Long-term fertilization leads to specific PLFA finger-prints in Chinese Hapludults soil

Soil microbes play essential roles in the biogeochemical processes of organic carbon and nutrient cycling. Many studies have reported various short-term effects of fertilization on soil microbes. However, less is known about the effects of longterm fertilization regimes on the rhizosphere. Therefore, the objective of this study was to explore how the soil microbial communities in the rhizosphere respond to different long-term fertilization strategies. Based on a 21-year field treatment experiment in Guizhou, China, we extracted phospholipid fatty acids(PLFAs) to determine the microbial community structure in both the non-rhizosphere(NR) and rhizosphere(R). Six treatments were included: no fertilizer(CK), mineral nitrogen fertilizer(N), N with potassium(NK), phosphorus with K(PK), NPK, and NPK combined with manure(MNPK). The results showed that total PLFAs under unbalanced mineral fertilization(N, NK and PK) were decreased by 45% on average in the NR compared with CK, whereas MNPK increased fungi and G~– bacteria abundance significantly in both the NR(by 33 and 23%) and R(by 15 and 20%), respectively. In addition, all microbial groups in the R under these treatments(N, NK and PK) were significantly increased relative to those in the NR, except for the ratio of F/B and G~+/G~–, which might be due to the high nutrient availability in the R. Soil pH and SOC significantly regulated the soil microbial community and structure, explaining 51 and 20% of the variation in the NR, respectively. However, the rhizosphere microbial community structure was only significantly affected by soil pH(31%). We concluded that the soil microbial community in the NR was more strongly affected by long-term fertilization than that in the R due to the rhizosphere effect in the agricultural ecosystem. Rhizosphere nutrient conditions and buffering capacity could help microbial communities resist the change from the long-term fertilization.     

长期施用不同肥料塿土PLFA指纹特征

【目的】土壤微生物群落结构的组成与活性的变化是衡量土壤肥力的重要指标,研究长期不同施肥和土壤管理方式对塿土微生物群落结构的影响,对于指导塿土施肥和土壤管理,实现农田可持续利用具有重要意义。【方法】以陕西杨凌“国家黄土肥力与肥料效益监测基地”长期肥料定位试验为基础,运用磷脂脂肪酸标记法（PLFA）,研究了塿土长期不同施肥及土地利用方式下土壤微生物群落结构及其与土壤理化性质的关系。处理包括：长期不施肥（CK）、单施氮肥（N）、长期配合施用氮钾（NK）、磷钾（PK）、氮磷（NP）、有机肥和氮磷钾（MNPK）以及长期休闲（FL）和撂荒（AB）。【结果】与对照相比,MNPK、NP和撂荒处理土壤总PLFA分别增加218.8%、73.9%和74.3%,细菌分别增加188.3%、80.8%和82.6%,真菌分别增加了315.8%、111.5%和167.0%,放线菌分别增加了23.7%、21.3%和16.3%,同时也显著增加了真菌/细菌比;N、NK和PK土壤总PLFA、细菌、真菌差异不显著,但PK显著降低放线菌的含量;与农田施肥相比,休闲和撂荒显著降低G+和G-含量。多样性指数结果表明,长期有机无机配施明显提高土壤微生物群落的Shannon-Winner多样性指数、Simpson优势度和Pielou均匀度指数,撂荒和NP也能显著增加Shannon-Winner多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数,而长期休闲处理均明显降低了这些指数。主成分分析表明,MNPK、NP、撂荒和休闲土壤微生物群落结构发生较大变化;MNPK显著提高G-（18:1ω5c,cy19:0ω7c）、细菌（16:0,10Me22:0饱和脂肪酸）及真核生物（18:3ω6c,16:3ω6c,22:2ω6c）的多度值,撂荒（AB）和NP显著提高细菌（15﹕0,18﹕0,22﹕0,17﹕0饱和脂肪酸）的多度值。RDA分析表明,土壤理化性质对微生物菌群影响的重要性依次为有机质＞全氮＞含水量＞速效磷＞pH＞容重＞速效钾,这些理化因子均是微生物生长的关键因子。【结论】长期有机无机肥配施、氮磷配施和撂荒提高了土壤微生物群落结构多样性,从而改善了土壤生态环境,而长期休闲不利于土壤生态系统的稳定和健康。     

