长期不同施肥方式对稻麦轮作田杂草群落的影响

【目的】明确在稻麦轮作条件下,肥料管理对太湖地区稻麦轮作田杂草群落的影响特征和方式。【方法】在水稻收获后,对长期不同肥料处理小区,具体包括不施肥（CK）,仅施氮肥（N）,施氮钾肥（NK）,施磷钾肥（PK）,施氮磷肥（NP）和均衡施肥（NPK）,进行杂草群落调查。分析杂草密度、多样性指数Shannon-H’,均匀度指数Pielou-EJ和丰富度指数Margalef-DMG,并进行主成分和回归分析。【结果】杂草总密度的排列次序为NP＞CK＞N＞NK＞NPK,稻槎菜,牛繁缕,菵草和大巢菜是主要农田杂草。氮磷养分亏缺提高了杂草多样性,Shannon-H’指数排序为CK＞NK＞PK＞N＞NP＞NPK。主成分1、2的特征值分别为0.498和0.235,稻槎菜,野老鹳草,异型莎草和菵草与主成分1夹角较小,能更多地解释主成分1。对提取的主成分1、2值与土壤有效态氮磷钾回归分析,其中有效氮、磷与主成分1值回归决定系数分别为0.85、0.86（P＜0.05）,主成分2值与土壤养分因子无显著相关性。【结论】太湖地区稻麦轮作条件下,土壤养分的盈亏决定了田面杂草密度和优势种群,氮磷亏缺导致杂草群落多样性高于氮磷钾均衡施肥,且土壤氮含量对杂草群落的影响最显著。     

不同肥料配合对莴笋产量、品质和养分吸收利用的影响

[目的]研究N、P、K肥不同组合对莴笋产量、品质和养分吸收特征的影响,为中性和酸性菜园土上莴笋的高产优质和肥料的合理施用提供理论依据.[方法]在重庆市九龙坡区7个蔬菜基地开展田间试验,7个试验点按不同NPK配合设4个处理,分别为PK、NK、NP和NPK肥配合处理,另设无肥处理作对照(CK).N、P、K养分用量分别为:N300 kg/ha,P2O5 150 kg/ha,K2O 225 kg/ha.在收获期,测定莴笋产量、硝酸盐、氨基酸、维生素C(Vc)、可溶性糖及养分含量等,并计算其养分利用效率.[结果]7个试验点中NPK肥配合处理莴笋产量为23963.41～42651.09 kg/ha,其大小顺序均为:NPK＞NP＞NK＞PK＞CK处理,相比对照处理,各处理莴笋产量均极显著增产(P＜0.01,下同),较CK提高20.79％～77.99％;莴笋硝酸盐含量为2473.11～3090.22mg/kg,与对照处理相比,NK处理硝酸盐含量极显著增加,其他处理硝酸盐含量均极显著降低;莴笋还原糖的含量为0.928％～1.286％,相比对照处理,NP处理还原糖含量极显著增加,其他处理还原糖含量均极显著降低;莴笋氨基酸的含量为186.19～276.25mg/kg,相比对照处理,PK处理氨基酸含量极显著降低,NP和NPK处理氨基酸含量均极显著增加,NK处理增加不显著(P＞0.05);莴笋Vc的平均含量为413.3～477.2 mg/kg,相比对照处理,其他处理Vc含量均极显著降低.莴笋对N、P和K三要素的平均吸收量分别为40.30～88.10、6.15～11.80和75.40～134.08 kg/ha,各肥料配施处理莴笋对N、P、K吸收量均极显著高于对照.与N、P肥相比,K肥利用率最高(18.4％),且N、K肥利用率变异系数较高.[结论]对于中性和酸性紫色土,均以NPK配合(N 300 kg/ha,P2O5 150 kg/ha,K2O 225kg/ha)处理为莴笋优质高产的最佳处理.     

