spring 2001 on a heavy clay soil. Four N‐fertilizer applications (70, 140, 210, and 280 kg N/ha) were applied in five equally split treatments for both irrigation methods. Potato was irrigated when soil moisture in the specified active root depth reached 80% of the field capacity as indicated by the neutron probe.

Higher marketable tuber yield of spring potato was obtained by fertigation compared to furrow irrigation; the magnitude of tuber yield increases was 4, 2, 31, and 13%, whereas for fall potato the tuber yield increases were 13, 27, 20, and 35% for N fertilizer rates of 70, 140, 210, and 280 kg N/ha, respectively. Shoot dry matter and tuber yields at the bulking stage were not good parameters to estimate marketable tuber yield. The effect of N treatments on potato yield with furrow irrigation and fertigation was limited and not significant. Drip fertigation improved tuber yield of fall potato relative to national average yield. Nitrogen uptake increased with increasing N input under both irrigation methods. Reducing N input under both irrigation methods improved N recoveries. Increasing N input significantly increased total N content in plant tissues at the bulking stage. Spring potato yields were almost double those of fall potato under both irrigation methods and all N treatments.

Nitrate (NO₃) movement in the soil solution for fall potato was monitored using soil solution extractors. Furrow irrigation resulted in greater movements of NO₃‐N below the rooting zone than drip fertigation.

Harvest index did not follow a clear trend but tended to decrease upon increasing N fertilization rates beyond 140 kg N/ha under both irrigation methods. Drip fertigation improved field water‐use efficiencies at the bulking and harvest stages. Fertigation increased specific gravity of potato tubers relative to furrow irrigation. Higher N input decreased specific gravity of potato tubers under both irrigation methods.     

Nitrogen uptake of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) from tree mulch and mineral fertilizer under high leaching conditions estimated by nitrogen-15 enrichment

 The effects of applying either inorganic fertilizer or leaf mulch of Acacia saligna (Labill.) H.L. Wend. on yields of Sorghum bicolor (L.) were compared with an unfertilized control under the high leaching conditions of runoff irrigation in a dry tropical environment. The N use efficiency and transfer from ¹⁵N-labelled (NH₄)₂SO₄ or acacia leaves to the sorghum differed in quantity and quality. Only 6% of the applied mulch N was retrieved in the crop, in contrast to 21% of the fertilizer N. The proportions of N in the crop derived from the fertilizers were small, amounting to 7% and 28%, respectively, in the mineral fertilizer and mulch treatments. However, the application of inorganic fertilizer and mulch significantly increased crop grain yield (P<0.05 and P<0.1, respectively), biomass production and foliar N contents (P<0.05). The inorganic fertilizer improved crop yields to a larger extent than mulching. At the same time, more N was lost by applying (NH₄)₂ SO₄ than leaf mulch: only 37% of the N of applied (NH₄)₂ SO₄ was found in the crop and the soil (0–0.3 m), but 99% of the mulched N. High NO₃ ^– contents in the topsoil of the inorganic fertilized sorghum treatments indicated the risk of N leaching. However, more important may have been gaseous N losses of surface-applied NH₄ ⁺. From a nutrient conservation point of view, mulches should be given preferance to inorganic fertilizers under high soil pH and leaching conditions, but larger improvements of crop yields could be achieved with mineral fertilizers. Received: 29 July 1998     

Effect of time of mulching on soil temperature and moisture regime and emergence, growth and yield of white yam in western Nigeria

Time of mulching can influence the growth environment and performance of white yam (Dioscorea rotundata Poir). An on-farm trial was conducted during the 1988–1989 and 1989–1990 seasons (October–August) in Nigeria to determine the effect of time of mulching (October–February) on the hydrothermal regime and emergence, growth and tuber yield of white yam. Application of 12.5 mg ha⁻¹ of dry Eupatorium odoratum L. (Syn. Chromolaena odorata L.) mulch on top of the mounds significantly improved soil moisture content of the 15 cm surface layer by 50–120 g kg⁻¹ and decreased the maximum soil temperature by 2–7°C at 15 cm depth in the early growing season (March–April). The emergence and development of yam seedlings were significantly lower in unmulched plots than in mulch-treated plots. Mulching significantly increased tuber yield by about 10–15 mg ha⁻¹ season⁻¹. Plots mulched in October–December were more moist by 20–60 g kg⁻¹ and cooler by 1–3°C, and had 27–44% greater emergence than those mulched in January or February. The number of leaves per plant, vine diameter and leaf area index were also significantly greater in plots mulched in October–December than plots mulched in January or February. Consequently, shoot dry weight was about 28–36% greater in yam mulched in October–December than in yam mulched in February. However, the time of mulching had no effect on soil moisture of the surface layer at the beginning of the rainy season (April), on yam emergence in May and on tuber yield and yield components. Although time of mulching did not significantly affect tuber yield, the increase (10–15%) in the tuber yield of yam mulched in December–February compared to the yam mulched in October or November was considerable. It was concluded that yam planted in October, just before the rain stops, can be mulched in January or February without detrimental effect on emergence, growth and tuber yield.     