长期施肥对黄棕壤性水稻土生物学特性的影响

【目的】土壤生物肥力是土壤质量的直接反映,研究长期施肥对土壤生物学特性的影响可以为提高土壤质量及农田可持续利用提供理论依据。【方法】本文以长期不施肥(CK)为对照,研究长期单施氮肥(N)、氮、磷配施(NP)、氮、磷、钾配施(NPK)、单施有机肥(M)、有机肥+氮磷钾(MNPK)配施对黄棕壤性水稻土磷脂脂肪酸含量(PLFA)、微生物量碳、微生物量氮和微生物量磷(SMBC、SMBN、SMBP)、及与氮磷转化有关的水解酶活性的影响。【结果】长期施用有机肥显著提高了土壤总PLFA含量、真菌/细菌比值、真菌PLFA相对含量、SMBC、SMBN、SMBP含量,及土壤碱性磷酸酶、蛋白酶和脲酶活性,促进AM菌根的生长;而长期单施氮肥处理抑制了磷酸酶活性及大多数菌群生长。通过对PLFA进行主成分分析,配施有机肥的处理与单施化肥及CK处理微生物群落结构显著不同;PLFA载荷值分析表明,真菌特征脂肪酸及不饱和脂肪酸易受有机肥施用的影响,而放线菌特征脂肪酸更易受施用化肥的影响。【结论】化肥与有机肥长期配施提高了PLFA总含量、真菌PLFA含量、真菌PLFA/细菌PLFA比值,显著改善了土壤生物肥力状况,有利于土壤健康。     

长期施肥下黑土活性氮和有机氮组分变化特征

【目的】研究长期不同施肥措施下土壤活性氮和有机氮组分特征,探讨土壤活性氮和有机氮组分之间的关系,为评价土壤肥力、制定合理施肥措施提供科学依据。【方法】利用开始于1979年的哈尔滨黑土肥力长期定位试验,选取对照（CK,不施肥）、不施氮肥（PK）、单施化肥（NPK）、单施有机肥（M）、有机无机肥配施（MNPK）5个处理,采用氯化钾浸提-差减法、氯仿熏蒸-K2SO4提取法和Bremner法分别测定不同处理土壤可溶性有机氮、微生物生物量氮和有机氮组分含量。【结果】长期施用化肥对土壤耕层活性氮和有机氮组分含量无显著影响。单施有机肥和有机无机肥配施处理较单施化肥处理可溶性有机氮含量分别增加34.7%和56.2%,微生物生物量氮含量分别增加89.8%和144.7%。与单施化肥相比,长期单施有机肥和有机无机肥配施显著增加了酸解铵态氮、酸解氨基酸氮、酸解氨基糖氮和酸解未知氮的含量,增幅分别在23.3%—29.1%、19.2%—33.2%、30.6%—47.6%和20.2%—32.0%,对非酸解氮无显著影响。不同施肥措施下有机氮各形态的分布趋势为非酸解氮＞酸解氨基酸氮＞酸解铵态氮＞酸解未知氮＞酸解氨基糖氮。与单施化肥相比,长期单施有机肥和有机无机肥配合施用处理酸解有机氮占全氮比例有所提高,增幅达6.4%和9.9%。土壤全氮、可溶性有机氮、微生物生物量氮均与酸解有机氮组分之间均存在显著的正相关关系。在土壤有机氮组分中,酸解氨基酸氮、酸解未知氮和酸解铵态氮对可溶性有机氮和微生物生物量氮的影响最大。【结论】土壤氮素含量的变化与施肥措施密切相关,有机无机肥配施措施能显著增加土壤活性氮和有机氮组分含量,有利于提高土壤氮素供应能力;酸解氨基酸氮、酸解未知氮和酸解铵态氮是土壤活性氮的主要贡献因子。     

Microbial community structure and functional metabolic diversity are associated with organic carbon availability in an agricultural soil