氮磷钾配施对马铃薯干物质积累及产量的影响

[目的]研究氮磷钾肥配合施用对马铃薯干物质积累动态及产量形成的影响,可为马铃薯合理施肥提供理论依据和技术指导。[方法]以紫花白为试验材料,分别设：对照（CK）、氮磷（NP,N 120.0 kg/hm2、P2O5105.0 kg/hm2）、氮钾（NK,N 120.0 kg/hm2、K2O 120.0kg/hm2）、磷钾（PK,P2O5105.0 kg/hm2、K2O 120.0 kg/hm2）、氮磷钾（NPK,N 120.0 kg/hm2、P2O5105.0 kg/hm2、K2O 120.0 kg/hm2）5种不同施肥处理,研究氮磷钾肥配合施用对马铃薯干物质积累动态及产量形成的影响。[结果]5种施肥处理马铃薯单株总干物质积累量、块茎干物质积累量、块茎产量（鲜）均表现为NPK〉PK〉NK〉NP〉CK,NPK处理较PK、NK、NP处理全株及块茎干物质积累速率都明显提高,达到0.05显著水平。5种处理单株茎叶总干物重为NPK〉NP〉NK〉PK〉CK,分配于地上茎叶的干物质率为NPK〉NP〉NK〉CK〉PK,分配于块茎的干物质率则为PK〉CK〉NK〉NP〉NPK。[结论]氮磷钾配施有利于促进马铃薯植株干物质积累和地下部块茎形成与增长;在其他2种养分配合施用基础上,增施氮肥对地上茎叶的促进作用最明显,磷肥次之,钾肥最小。而对地下块茎的促进作用则以钾肥效应最大,磷肥次之,氮肥最小。     

生石灰对酸性土壤pH值及微生物群落功能多样性的影响

【目的】通过盆栽试验探讨了在施加不同水平的生石灰时,酸性土壤p H值及微生物群落功能多样性的变化量。【方法】本实验采用Biolog-ECO检测法,探究了在4种不同生石灰施用量CK、T1、T2、T3(0、1125、2250、3375 kg/hm2)下酸性土壤微生物群落碳源代谢的多样性变化。【结果】(1)在240 h的培养期内,施加不同量生石灰条件下微生物群落单孔平均颜色变化率AWCD值从高到低依次是T2T1T3CK。(2)土壤p H值与AWCD值相关分析表明,两者呈中度正相关。(3)土壤微生物群落功能多样性指数结果显示,T1、T2、T3处理的Simpson指数显著高于CK处理,而Shannon指数与Mc Intosh指数在各处理之间的差异不显著。(4)主成分分析结果表明,T3、CK处理土壤微生物碳源利用方式相似,而T1、T2处理有不同的碳源利用方式。【结论】由此可见,每公顷施加2250 kg的生石灰(T2处理)能提高土壤p H值、土壤AWCD值、物种优势度指数与微生物群落碳源利用能力,对微生物多样性的提高有较大的促进作用。     

黄河三角洲典型麦田氮磷钾肥料利用率研究

[目的]分析黄河三角洲地区典型农田小麦NPK肥料的利用率.[方法]以冬小麦为研究对象,设置了5个处理:NPK、NP、PK、NK和缓释肥料,比较NPK平衡施肥和施用缓释肥2种施肥方式的差异.[结果]土壤中残存速效养分、小麦产量及生物产量存在显著差异(P<0.05).NPK平衡施用有助于小麦增产,较NP、PK、NK处理分别提高了9.6％、11.3％、33.8％.同时NPK处理中N、P、K肥料利用率较缓释肥处理均有所增加.[结论]选择适宜的施肥模式是该地区提高肥料利用率的关键环节.     

