HZSM-5分子筛催化热裂解油菜秸秆制取精制生物油

为了探究分子筛催化剂对精制生物油理化特性的影响和在线催化提质机理,HZSM-5分子筛在固定床反应器上对油菜秸秆真空热解产生的热解蒸气进行在线催化提质试验,研究了催化剂质量、催化剂硅铝比和催化温度等参数对精制油产率和理化特性的影响,并通过气相色谱-质谱联用仪对提质前后生物油的化学组成进行了分析,初步探讨了HZSM-5分子筛在线催化提质机理。研究结果表明,油菜秸秆用量约为150 g,当催化剂质量为60 g,HZSM-5硅铝比为50,催化温度为500℃时,获得的精制油具有较低的氧元素质量分数(27.97%)、较高的高位热值(30.14 MJ/kg)以及较高的氢碳比(0.121)。在该条件下,醛、酸和酮类等非理想产物质量分数分别由提质前的13.71%、11.75%和13.59%降低至3.38%、1.68%和4.48%,而低含氧量的酚类由31.99%大幅增加至65.47%,表明HZSM-5具有良好的催化提质功能。研究结果为生物质的转化利用和在线精制热解蒸气技术的发展提供可靠的试验及理论依据。     

HZSM-5和MCM-41分子筛催化剂比例对油菜秸秆热解的影响

选取油菜秸秆为原料,利用不同比例均匀混合的HZSM-5/MCM-41进行在线催化热解油菜秸秆制备生物油试验,根据生物油有机相的理化特性、FT-IR、GC-MS分析和催化剂的BET分析结果,研究HZSM-5与MCM-41的混合比例对生物油品质的影响规律.结果表明随着混合催化剂中MCM-41质量分数的增加,生物油有机相产率、密度、运动黏度及O质量分数先减少后增加,C质量分数及高位热值先升高后降低,1,8-二甲基萘、对二甲苯、甲基萘等芳香烃类物质的选择性呈现先增加后减少的变化趋势,生物油有机相中羰基类物质的质量分数先减少后增加,酸性物质持续减少.当HZSM-5与MCM-41以1∶1混合时,生物油产率为18.68％,高位热值高达34.31 MJ/kg,生物油中烃类物质的质量分数为53.83％,羰基类物质的质量分数为6.35％.混合催化剂活性随MCM-41质量分数增加逐渐提高,当MCM-41质量分数超过50％时,混合催化剂的催化活性趋于稳定.     

La/P/Ni改性分子筛催化裂解生物油模型化合物

为研究不同分子筛催化剂对生物油催化裂解特性的影响,该文采用稀土元素La、非金属元素P以及活泼金属元素Ni对ZSM-5分子筛催化剂进行改性,在连续式固定床反应器中对乙酸乙酯、二丙酮醇、糠醛和愈创木酚等生物油模型化合物进行催化裂解试验,进而对比HY、HZSM-5、ZSM-5催化剂以及改性后ZSM-5催化剂对模型化合物的催化裂解反应特性以及脱氧效果。试验结果表明:在反应温度为400℃、反应质量空速为4/h条件下,经La/P/Ni改性ZSM-5分子筛催化剂,模型化合物有机相收率提高,结焦率下降;HY分子筛所得有机相收率最低,结焦率最高。模型化合物各组分裂解难易程度由易到难为二丙酮醇乙酸乙酯糠醛愈创木酚;改性后ZSM-5分子筛使组分单一转化率和总转化率均出现下降;HZSM-5分子筛作用下,反应转化率达到最高。模型化合物催化裂解脱氧产物以芳香烃为主,经La改性ZSM-5分子筛作用后,其芳香烃选择性较ZSM-5略微上升;P和Ni改性后,芳烃选择性下降;HZSM-5对于芳香烃选择性最高,达7.36%;HY对于芳香烃选择性最低,仅为3.15%。通过液体产物组分分析进一步探讨模型化合物反应路径,从而为生物油的催化裂解提供一定的理论基础和科学依据。     