Exploration of soil environmental characteristics governing soil microbial community structure and activity may improve our understanding of biogeochemical processes and soil quality. The impact of soil environmental characteristics especially organic carbon availability after 15-yr different organic and inorganic fertilizer inputs on soil bacterial community structure and functional metabolic diversity of soil microbial communities were evaluated in a 15-yr fertilizer experiment in Changping County, Beijing, China. The experiment was a wheat-maize rotation system which was established in 1991 including four different fertilizer treatments. These treatments included: a non-amended control(CK), a commonly used application rate of inorganic fertilizer treatment(NPK); a commonly used application rate of inorganic fertilizer with swine manure incorporated treatment(NPKM), and a commonly used application rate of inorganic fertilizer with maize straw incorporated treatment(NPKS). Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(DGGE) of the 16 S r RNA gene was used to determine the bacterial community structure and single carbon source utilization profiles were determined to characterize the microbial community functional metabolic diversity of different fertilizer treatments using Biolog Eco plates. The results indicated that long-term fertilized treatments significantly increased soil bacterial community structure compared to CK. The use of inorganic fertilizer with organic amendments incorporated for long term(NPKM, NPKS) significantly promoted soil bacterial structure than the application of inorganic fertilizer only(NPK), and NPKM treatment was the most important driver for increases in the soil microbial community richness(S) and structural diversity(H). Overall utilization of carbon sources by soil microbial communities(average well color development, AWCD) and microbial substrate utilization diversity and evenness indices(H' and E) indicated that long-term inorganic fertilizer with organic amendments incorporated(NPKM, NPKS) could significantly stimulate soil microbial metabolic activity and functional diversity relative to CK, while no differences of them were found between NPKS and NPK treatments. Principal component analysis(PCA) based on carbon source utilization profiles also showed significant separation of soil microbial community under long-term fertilization regimes and NPKM treatment was significantly separated from the other three treatments primarily according to the higher microbial utilization of carbohydrates, carboxylic acids, polymers, phenolic compounds, and amino acid, while higher utilization of amines/amides differed soil microbial community in NPKS treatment from those in the other three treatments. Redundancy analysis(RDA) indicated that soil organic carbon(SOC) availability, especially soil microbial biomass carbon(Cmic) and Cmic/SOC ratio are the key factors of soil environmental characteristics contributing to the increase of both soil microbial community structure and functional metabolic diversity in the long-term fertilization trial. Our results showed that long-term inorganic fertilizer and swine manure application could significantly improve soil bacterial community structure and soil microbial metabolic activity through the increases in SOC availability, which could provide insights into the sustainable management of China's soil resource.     

氮肥及其与秸秆配施在不同肥力土壤的固持及供应

【目的】在有机物料和无机氮肥的配施条件下,研究氮素在土壤中的固持与释放过程,以期达到土壤供氮与作物需氮相一致的目的。【方法】以长期定位试验不同施肥处理土壤（不施肥,NF;施用氮磷钾化肥,NPK;厩肥与化肥配施,MNPK）为研究对象,采用盆栽试验研究化学氮肥及其与秸秆配施在不同肥力土壤中的固持与供应。【结果】与未施氮肥（对照）相比,单施尿素对NF处理土壤小麦籽粒产量无显著影响,而显著提高了NPK和MNPK处理土壤小麦籽粒产量;MNPK处理土壤氮肥利用率（67%）显著高于NPK（56%）和NF（19%）处理土壤。与施用氮肥处理相比,秸秆与尿素配施显著降低了小麦产量和氮素利用率,但MNPK处理土壤小麦产量及氮肥利用率（11%）仍显著高于NPK处理（7%）;秸秆与尿素配施降低了当季小麦对施入氮素的吸收利用,小麦收获时不同施肥处理土壤有79%-88%施入的氮素未被吸收利用。【结论】有机肥与化肥长期配施在协调土壤氮素供应,提高作物产量及氮肥利用率方面具有突出作用。     

长期施肥下甘薯产量稳定性及品质特性研究

以1980年建立的长期定位试验为基础,研究2002-2015年不同施肥方式对甘薯干物质积累、产量及品质特性的影响,探讨甘薯产量稳定性及品质特性对长期不同施肥方式的响应规律,为指导本区域合理施肥管理及改善农田生态系统提供依据。试验设置不施肥(CK)、单施化肥(NPK)、单施有机肥(M)、有机无机配施(MNPK)4个处理。结果表明:与CK处理相比,施肥处理(NPK、M、MNPK)显著提高甘薯地上部分和块根干物质积累量、产量及可持续性指数,而施肥处理降低块根产量的变异系数,这说明施肥有利于改善本区域甘薯块根产量稳定性及可持续性,其中以NPK和MNPK处理效果显著。与CK处理相比,MNPK处理显著降低块根干率和糊化特性的回复值和糊化温度,显著提高块根的蛋白质及糊化特性的最高粘度值和崩解值。与NPK处理和M处理相比,MNPK处理糊化特性的最高粘度值和崩解值均有显著提高,回复值和糊化温度有显著降低。有机无机配施是甘薯高产稳产及品质提高的有效栽培措施。     