长期不同施肥对(土娄)土细菌群落多样性的影响

为探索长期不同施肥对(土娄)土微生物群落多样性的影响及其机制,以"国家黄土肥力与肥料效益监测基地"的24a长期定位试验为基础,采用末端限制性片段长度多态性分析技术(T-RFLP),结合其他常规分析,研究(土娄)土不施肥(CK)和3种常用施肥方式[单施氮肥(N)、平衡施化肥(NPK)、高量有机无机肥配施(M2)]对土壤主要化学性状及细菌群落多样性的影响。结果表明,3种施肥方式均对土壤主要化学性质影响显著,其中施M2能明显改善土壤肥力;与CK处理相比,M2和NPK处理的土壤微生物量碳质量分数和微生物量氮质量分数显著增加,而N处理无显著变化;N处理的Shannon指数和Evenness指数较CK处理分别显著降低6.1%、5.8%,施NPK和M2有利于维持土壤微生物丰富度和均匀度。M2处理对(土娄)土微生物群落结构有积极影响,而N处理效果相反。RDA分析表明,与CK处理相比,N和M2处理土壤细菌群落结构发生显著变化,且M2处理变化程度较大。长期不同施肥可对(土娄)土细菌群落结构产生显著影响,土壤主要化学性状的改变是其主要原因。总之,NPK和M2处理都能较好地维持(土娄)土微生物生态系统。     

长期施用不同肥料土PLFA指纹特征

【目的】土壤微生物群落结构的组成与活性的变化是衡量土壤肥力的重要指标,研究长期不同施肥和土壤管理方式对塿土微生物群落结构的影响,对于指导塿土施肥和土壤管理,实现农田可持续利用具有重要意义。【方法】以陕西杨凌"国家黄土肥力与肥料效益监测基地"长期肥料定位试验为基础,运用磷脂脂肪酸标记法(PLFA),研究了塿土长期不同施肥及土地利用方式下土壤微生物群落结构及其与土壤理化性质的关系。处理包括:长期不施肥(CK)、单施氮肥(N)、长期配合施用氮钾(NK)、磷钾(PK)、氮磷(NP)、有机肥和氮磷钾(MNPK)以及长期休闲(FL)和撂荒(AB)。【结果】与对照相比,MNPK、NP和撂荒处理土壤总PLFA分别增加218.8%、73.9%和74.3%,细菌分别增加188.3%、80.8%和82.6%,真菌分别增加了315.8%、111.5%和167.0%,放线菌分别增加了23.7%、21.3%和16.3%,同时也显著增加了真菌/细菌比;N、NK和PK土壤总PLFA、细菌、真菌差异不显著,但PK显著降低放线菌的含量;与农田施肥相比,休闲和撂荒显著降低G~+和G~-含量。多样性指数结果表明,长期有机无机配施明显提高土壤微生物群落的Shannon-Winner多样性指数、Simpson优势度和Pielou均匀度指数,撂荒和NP也能显著增加Shannon-Winner多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数,而长期休闲处理均明显降低了这些指数。主成分分析表明,MNPK、NP、撂荒和休闲土壤微生物群落结构发生较大变化;MNPK显著提高G~-(18:1ω5c,cy19:0ω7c)、细菌(16:0、10Me22:0饱和脂肪酸)及真核生物(18:3ω6c、16:3ω6c,22:2ω6c)的多度值,撂荒(AB)和NP显著提高细菌(15:0,18:0,22:0,17:0饱和脂肪酸)的多度值。RDA分析表明,土壤理化性质对微生物菌群影响的重要性依次为有机质全氮含水量速效磷pH容重速效钾,这些理化因子均是微生物生长的关键因子。【结论】长期有机无机肥配施、氮磷配施和撂荒提高了土壤微生物群落结构多样性,从而改善了土壤生态环境,而长期休闲不利于土壤生态系统的稳定和健康。     

土壤调理剂对土壤养分含量及微生物功能多样性的影响

以湖南典型红土为供试土壤,以烤烟品种K326为材料,通过小区试验,探究了土壤调理剂对土壤养分含量及微生物功能多样性的影响。结果表明,土壤调理剂改变了土壤养分,土壤p H、有机质含量、速效钾含量、有效磷含量均显著提高,而碱解氮含量无显著性差异;适量添加土壤调理剂可显著提高土壤微生物平均吸光值,过量添加反而降低,土壤微生物平均吸光值高低依次为T2T1T3CK;添加0.2%土壤调理剂可以显著提高微生物功能多样性丰富度指数和均一性指数,较对照分别提高了5.1%、88.4%;主成分分析结果显示,添加土壤调理剂使土壤微生物群落对碳源的代谢特征产生了差异。综合而言,添加适量的土壤调理剂能增加土壤养分含量,提高土壤微生物群落功能多样性,以0.2%的添加量最佳。     