限水灌溉下施氮量对冬小麦产量、氮素利用及氮平衡的影响

2008~2009年通过大田试验,研究了限水灌溉条件下,不同施氮量对冬小麦产量、氮素利用、土壤硝态氮动态变化及氮素平衡的影响。结果表明,施用氮肥显著增加小麦穗数和穗粒数,对千粒重无显著影响。作物产量、吸氮量与施氮量均呈抛物线关系,施氮量超过N240 kg/hm2,产量和吸氮量随施氮量增加略有降低。小麦起身期后,0—100 cm土层都有硝态氮分布,且随土层深度增加而减少;相同土层则随施氮量的增加而增加。土壤硝态氮积累量随生育期推进而降低,N0和N120处理分别在拔节期和开花期后表现出氮素亏缺;成熟期,土壤表观盈余以残留为主,表观损失量占小部分。氮肥表观利用率、农学利用率随施氮量增加呈降低趋势,而氮素残留率随施氮量增加呈增加趋势。在本试验条件下,施氮量在N 180~220 kg/hm2水平可以达到产量、氮素表观利用率、氮素残留率的较好结合,是限水灌溉下兼顾经济效益与环境效益的适宜施氮量。     

长期定位试验中氮肥与磷肥有机肥联合施用通过刺激根的生长增加玉米产量和养分吸收

Imbalanced application of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizers can result in reduced crop yield, low nutrient use efficiency, and high loss of nutrients and soil nitrate nitrogen (NO₃^--N) accumulation decreases when N is applied with P and/or manure; however, the effect of applications of N with P and/or manure on root growth and distribution in the soil profile is not fully understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the combined effects of different N and P fertilizer application rates with or without manure on maize (Zea mays L.) yield, N uptake, root growth, apparent N surplus, Olsen-P concentration, and mineral N (Nmin) accumulation in a fluvo-aquic calcareous soil from a long-term (28-year) experiment. The experiment comprised twelve combinations of chemical N and P fertilizers, either with or without chicken manure, as treatments in four replicates. The yield of maize grain was 82% higher, the N uptake 100% higher, and the Nmin accumulation 39% lower in the treatments with combined N and P in comparison to N fertilizer only. The maize root length density in the 30--60 cm layer was three times greater in the treatments with N and P fertilizers than with N fertilizer only. Manure addition increased maize yield by 50% and N uptake by 43%, and reduced Nmin (mostly NO₃^--N) accumulation in the soil by 46%. The long-term application of manure and P fertilizer resulted in significant increases in soil Olsen-P concentration when no N fertilizer was applied. Manure application reduced the apparent N surplus for all treatments. These results suggest that combined N and P fertilizer applications could enhance maize grain yield and nutrient uptake via stimulating root growth, leading to reduced accumulation of potentially leachable NO₃^--N in soil, and manure application was a practical way to improve degraded soils in China and the rest of the world.     

旱作条件下水稻的生物效应及表层覆盖的影响

在田间研究了水稻旱作条件下不同覆盖物和常规淹水种植水稻 (简称水作 )条件下水稻生育期间土壤NH4+-N、NO3--N的动态变化 ;水作与旱作条件下水稻各部位的含氮量 ,水稻对氮素养分的吸收、积累的动态变化 ;产量及其构成因素以及灌溉水的利用效率。结果表明 ,旱作条件下土壤有效氮以硝态氮为主 ,旱作水稻的氮营养以硝态氮为主 ;水稻各部位的含氮量均大于水作。旱作水稻的氮素吸收、累积主要在拔节期以后 ,而水作水稻从移栽后就大量吸收氮素 ,灌浆期后很少吸收氮素 ;旱作水稻的产量以半腐解覆盖处理的最高。所有旱作处理的水稻产量均低于水作 ,但耗水量只占水作耗水量的 71.4% ,水分利用效率是水作的 12倍以上。