长期施肥下黄壤性水稻土有机碳组分变化特征

【目的】土壤有机碳具有高度异质性,不同组分的有机碳由于化学性质和存在方式等不同,其生物有效性和肥力功能不同,并反映出不同的稳定机制,所以深入研究土壤有机碳的组分特征,对于更好地了解土壤有机碳的稳定性和肥力机制具有重要意义。本研究以黄壤性水稻土为对象,旨在研究揭示长期施肥对土壤有机碳组分特征的影响并探讨合理培肥模式。【方法】以中国黄壤性水稻土18年长期施肥定位试验为依托,通过田间取样和室内分析,采用土壤有机碳物理-化学联合分组方法,重点研究不同施肥条件下土壤有机碳组分含量及分配比例的变化,并通过定量分析组分碳含量与年均碳投入量的关系,探讨土壤有机碳饱和现象。试验处理包括不施肥对照（CK）、单施化肥（NPK）、单施有机肥（M）、无机肥配施低量有机肥（0.5MNPK）和无机肥配施高量有机肥（MNPK）,碳投入梯度为0.87-6.02 t·hm^-2·a^-1。【结果】与不施肥（CK）相比,单施化肥（NPK）处理显著增加了土壤游离态粗颗粒有机碳、化学保护粉粒组有机碳和生物化学保护粉粒组有机碳含量,总有机碳提升10%;有机肥处理（0.5MNPK、M、MNPK）显著增加了土壤游离态粗颗粒有机碳、物理保护有机碳、化学保护粉粒组、黏粒组有机碳和生物化学保护粉粒组、黏粒组有机碳,增加幅度高于化肥处理,总有机碳提升24%-46%,其中以有机无机肥配施（MNPK）的提升幅度最大;与不施肥（CK）及单施化肥（NPK）处理相比,有机肥处理（0.5MNPK、M、MNPK）土壤物理保护有机碳的分配比例显著升高;模型分析发现,长期施肥条件下土壤游离态粗颗粒有机碳浓度与年均碳投入量呈显著的线性关系,而化学保护态有机碳浓度与生物化学保护态有机碳浓度以及土壤总有机碳含量,均与年均碳投入量呈显著的“饱和曲线效应”的对数函数关系。【结论】有机无机肥配施是提升黄壤性水稻土有机碳水平的最佳培肥措施,并以物理保护有机碳的提升幅度最大,强化了有机碳的物理稳定机制;黄壤性水稻土较稳定的有机碳组分（化学保护态、生物化学保护态）以及总有机碳存在饱和现象,在当前条件下出现饱和限制。     

Effects of long-term organic fertilization on soil microbiologic characteristics,yield and sustainable production of winter wheat

We investigated the soil microbiologic characteristics, and the yield and sustainable production of winter wheat, by conducting a long-term fertilization experiment. A single application of N, P and K (NPK) fertilizer was taken as the control (CK) and three organic fertilization treatments were used: NPK fertilizer+pig manure (T1), NPK fertilizer+straw return (T2), NPK fertilizer+pig manure+straw return (T3). The results showed that all three organic fertilization treatments (T1, T2 and T3) significantly increased both soil total N (STN) and soil organic carbon (SOC) from 2008 onwards. In 2016, the SOC content and soil C/N ratios for T1, T2 and T3 were significantly higher than those for CK. The three organic fertilization treatments increased soil microbial activity. In 2016, the activity of urease (sucrase) and the soil respiration rate (SRS) for T1, T2 and T3 were significantly higher than those under CK. The organic fertilization treatments also increased the content of soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC) and microbial biomass nitrogen (SMBN), the SMBC/SMBN ratio and the microbial quotient (qMB). The yield for T1, T2 and T3 was significantly higher than that of CK, respectively. Over the nine years of the investigation, the average yield increased by 9.9, 13.2 and 17.4% for T1, T2 and T3, respectively, compared to the initial yield for each treatment, whereas the average yield of CK over the same period was reduced by 6.5%. T1, T2, and T3 lowered the coefficient of variation (CV) of wheat yield and increased the sustainable yield index (SYI). Wheat grain yield was significantly positively correlated with each of the soil microbial properties (P<0.01). These results showed that the long-term application of combined organic and chemical fertilizers can stabilize crop yield and make it more sustainable by improving the properties of the soil.     