长期施肥对大麦-双季稻种植方式中大麦根际土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响

【目的】微生物群落功能多样性是土壤质量变化的敏感指标,施肥措施与土壤微生物群落功能多样性关系密切。本文的目的在于探明不同施肥措施对土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响。【方法】以双季稻主产区肥料长期定位试验田为研究对象,应用Biolog技术分析了化肥(MF)、秸秆还田+化肥(RF)、30%有机肥+70%化肥(LOM)、60%有机肥+40%化肥(HOM)、无肥对照(CK)不同施肥处理对大麦成熟期双季稻田根际土壤微生物功能多样性的影响,从根际土壤微生物功能多样性的角度评价施肥对土壤质量的影响。【结果】MF、LOM和HOM处理大麦根际土壤微生物对碳源的利用程度均显著高于其他处理,而RF处理大麦根际土壤微生物对碳源的利用程度低于CK处理。在大麦成熟期,Richness和Shannon指数大小顺序均表现为:HOMLOMRFCKMF,Mc Intosh指数均以HOM和LOM处理为最高,其次为RF和CK处理,MF处理最低。土壤微生物碳源利用的主成分分析结果表明,各施肥处理大麦根际土壤微生物群落利用的碳源主要为氨基酸类和糖类,不同施肥处理间碳源利用类型存在明显的差异。【结论】不同施肥处理对大麦根际土壤微生物功能多样性产生了不同影响,长期有机无机肥配施有利于维持稻田根际土壤微生物群落多样性。     

苏丹草-黑麦草轮作制中氮、磷、钾肥施用效果研究

【目的】为苏丹草-黑麦草轮作制中合理利用养分、水分及培肥土壤提供理论依据。【方法】连续3年盆栽试验研究苏丹草(Sorghum sudanense)-黑麦草(Lolium L.)轮作制中氮、磷、钾肥对饲草产量、养分吸收、水分利用及土壤养分的影响。【结果】氮、磷、钾肥配施显著增加饲草产量,2005/2006、2006/2007、2007/2008年度的饲草总量分别为1690.0、2091.3、1770.7g/pot。与CK处理(NPK配施)相比,不施氮处理(PK)的饲草产量分别减少700.7%、1256.9%、856.3%,不施磷处理(NK)分别减少426.3%、384.9%、792.3%,不施钾处理(NP)分别减少15.9%、4.4%、10.6%。氮、磷、钾肥配施促进饲草的养分吸收,3个年度NPK处理的总吸氮(N)量分别为6.36、4.91、6.85g/pot,总吸磷(P)量分别为0.79、1.01、0.82g/pot,总吸钾(K)量分别为11.58、6.36、5.62g/pot,养分利用效率显著高于其它处理。3个年度NPK处理水分生产率分别为16.5、16.1、16.2kg·m-3,明显高于其它处理。轮作体系下,土壤有机质,NP、NK、NPK处理的全氮,NP、PK、NPK处理的速效磷,NK、PK处理的缓效钾、速效钾均上升;土壤pH,NP、NPK处理的缓效钾、速效钾下降,而PK处理的全氮、NK处理的速效磷基本稳定。【结论】苏丹草-黑麦草轮作体系下,合理配施氮、磷、钾肥能持续获得高产、促进饲草养分吸收和有效改善土壤肥力。     

Effect of NPK Application on Yield,Nutrients and Water Utilization Under Sudangrass and Ryegrass Rotation Regime