小球藻粉水热催化液化制备生物油

为探索新型生物质燃油的开发,该文以小球藻粉为原料,采用水热催化液化方法制备生物油。研究了液化温度,液化时间,催化剂等因素对液化率的影响,在此基础上采用正交试验,以液化率为指标,探讨了生物油优化的制备工艺;利用傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)和气相色谱-质谱联用(GC/MS)技术分析了小球藻粉生物油的基团结构与组成。结果表明,小球藻粉优化的液化反应条件为:采用质量分数5%的Ce/HZSM-5为催化剂,在300°C水热条件下催化液化20min,小球藻粉和溶剂料液比为1:10g/mL,液化率达39.87%。在此条件下制备的小球藻粉生物油的主要成分为醇类,酯类以及部分碳氢化合物,热值达26.09MJ/kg。和传统木质纤维素类生物质相比,小球藻粉制备的生物油成分更接近传统化石燃油且热值更高,显示了良好的应用前景,为微藻生物质液体燃料的制备提供参考。     

不同Si/Al的氢型分子筛催化热解对生物油特性的影响

为考察对于氢型分子筛(HZSM-5)的Si/Al变化和添加量对生物质热解液化的影响,该文通过离子交换法制备HZSM-5催化剂,采用激光粒度分析仪、比表面积及孔径分析仪和X射线衍射仪对催化剂的粒度、孔隙及晶体结构等性质进行表征,并在最佳油产率温度下进行木屑的催化热解。对无催化剂和不同催化条件下得到的生物油进行气相色谱质谱联用分析,结果表明,分子筛作用下,生物油产率明显降低(最大降幅8%),含水率增加。同时,液体产物中醛类、酯类、酮类、呋喃等含氧化合物及酸含量均有所降低,提高了烃类和酚类的含量,峰面积百分比最高达到12.57%和39.36%,对催化剂催化调控改善生物油品质提供了一定的科学依据。     

改性微-介孔催化剂的制备及其催化生物质热解制备芳烃

采用K2CO3对HZSM-5催化剂进行处理,制备微孔-介孔多级孔HZSM-5催化剂,研究了碱液浓度(0.2~0.6 mol/L)对制备多级孔催化剂及其多级孔催化剂对催化生物质热解制备芳烃的产率以及选择性的影响规律,同时采用比表面积和孔径分布仪、X射线衍射仪、X射线光电子能谱、扫描电镜、化学吸附仪、傅里叶红外光谱仪、热重分析对催化剂进行了表征,结果表明：碱处理后催化剂依然保持MFI结构,在脱除分子筛中非骨架硅的同时,产生介孔结构,随着预处理浓度的增加,介孔含量增加,晶内介孔的利用率以及分子筛的扩散性能增加,但使总酸量降低,同时,改性催化剂可以明显的提高木质素来源的生物质热解产物芳烃的产率（67.75%～82.81%）降低焦炭的生成（31.26%～28.06%）,提高生物油中萘族产物（甲基萘以及二甲基萘）的选择性,使C10+以上芳烃含量增加,当采用0.5 mol/L的K2CO3处理时,单环芳烃质量分数最高为82.81%,而焦炭质量分数最低为28.06%。     

烘焙与HZSM-5催化剂联用改善柏木热解产物品质

为研究烘焙与催化剂对生物质热解产物特性的耦合影响机制,该文选用HZSM-5催化剂,对不同温度（200、230、260、290℃）烘焙后的柏木进行热解试验。结果发现,将烘焙与HZSM-5催化剂联用后,随着烘焙温度的升高,催化热解后积碳量呈下降趋势,最高降低了62.6%;气体产物中CO的体积分数从53.69%降低至40.84%,H2和CO2的体积分数分别增大了43.1%和35.04%,CH4的体积分数整体变化不明显;液体产物中,酸类物质大幅减少,芳香烃类产物显著增多,酚类产物发生富集;结果表明,烘焙与HZSM-5催化剂的联用有效地改善了快速热解产物尤其是生物油的品质。但是也要指出,烘焙温度过高时,积碳量增多、芳香烃类产物减少,因此柏木适宜的烘焙温度应该选择在230～260℃之间。     

农业生物质热裂解实验研究

研究了温度和加热速率等因素对玉米秆、棉柴、麦秸和稻草等农业生物质热裂解过程中产品得率的影响。实验结果表明,适宜的热解温度为500～600℃,原料滞留时间以6～8min为宜,可燃气、生物炭和木焦油等三种热解产品的得率(wt％)分别为40.2％、34.7％和25.1％;产品成份和有关指标的测试结果表明,燃气的热值为12.88MJ/m³,生物炭的热值为25MJ/kg,冷凝木焦油中的有机组份主要包括甲醇、糠醛、苯酚、邻甲酚、甲苯和醋酸等。     