双季稻种植制度下长期施肥对红壤性水稻土氮素肥力的影响

设CK（不施任何肥）、NK（施氮、钾肥）、NP（施氮、磷肥）、NPK（施氮、磷、钾肥）、NK＋PM（施氮、钾肥＋猪粪）、NP＋RS（施氮、磷肥＋稻草）、NPK＋RS（施氮磷钾肥＋稻草）7个处理,通过25年长期肥料定位试验,研究了双季稻种植制度下长期施肥对红壤性水稻土氮素肥力的影响．结果表明,长期不平衡施肥处理（NK、NP）土壤各氮素含量增加不明显或出现一定幅度的减少;长期平衡施用化肥的NPK处理,土壤各氮素含量均有增长,与CK处理的差异达到显著或极显著水平;无机、有机肥长期配施处理NK＋PM、NP＋RS、NPK＋RS在单施化肥的基础上进一步提高了土壤中氮素养分的含量．双季稻种植制度下,长期平衡施肥,尤其是无机、有机肥配施能极大地增加红壤性水稻土各氮素养分含量,提高土壤氮素肥力,为水稻的高产、稳产和农业可持续发展提供良好的基础和保障．     

Dynamics of organic carbon and nitrogen in deep soil profile and crop yields under long-term fertilization in wheat-maize cropping system

Soil organic carbon (SOC) and nitrogen (N) are two of the most important indicators for agricultural productivity. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the changes in SOC and N in the deep soil profile (up to 100 cm) and their relationships with crop productivity under the influence of long-term (since 1990) fertilization in the wheat-maize cropping system. Treatments included CK (control), NP (inorganic N and phosphorus (P) fertilizers), NPK (inorganic N, P and potassium fertilizers), NPKM (NPK plus manure), and M (manure). Crop yield and the properties of topsoil were measured yearly from 2001 to 2009. C and N contents were measured at five different depths in 2001 and 2009. The results showed that wheat and maize yields decreased between 2001 and 2009 under the inorganic fertilizer (NP and NPK) treatments. The average yield between 2001 and 2009 under the NP, NPK, NPKM, and M treatments (compared with the CK treatment) increased by 38, 115, 383, and 381%, respectively, for wheat and 348, 891, 2 738, and 1 845%, respectively, for maize. Different long-term fertilization treatments significantly changed coarse free particulate (cfPOC), fine free particulate (ffPOC), intramicroaggregate particulate (iPOC), and mineral-associated (mSOC) organic carbon fractions. In the experimental years of 2001 and 2009, soil fractions occurred in the following order for all treatments: mSOC>cfPOC>iPOC>ffPOC. All fractions were higher under the manure application treatments than under the inorganic fertilization treatments. Compared to the inorganic fertilization treatments, manure input enhanced the stocks of SOC and total N in the surface layer (0–20 cm) but decreased SOC and N in the deep soil layer (80–100 cm). This reveals the efficiency of manure in increasing yield productivity and decreasing risk of vertical loss of nutrients, especially N, compared to inorganic fertilization treatments. The findings provide opportunities for understanding deep soil C and N dynamics, which could help mitigate climate change impact on agricultural production and maintain soil health.     

长期不同施肥对旱地小麦土壤氮素供应及吸收的影响

【目的】评价长期不同施肥处理土壤中氮素固持、供应和损失情况。【方法】以连续19年不施肥（NF）、施用化学氮、磷、钾肥（NPK）和有机肥与化学氮、磷、钾配施（MNPK）田间定位试验处理为对象,设置施氮和未施氮微区,研究了小麦生长期间土壤矿质态氮、土壤微生物量氮（SMBN）及小麦氮素吸收的动态变化。【结果】施用氮肥显著提高长期不施肥土壤（NF）矿质态氮含量（P＜0.05）,小麦拔节期、开花期和收获期增幅分别为239%、70%和62%,在小麦收获时施用的氮肥约50%淋溶到30 cm土层以下。氮肥施用使NPK处理土壤小麦拔节期和开花期矿质态氮含量分别显著增加46%和90%（P＜0.05）,但对MNPK处理土壤矿质态氮含量无显著影响。施用氮肥对NF处理SMBN无影响,使拔节期NPK和MNPK处理土壤SMBN含量分别显著增加1.8和3.4倍（P＜0.05）。从拔节期到开花期,施用氮肥处理NPK和MNPK土壤SMBN显著降低49%和63%（P＜0.05）。MNPK处理土壤小麦氮肥的利用率（69%）显著高于NF、NPK处理土壤（分别为5%和40%）。【结论】有机无机长期配施增强了土壤对氮肥的缓冲能力,协调了土壤中氮素固持、释放与作物吸收之间的关系,提高氮肥利用率。     