Sudangrass and ryegrass rotation is a new type of cropping system in Jianghan Plain,which develops very fast in recent years.So,it is essential to work out the optimal nutrients and water management measures in this new system.The effect of NPK fertilizer on yield of forage grass,nutrients and water utilization under sudangrass and ryegrass rotation was studied through continuous pot experiments for three years.The results showed that NPK combination could significantly improve the yield of forage grasses.The total yields during the periods of 2005-2006,2006-2007 and 2007-2008 were 1 690.0,2 091.3 and 1 770.7 g/pot,respectively.The yields in PK treatment were 700.7,1 256.9 and 856.3% lower than those of NPK treatment,while the yields in NK treatment were 426.3,384.9 and 792.3% lower than those of NPK treatment,respectively.Similarly,the yields in NP treatment were 15.9,4.4 and 10.6% lower than those of NPK treatment,respectively.The NPK combination was found to improve the nutrients uptake,and the total N uptakes during the above periods were 10.0,14.8 and 10.6 times higher than that of PK treatment,respectively,and 3.7,1.8 and 5.1 times higher than those of NK treatment,respectively,but,were similar to NP treatment.The total P uptakes were 4.6,6.8 and 5.3 times higher than those of PK treatment,and were 2.4,2.3 and 2.9 times higher than those of NK treatment,respectively,but were similar to NP treatment.The total K uptakes were 5.2,8.4 and 4.9 times higher than that of PK treatment,3.9,2.3 and 3.9 times higher than those of NK treatment,and 80.9,57.4 and 200.5% higher than those of NP treatment,respectively.Water productivity for three years time periods were 16.5,16.1 and 16.2 kg m-3,and were 3.8,5.4 and 4.2 times higher than those of PK treatment,2.3,1.3 and 2.6 times higher than those of NK treatment,and were 16.4,8.8 and 22.4% higher than those of NP treatment,respectively.The soil pH was decreased and soil organic matter was increased in all treatments with increase in the time of sudangrass and ryegrass rotation system.The total soil N was increased in NP,NK and NPK treatments,while it was stable in PK treatment.The available P in NP,PK and NPK treatments was increased significantly,while it was stable in NK treatment.The slow releasing K and available K were increased significantly in NK and PK treatments,but decreased in NP and NPK treatments.The treatment with NPK combination was found to improve the yield of forage,nutrient uptake and soil fertility in sudangrass and ryegrass rotation system.     

不同施肥制度对土壤微生物的影响及其与土壤肥力的关系

 以国家褐潮土肥力与肥料效益监测基地的长期肥料试验为平台，系统研究了长期不同施肥制度对土壤微生物种群和生理群落的影响及其与土壤肥力的关系。结果表明：（1）长期单施化肥，农田土壤细菌、真菌数量低于长期撂荒土壤，但放线菌数量多于撂荒土壤或与之相当。（2）长期单施化肥与不施肥（CK）比较，土壤放线菌数量增加，细菌和真菌数量略有增加或与之相当。（3）总体看，NPK均衡施肥，土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌数量比非均衡施肥的N、NP、NK、PK处理略有增加或与之相近。（4）NPK配施有机肥或秸秆，可明显增加土壤中细菌、真菌、放线菌的数量，不仅明显高于单施化肥和不施肥农田，而且细菌、放线菌数量也高于撂荒土壤，真菌数量略低于撂荒土壤或与之相当。（5）长期单施化肥农田，土壤固氮菌、氨化细菌、纤维分解菌、反硝化细菌数量低于长期撂荒土壤，但硝化细菌数量比撂荒土壤多。单施化肥，土壤固氮菌、硝化细菌、纤维分解菌数量高于不施肥的CK，而氨化细菌、反硝化细菌数量却低于CK。NPK均衡施肥土壤氨化细菌、硝化细菌、纤维分解菌数量比非均衡施肥的N、NP、NK、PK处理增加，固氮菌数量二者相当，反硝化细菌数量减少。NPK配施有机肥或秸秆，土壤中固氮菌、氨化细菌、反硝化细菌、硝化细菌、纤维分解菌数量大都高于单施化肥处理，尤其明显高于非均衡施用化肥的处理。与撂荒土壤比较，NPK配施有机肥或秸秆，土壤固氮菌、氨化细菌、反硝化细菌、硝化细菌数量增多，但纤维分解菌数量降低。（6）土壤中大多数微生物种类的数量与养分含量、作物产量具有正相关关系。     