生物油模型化合物催化裂解机理

为探索生物油催化裂解反应特性和催化作用机理,该文采用HZSM-5分子筛催化剂在550℃对生物油典型模型化合物(羟基丙酮、乙酸乙酯、愈创木酚)进行了催化裂解反应,研究模型化合物催化裂解特性和反应机理以及催化剂失活性质.试验结果显示:不含苯环的模型化合物催化裂解液体产物以芳烃为主,含氧化合物含量较低;羟基丙酮和乙酸乙酯的裂化气体产物分别以CO和烯烃为主.酚类模型化合物催化裂解液体产物仍以酚类为主,芳烃次之,说明苯酚类物质结构相对稳定,气体产物中烯烃含量约30%.根据气液产物分布,推测生物油催化裂解过程主要发生脱氧和环化反应,并对芳烃和烯烃有较好的选择性,为探索生物油催化裂解机理研究提供了理论依据.     

Ca/Fe强化生物炭催化秸秆热解挥发分蒸汽重整产氢

该文以生物质基焦炭作为催化剂,对生物质热解挥发分的水蒸气催化重整问题进行探讨。为加强生物质炭的催化能力,以Fe_2O_3和CaO作为助剂,对比分析了生物质炭、炭-Fe和炭-Ca对热解挥发分的水蒸气催化重整作用。试验结果表明,随着温度的升高3种催化剂均能促进玉米秸秆颗粒热解挥发分中H_2气体体积分数的增加。在800℃时,生物质炭、炭-Fe和炭-Ca挥发分中H_2体积分数分别为34.53%、50.89%和41.54%,与无催化剂相比分别增加了7.30%、23.66%和14.31%,其中炭-Fe对于促进H_2的生成效果最明显。炭-Ca催化剂的加入有助于提升热解气的热值,在800℃时热值达到14.22 MJ/m~3。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Aircraft operations near concentrations of birds in Antarctica: The development of practical guidelines

Aircraft operations have the potential to disturb and to impact negatively on bird life. A gradient of increasing behavioural response is evident in birds when exposed to increasing aircraft stimulus. The most major disturbance is likely to lead to impacts on the health, breeding performance and survival of individual birds, and perhaps bird colonies. A process of revision to policies on aircraft operations contained in management plans for a number of specially protected areas in Antarctica by the United Kingdom, accompanied by consultations made within the scientific community through the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and with operational interests through the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes (COMNAP) resulted in new guidelines being adopted by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties in June 2004. The principal recommendations of the guidelines are that bird colonies should not be overflown below 2000 ft (∼610 m) above ground level and landings within 1/2 nautical mile (∼930 m) of bird colonies should be avoided wherever possible. These guidelines are less stringent and less specific than those that were recommended by the SCAR specialist group on birds, and represent a compromise to accommodate operational needs. While the adoption of clear and consistent guidelines for the operation of aircraft in Antarctica is welcome in that this provides practical advice that is likely to reduce incidences of close aircraft/bird encounters, there remains insufficient knowledge of the interactions between aircraft and birds in Antarctica, and the consequent impacts on individual birds and on bird populations. It is important, therefore, that the guidelines adopted are considered interim, and should be kept under scrutiny with revisions made as new and improved research results appear.     

The abundance of heterocystous blue-green algae in rice soils and inocula used for application in rice fields

Summary Algal populations were quantified (as colony-forming units [CFU] per square centimetre) in 102 samples of rice soils from the Philippines, India, Malaysia and Portugal, and in 22 samples of soil-based inocula from four countries. Heterocystous blue-green algae (BGA) were present in all samples. Nostoc was the dominant genus in most samples, followed by Anabaena and Calothrix. In soils, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 1.0 × 10² to 8.0 × 10⁶ CFU/cm² (median 6.4 × 10⁴) and comprised, on average, 9% of the total CFU of algae. Their abundance was positively correlated with the pH and the available P content of the soils. In soil-based inocula, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 4.6 × 10⁴ to 2.8 × 10⁷ CFU/g dw (dry weight), comprising only a moderate fraction (average 13%) of the total algae. In most soils, the density of indigenous N₂-fixing BGA was usually higher than that attained by applying recommended rates of soil-based inoculum. Whereas research on the practical utilization of BGA has been mostly directed towards inoculation with foreign strains, our results suggest that attention should also be given to agricultural practices that enhance the growth of indigenous strains already adapted to local environmental conditions.Maître de Recherches ORSTOM (France), Visiting Scientist at IRRI