长期不同施肥处理对红壤水稻土微生物量氮周转的影响

【目的】土壤微生物生物量是土壤重要的活性养分库。研究长期不同施肥处理下土壤微生物生物量的周转特性,探究施肥对土壤养分转化与供应能力的影响。【方法】对田间长期单施或配施无机氮肥（N）、无机磷肥（P）、无机钾肥（K）、有机质循环（C）及1/2秸秆回田（S）的试验进行采样分析,研究不同施肥处理下土壤微生物生物量、微生物量氮周转及水稻产量变化。【结果】施用磷肥有利于提高土壤微生物量碳、微生物量氮、微生物量氮周转速率以及作物产量,比未施用磷肥处理平均提高了13.2%、33.1%、31.2%及173.4%。单施有机肥也有利于提高土壤微生物量碳、微生物量氮和作物产量,比对照提高了36.1%、28.1%和68.1%,但微生物量氮周转速率降低了4.3%。有机无机肥配合施用显著提高了土壤微生物量碳、微生物量氮、微生物量氮周转速率及水稻产量,NPKC和NPKS处理的土壤微生物量碳、微生物量氮、微生物生物量氮周转速率及水稻产量分别比对照高40.1%、26.3%、177.1%、204.1%和36.1%、20.9%、192.9%、203.3%。【结论】有机无机肥配施能够提高土壤活性养分库,增强土壤养分转化和供给能力,提高稻田生产力。     

贝加尔针茅草原土壤微生物功能多样性对养分添加的响应

为揭示养分添加对草原土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响,采用Biolog-Eco技术,研究了在无养分添加对照(CK)和7种不同氮磷钾养分添加方式(单养分添加:N、P、K,不同组合添加:PK、NK、NP、NPK)下贝加尔针茅草原土壤微生物群落功能多样性变化。结果表明:(1)不同养分添加条件下土壤微生物群落单孔平均颜色变化率(Average Well Color Development)AWCD值从高到低依次为NPPNPKNKNCKKPK。(2)含磷添加处理(PK除外,NP、P、NPK)和含氮添加处理(N、NK)的丰富度指数H均显著高于CK、K、PK,而均匀度指数E和优势度指数D在各处理间差异不显著。(3)主成分分析结果表明,CK、K、PK、NK处理土壤微生物群落碳源利用方式相似,而NP、P和N、NPK分别具有不同的碳源利用方式。据此可知,NP、P、NPK、N养分添加方式可以提高土壤微生物代谢活性、物种丰富度指数和微生物群落碳源利用能力,有利于土壤微生物群落功能多样性的提高。     

Improvement of soil fertility and rice yield after long-term application of cow manure combined with inorganic fertilizers

Fertilization is an effective technique to improve soil fertility and increase crop yield. The long-term effects of different fertilizers on soil considerably vary. Over 38 consecutive years of different fertilization positioning experiments in a double cropping rice field of Qiyang Red Soil Experimental Station, seven different fertilization treatments including CK (no fertilization), NPK (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizer), M (cow manure), NPKM (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium with cow manure), NPM (nitrogen and phosphorus with cow manure), NKM (nitrogen and potassium with cow manure), and PKM (phosphorus and potassium with cow manure) were applied to study the effects on rice yield, soil fertility, and nutrient apparent balance in a paddy field. The results showed that the annual average yields of rice in NPKM, NPM, NKM, PKM, M, NPK and CK treatments ranged from 6 214 to 11 562 kg ha^–1. Yields under long-term organic and inorganic treatments (NPKM, NPM, NKM and PKM) were 22.58, 15.35, 10.53 and 4.41%, respectively, greater than under the NPK treatment. Soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), available nitrogen (AN) and available potassium (AK) concentration with long-term organic and inorganic treatment (NPKM, NPM, NKM and PKM) were significantly higher than in inorganic fertilizer (NPK) treatments. Soil total phosphorus (TP) and available phosphorus (AP) contentration with organic fertilizer combined with inorganic N and P fertilizer treatment (NPKM, NPM and PKM) were significantly higher than with inorganic fertilizer alone (NPK treatments). The average annual rice yield (11 562 kg ha^–1), SOC (20.88 g kg^–1), TN (2.30 g kg^–1), TP (0.95 g kg^–1), TK (22.50 g kg^–1) and AP (38.94 mg kg^–1) concentrations were the highest in the NPKM treatment. The soil AN concentration (152.40 mg kg^–1) and AK contentration (151.00 mg kg^–1) were the highest in the NKM treatment. N and P application led to a surplus of nitrogen and phosphorus in the soil, but NPKM treatment effectively reduced the surplus compared with other treatments. Soils under all treatments were deficient in potassium. Correlation analysis showed that SOC, TN, AN, TP, and AP contentration was significantly correlated with rice yield; the correlation coefficients were 0.428, 0.496, 0.518, 0.501, and 0.438, respectively. This study showed that the combined application of N, P, and K with cow manure had important effects on rice yield and soil fertility, but balanced application of N, P, and K with cow manure was required.     