双季稻种植制度下长期施肥对红壤性水稻土氮素肥力的影响

设CK（不施任何肥）、NK（施氮、钾肥）、NP（施氮、磷肥）、NPK（施氮、磷、钾肥）、NK＋PM（施氮、钾肥＋猪粪）、NP＋RS（施氮、磷肥＋稻草）、NPK＋RS（施氮磷钾肥＋稻草）7个处理,通过25年长期肥料定位试验,研究了双季稻种植制度下长期施肥对红壤性水稻土氮素肥力的影响．结果表明,长期不平衡施肥处理（NK、NP）土壤各氮素含量增加不明显或出现一定幅度的减少;长期平衡施用化肥的NPK处理,土壤各氮素含量均有增长,与CK处理的差异达到显著或极显著水平;无机、有机肥长期配施处理NK＋PM、NP＋RS、NPK＋RS在单施化肥的基础上进一步提高了土壤中氮素养分的含量．双季稻种植制度下,长期平衡施肥,尤其是无机、有机肥配施能极大地增加红壤性水稻土各氮素养分含量,提高土壤氮素肥力,为水稻的高产、稳产和农业可持续发展提供良好的基础和保障．     

长期施用不同肥料塿土PLFA指纹特征

【目的】土壤微生物群落结构的组成与活性的变化是衡量土壤肥力的重要指标,研究长期不同施肥和土壤管理方式对塿土微生物群落结构的影响,对于指导塿土施肥和土壤管理,实现农田可持续利用具有重要意义。【方法】以陕西杨凌“国家黄土肥力与肥料效益监测基地”长期肥料定位试验为基础,运用磷脂脂肪酸标记法（PLFA）,研究了塿土长期不同施肥及土地利用方式下土壤微生物群落结构及其与土壤理化性质的关系。处理包括：长期不施肥（CK）、单施氮肥（N）、长期配合施用氮钾（NK）、磷钾（PK）、氮磷（NP）、有机肥和氮磷钾（MNPK）以及长期休闲（FL）和撂荒（AB）。【结果】与对照相比,MNPK、NP和撂荒处理土壤总PLFA分别增加218.8%、73.9%和74.3%,细菌分别增加188.3%、80.8%和82.6%,真菌分别增加了315.8%、111.5%和167.0%,放线菌分别增加了23.7%、21.3%和16.3%,同时也显著增加了真菌/细菌比;N、NK和PK土壤总PLFA、细菌、真菌差异不显著,但PK显著降低放线菌的含量;与农田施肥相比,休闲和撂荒显著降低G+和G-含量。多样性指数结果表明,长期有机无机配施明显提高土壤微生物群落的Shannon-Winner多样性指数、Simpson优势度和Pielou均匀度指数,撂荒和NP也能显著增加Shannon-Winner多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数,而长期休闲处理均明显降低了这些指数。主成分分析表明,MNPK、NP、撂荒和休闲土壤微生物群落结构发生较大变化;MNPK显著提高G-（18:1ω5c,cy19:0ω7c）、细菌（16:0,10Me22:0饱和脂肪酸）及真核生物（18:3ω6c,16:3ω6c,22:2ω6c）的多度值,撂荒（AB）和NP显著提高细菌（15﹕0,18﹕0,22﹕0,17﹕0饱和脂肪酸）的多度值。RDA分析表明,土壤理化性质对微生物菌群影响的重要性依次为有机质＞全氮＞含水量＞速效磷＞pH＞容重＞速效钾,这些理化因子均是微生物生长的关键因子。【结论】长期有机无机肥配施、氮磷配施和撂荒提高了土壤微生物群落结构多样性,从而改善了土壤生态环境,而长期休闲不利于土壤生态系统的稳定和健康。     