长期定位施肥黑土富里酸与Cu(Ⅱ)配位能力的研究

选取哈尔滨长期定位施肥对照处理(CK)、施用氮磷钾化肥(NPK)、施用有机肥马粪(OM)及有机肥与无机肥混施(MNPK)四个不同处理的土壤样品,对富里酸(Fulvic acid,FA)进行分离提纯。利用荧光光谱检测技术,对各处理土壤FA与Cu(Ⅱ)络合的能力进行分析。结果表明,与CK处理相比较施肥后低浓度的Cu(Ⅱ)与FA的荧光猝灭反应更加强烈。与CK比较,不同施肥处理FA与Cu(Ⅱ)的配位比例得到显著的提高,由大到小的顺序为:(MNPK)0.95>(NPK)0.93>(M)0.92>(CK)0.81。分析结果表明,长期定位施肥均使土壤FA与Cu(Ⅱ)配位结合位点增多。     

不同施肥处理红壤性水稻土团聚体有机碳矿化特征

【目的】在已有团聚体碳氮分布研究的基础上,进一步研究不同施肥处理红壤性水稻土团聚体有机碳矿化特征,并分析有机碳矿化的影响因素,为揭示施肥对土壤肥力的影响及土壤有机碳矿化作用机制提供理论依据。【方法】以长期定位施肥红壤性水稻土为研究对象,包括9个处理:不施肥(CK)、有机质循环(C)、氮肥(N)、氮肥+有机质循环(NC)、氮磷肥(NP)、氮磷钾肥(NPK)、氮磷钾肥+有机质循环(NPKC)、氮钾肥(NK)和氮磷钾肥+1/2秸秆回田(NPKS)。运用湿筛法得到2 mm、1—2 mm、0.25—1 mm、0.053—0.25 mm和0.053 mm 5个粒级团聚体,观测团聚体和全土有机碳矿化动态变化,测定团聚体中微生物生物量碳含量和转化酶活性。【结果】全土和1 mm团聚体有机碳矿化速率在培养前期快速下降,之后逐渐降低至稳定状态,而1 mm粒级尤其是0.053—0.25 mm团聚体,有机碳矿化速率在培养前期降低幅度减小并更早达到稳定状态。有机碳累积矿化量在2 mm和1—2 mm团聚体中最高,在0.053—0.25 mm团聚体中最低。与对照相比,施磷肥处理(NP和NPK)各粒级团聚体有机碳累积矿化量平均提高17.0%—62.1%,施有机肥处理(C、NC和NPKC)则平均提高25.0%—80.5%。2 mm和0.25—1 mm团聚体对全土有机碳矿化的贡献最大,分别为21.0%—42.5%和20.6%—32.7%。0.25 mm大团聚体微生物生物量碳含量和转化酶活性均高于0.25 mm微团聚体。施磷肥处理各粒级团聚体微生物生物量碳含量较对照平均高73.4%—92.0%,施有机肥处理平均高60.8%—99.6%。磷肥和有机肥的施用显著提高0.25 mm大团聚体转化酶活性,其中NC处理大团聚体转化酶活性最高,较对照提高46.0%—135.0%。团聚体有机碳累积矿化量与有机碳、全氮、微生物生物量碳含量及转化酶活性均呈极显著正相关,但与有机碳的相关性最大。【结论】大团聚体在土壤有机碳矿化中发挥主导作用;有机碳含量是影响团聚体有机碳矿化的最主要因素;磷肥和有机肥的施用促进了土壤团聚体有机碳的矿化,是提高红壤性水稻土供肥能力的有效措施。     