长期不同施肥对东北黑土区玉米产量稳定性的影响

【目的】通过阐明长期不同施肥下东北黑土区玉米产量的变化规律及其稳定性差异,为建立合理施肥模式、促进东北黑土区玉米持续稳产和高产提供科学依据。【方法】以（公主岭）国家黑土肥力与肥料效益长期试验为研究平台,利用8种不同施肥模式（CK、NP、NK、PK、NPK、M₁NPK、SNPK和M₂NPK）的25年数据分析玉米产量变化及土壤养分状况对施肥模式的响应。【结果】长期有机肥与化肥配施玉米产量总体上表现为上升趋势,有机肥氮替代部分化肥氮的有机无机配施处理增产效果也较为明显;M₁NPK、SNPK和NPK 3个等氮量施肥处理玉米平均产量差异不显著,其前11年NPK处理玉米产量高于SNPK和M₁NPK处理,后14年NPK处理玉米产量低于SNPK和M₁NPK处理;施化肥处理玉米平均产量（1990-2014年）排序为NPK＞NP＞NK＞PK、CK。氮、磷和钾肥对玉米产量的增产效应差异较大,每千克氮肥、磷肥和钾肥的产量效应分别为33.0、16.2和15.3 kg。有机无机配施处理玉米产量可持续指数（SYI）值高,分布在0.712-0.798,玉米产量可持续性好,而不平衡施肥和不施肥处理的SYI值最低;CK、PK和NK处理玉米产量变异系数较大,分布在18.5%-34.7%,产量稳定性差,而有机无机配施处理相对较小都在10.8%-13.0%。在施肥处理中,PK处理平均生产力贡献率最低,仅为37.8%,但与氮配施平均生产力贡献率达到91.2%;NPK、M₁NPK与SNPK 3个等氮量施肥处理平均生产力贡献率差异不显著。长期施用有机肥可明显提高土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷和速效钾含量,施用化肥磷对土壤有效磷含量提高较显著,但施用化肥氮和钾分别对土壤全氮和速效钾含量提高效果不显著;通过相关性分析可知玉米产量与土壤有机质、全氮和速效磷均呈极显著正相关（P＜0.01）,而与土壤速效钾含量呈显著正相关（P＜0.05）。【结论】长期不施肥或偏施化肥玉米产量的稳定性减弱、土壤生产力贡献率下降;平衡施用化肥可有效提高黑土区玉米产量稳定性和可持续性;有机肥与化肥配施具有明显的增产和稳产效果。因此,施用有机肥氮替代部分化肥氮的有机无机配施模式是东北黑土区最有效的施肥措施。     

Long-term fertilization leads to specific PLFA finger-prints in Chinese Hapludults soil

Soil microbes play essential roles in the biogeochemical processes of organic carbon and nutrient cycling. Many studies have reported various short-term effects of fertilization on soil microbes. However, less is known about the effects of longterm fertilization regimes on the rhizosphere. Therefore, the objective of this study was to explore how the soil microbial communities in the rhizosphere respond to different long-term fertilization strategies. Based on a 21-year field treatment experiment in Guizhou, China, we extracted phospholipid fatty acids(PLFAs) to determine the microbial community structure in both the non-rhizosphere(NR) and rhizosphere(R). Six treatments were included: no fertilizer(CK), mineral nitrogen fertilizer(N), N with potassium(NK), phosphorus with K(PK), NPK, and NPK combined with manure(MNPK). The results showed that total PLFAs under unbalanced mineral fertilization(N, NK and PK) were decreased by 45% on average in the NR compared with CK, whereas MNPK increased fungi and G~– bacteria abundance significantly in both the NR(by 33 and 23%) and R(by 15 and 20%), respectively. In addition, all microbial groups in the R under these treatments(N, NK and PK) were significantly increased relative to those in the NR, except for the ratio of F/B and G~+/G~–, which might be due to the high nutrient availability in the R. Soil pH and SOC significantly regulated the soil microbial community and structure, explaining 51 and 20% of the variation in the NR, respectively. However, the rhizosphere microbial community structure was only significantly affected by soil pH(31%). We concluded that the soil microbial community in the NR was more strongly affected by long-term fertilization than that in the R due to the rhizosphere effect in the agricultural ecosystem. Rhizosphere nutrient conditions and buffering capacity could help microbial communities resist the change from the long-term fertilization.     