不同施肥制度对土壤微生物的影响及其与土壤肥力的关系

 以国家褐潮土肥力与肥料效益监测基地的长期肥料试验为平台，系统研究了长期不同施肥制度对土壤微生物种群和生理群落的影响及其与土壤肥力的关系。结果表明：（1）长期单施化肥，农田土壤细菌、真菌数量低于长期撂荒土壤，但放线菌数量多于撂荒土壤或与之相当。（2）长期单施化肥与不施肥（CK）比较，土壤放线菌数量增加，细菌和真菌数量略有增加或与之相当。（3）总体看，NPK均衡施肥，土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌数量比非均衡施肥的N、NP、NK、PK处理略有增加或与之相近。（4）NPK配施有机肥或秸秆，可明显增加土壤中细菌、真菌、放线菌的数量，不仅明显高于单施化肥和不施肥农田，而且细菌、放线菌数量也高于撂荒土壤，真菌数量略低于撂荒土壤或与之相当。（5）长期单施化肥农田，土壤固氮菌、氨化细菌、纤维分解菌、反硝化细菌数量低于长期撂荒土壤，但硝化细菌数量比撂荒土壤多。单施化肥，土壤固氮菌、硝化细菌、纤维分解菌数量高于不施肥的CK，而氨化细菌、反硝化细菌数量却低于CK。NPK均衡施肥土壤氨化细菌、硝化细菌、纤维分解菌数量比非均衡施肥的N、NP、NK、PK处理增加，固氮菌数量二者相当，反硝化细菌数量减少。NPK配施有机肥或秸秆，土壤中固氮菌、氨化细菌、反硝化细菌、硝化细菌、纤维分解菌数量大都高于单施化肥处理，尤其明显高于非均衡施用化肥的处理。与撂荒土壤比较，NPK配施有机肥或秸秆，土壤固氮菌、氨化细菌、反硝化细菌、硝化细菌数量增多，但纤维分解菌数量降低。（6）土壤中大多数微生物种类的数量与养分含量、作物产量具有正相关关系。     

长期施用猪粪和化肥对稻田土壤Cu、Zn和Cd含量及有效性的影响

为研究有机肥与化肥处理下稻田土壤Cu、Zn、Cd含量之间的差异,并探明关键影响因子,本研究利用持续了35 a的长期定位试验,分析了土壤重金属全量及有效态、土壤理化性质和水稻产量,并利用多种统计分析方法研究了猪粪组和化肥组土壤Cu、Zn和Cd与土壤理化指标之间的关系。结果表明：与对照（不施肥）相比,长期施用猪粪使土壤Cu、Zn、Cd全量和有效态含量分别提高了134%~239%、57%~124%、58%~171%和191%~380%、285%~811%、61%~184%,并显著提升了土壤有机质（SOM）、阳离子交换量（CEC）及氮磷养分含量;而化肥处理对土壤重金属全量及有效态含量无显著影响,对土壤理化指标的提升相对较小。冗余分析（RDA）发现,猪粪组土壤全氮（TN）、CEC和速效磷（AP）分别解释了重金属方差变异的89.1%、6.4%和2.0%,化肥组土壤pH和全磷（TP）分别解释了方差变异的45.0%和22.2%,达到显著水平。进一步通过偏最小二乘路径模型（PLS-PM）分析发现,猪粪对重金属有效态的贡献远大于化肥,主要通过影响土壤重金属全量和CEC从而影响重金属有效性,其路径系数分别为0.621 7和0.295 3,均达到显著水平。猪粪组土壤重金属与理化指标之间由于“同源”关系呈显著正相关,而化肥组两者的关系受水稻生长活动等因素影响较大。研究表明,长期施肥可以通过调控土壤理化指标等影响重金属有效性,施用猪粪进行稻田土壤培肥的同时,需要注意土壤重金属的累积风险。     

Effect of long-term fertilization on phosphorus fractions in different soil layers and their quantitative relationships with soil properties

Investigating the dynamics and distribution of soil phosphorus (P) fractions can provide a basis for enhancing P utilization by crops.  Four treatments from a 29-year long-term experiment in black soil with maize cropping were involved in this study: no fertilizer (CK), inorganic nitrogen and potassium (NK), inorganic nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK), and NPK plus manure (NPKM).  We analyzed soil P fractions in different soil layers using a modified Hedley sequential method.  The long-term NPKM treatment significantly increased total P by 0.6–1.6 times in the different soil layers.  The Olsen-P concentration far exceeded the environmental threshold for soil Olsen-P (50.6 mg kg^–1) in the NPKM treatment in the 0–60 cm soil profile.  Moreover, the concentrations and proportion of labile and partially labile inorganic P (Pi) fractions (i.e., NaHCO₃-extracted Pi, NaOH-extracted Pi, and dilute HCl-extracted Pi) to the sum of all P fractions (Pt) in the 0–60 cm soil profile were higher in the NPKM treatment than in the NPK treatment, indicating that manure could promote the transformation of non-labile into more labile forms of P in soil, possibly by manure reducing P fixation by soil particles.  Soil organic matter, Mehlich-3 extractable iron (Fe), and organic-bound aluminum were increased by fertilization, and were the main factors influencing the differences in the P fractions in the 0–20 cm soil layer.  Soil mineral components, i.e., free Fe oxide and CaCO₃, were the main factors influencing the P fractions in the subsoil.  The soil P transformation process varied with soil layer and fertilization.  Application of manure fertilizer can increase the labile (Olsen) P concentrations of the various soil layers, and thus should reduce the mineral P fertilizer requirement for crop growth and reduce potential environmental damage