Responses of plant diversity and primary productivity to nutrient addition in a Stipa baicalensis grassland,China

Nutrient addition can affect the structure and diversity of grassland plant communities, thus alter the grassland productivity. Studies on grassland plant community composition, structure and diversity in response to nutrient addition have an important theoretical and practical significance for the scientific management of grassland, protection of plant diversity and the recovery of degraded grassland. A randomized block design experiment was conducted with six blocks of eight treatments each: control(no nutrient addition) and K, P, N, PK, NK, NP, and NPK addition. We evaluated plant composition, height, coverage, density, and aboveground biomass to estimate primary productivity and plant diversity. Results showed that all treatments increased primary productivity significantly(P0.05) with the exception of the K and the NPK treatments had the greatest effect, increasing aboveground biomass 2.46 times compared with the control(P0.05). One-way ANOVA and factorial analysis were used for the species richness, Shannon-Wiener index, Pielou index and aboveground biomass, and the relationships between the diversity indices and aboveground biomass were determined through linear regression. We found that fertilization altered the community structure; N(but not P or K) addition increased the proportion of perennial rhizome grasses and significantly reduced that of perennial forbs(P0.05), thus it presented a trend of decrease in species richness, Shannon-Wiener and Pielou indexex, respectively. Only the main effects of N had significant impacts on both the diversity indices and the aboveground biomass(P0.05), and the interactions between N-P, N-K, P-K and N-P-K could be neglected. With fertilization, plant diversity(correlation coefficient, –0.61), species richness(–0.49), and species evenness(–0.51) were all negatively linearly correlated with primary productivity. The correlations were all significant(P0.01). Scientific nutrient management is an effective way to improve grassland productivity, protect the plant diversity as well as recover the degraded grassland.     

Trends of Yield and Soil Fertility in a Long-Term Wheat-Maize System

The sustainability of the wheat-maize rotation is important to China＇s food security. Intensive cropping without recycling crop residues or other organic inputs results in the loss of soil organic matter （SOM） and nutrients, and is assumed to be non- sustainable. We evaluated the effects of nine different treatments on yields, nitrogen use efficiency, P and K balances, and soil fertility in a wheat-maize rotation system （1991-2010） on silt clay loam in Shaanxi, China. The treatments involved the application of recommended dose of nitrogen （N）, nitrogen and phosphorus （NP）, nitrogen and potassium （NK）, phosphorus and potassium （PK）, combined NPK, wheat or maize straw （S） with NPK （SNPK）, or dairy manure （M） with NPK （M1NPK and M2NPK）, along with an un-treated control treatment （CK）. The mean yields of wheat and maize ranged from 992 and 2 235 kg ha-1 under CK to 5 962 and 6 894 kg ha-1 under M2NPK treatment, respectively. Treatments in which either N or P was omitted （N, NK and PK） gave significantly lower crop yields than those in which both were applied. The crop yields obtained under NP, NPK and SNPK treatments were statistically identical, as were those obtained under SNPK and MNPK. However, M2NPK gave a significant higher wheat yield than NP, and MNPK gave significant higher maize yield than both NP and NPK. Wheat yields increased significantly （by 86 to 155 kg ha-1 yr-1） in treatments where NP was applied, but maize yields did not. In general, the nitrogen use efficiency of wheat was the highest under the NP and NPK treatments; for maize, it was the highest under MNPK treatment. The P balance was highly positive under MNPK treatment, increasing by 136 to 213 kg ha-1 annually. While the K balance was negative in most treatments, ranging from 31 to 217 kg ha^-1 yr^-1, levels of soil available K remained unchanged or increased over the 20 yr. SOM levels increased significantly in all treatments. Overall, the results indicated that combinations of organic manure and inorganic nitrogen, or retuming straw with NP is likely to improve soil fertility, increasing the yields achievable with wheat-maize system in a way which is environmentally and agronomically beneficial on the tested soil.