长期施肥对小麦、玉米根际和非根际土壤微生物量碳及水溶性有机碳含量的影响

通过20 a的长期定位试验，研究不同施肥措施下，小麦、玉米生育期根际和非根际土壤的微生物量碳（MBC）和水溶性有机碳(WSOC)动态变化。试验包括7种不同的施肥措施：不施肥对照（CK）、单施氮肥（N）、磷钾配合（PK）、氮磷配合（NP）、氮磷钾配合（NPK）、秸秆还田+氮磷钾（SNPK）和有机肥+氮磷钾（MNPK）。结果表明，SNPK和MNPK显著增加根际和非根际土壤微生物量碳和水溶性有机碳的含量。小麦生育期中MBC含量在开花期最高，而WSOC在开花期最低，与MBC趋势相反；各处理根际土壤MBC和WSOC含量均明显高于非根际土壤。玉米生育期各处理MBC变化不明显，根际土MBC含量高于非根际，而WSOC则非根际土稍高。MBC和总有机碳（TOC）比率为17.18~33.54 g·kg^-1,以玉米乳熟期CK最高。WSOC/TOC变幅为2.43~6.67 g·kg^-1，玉米乳熟期均较小麦成熟期有大幅度下降。     

长期不同施肥对东北黑土区玉米产量稳定性的影响

【目的】通过阐明长期不同施肥下东北黑土区玉米产量的变化规律及其稳定性差异,为建立合理施肥模式、促进东北黑土区玉米持续稳产和高产提供科学依据。【方法】以（公主岭）国家黑土肥力与肥料效益长期试验为研究平台,利用8种不同施肥模式（CK、NP、NK、PK、NPK、M₁NPK、SNPK和M₂NPK）的25年数据分析玉米产量变化及土壤养分状况对施肥模式的响应。【结果】长期有机肥与化肥配施玉米产量总体上表现为上升趋势,有机肥氮替代部分化肥氮的有机无机配施处理增产效果也较为明显;M₁NPK、SNPK和NPK 3个等氮量施肥处理玉米平均产量差异不显著,其前11年NPK处理玉米产量高于SNPK和M₁NPK处理,后14年NPK处理玉米产量低于SNPK和M₁NPK处理;施化肥处理玉米平均产量（1990-2014年）排序为NPK＞NP＞NK＞PK、CK。氮、磷和钾肥对玉米产量的增产效应差异较大,每千克氮肥、磷肥和钾肥的产量效应分别为33.0、16.2和15.3 kg。有机无机配施处理玉米产量可持续指数（SYI）值高,分布在0.712-0.798,玉米产量可持续性好,而不平衡施肥和不施肥处理的SYI值最低;CK、PK和NK处理玉米产量变异系数较大,分布在18.5%-34.7%,产量稳定性差,而有机无机配施处理相对较小都在10.8%-13.0%。在施肥处理中,PK处理平均生产力贡献率最低,仅为37.8%,但与氮配施平均生产力贡献率达到91.2%;NPK、M₁NPK与SNPK 3个等氮量施肥处理平均生产力贡献率差异不显著。长期施用有机肥可明显提高土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷和速效钾含量,施用化肥磷对土壤有效磷含量提高较显著,但施用化肥氮和钾分别对土壤全氮和速效钾含量提高效果不显著;通过相关性分析可知玉米产量与土壤有机质、全氮和速效磷均呈极显著正相关（P＜0.01）,而与土壤速效钾含量呈显著正相关（P＜0.05）。【结论】长期不施肥或偏施化肥玉米产量的稳定性减弱、土壤生产力贡献率下降;平衡施用化肥可有效提高黑土区玉米产量稳定性和可持续性;有机肥与化肥配施具有明显的增产和稳产效果。因此,施用有机肥氮替代部分化肥氮的有机无机配施模式是东北黑土区最有效的施肥措施。     

Dynamics of organic carbon and nitrogen in deep soil profile and crop yields under long-term fertilization in wheat-maize cropping system

Soil organic carbon (SOC) and nitrogen (N) are two of the most important indicators for agricultural productivity. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the changes in SOC and N in the deep soil profile (up to 100 cm) and their relationships with crop productivity under the influence of long-term (since 1990) fertilization in the wheat-maize cropping system. Treatments included CK (control), NP (inorganic N and phosphorus (P) fertilizers), NPK (inorganic N, P and potassium fertilizers), NPKM (NPK plus manure), and M (manure). Crop yield and the properties of topsoil were measured yearly from 2001 to 2009. C and N contents were measured at five different depths in 2001 and 2009. The results showed that wheat and maize yields decreased between 2001 and 2009 under the inorganic fertilizer (NP and NPK) treatments. The average yield between 2001 and 2009 under the NP, NPK, NPKM, and M treatments (compared with the CK treatment) increased by 38, 115, 383, and 381%, respectively, for wheat and 348, 891, 2 738, and 1 845%, respectively, for maize. Different long-term fertilization treatments significantly changed coarse free particulate (cfPOC), fine free particulate (ffPOC), intramicroaggregate particulate (iPOC), and mineral-associated (mSOC) organic carbon fractions. In the experimental years of 2001 and 2009, soil fractions occurred in the following order for all treatments: mSOC>cfPOC>iPOC>ffPOC. All fractions were higher under the manure application treatments than under the inorganic fertilization treatments. Compared to the inorganic fertilization treatments, manure input enhanced the stocks of SOC and total N in the surface layer (0–20 cm) but decreased SOC and N in the deep soil layer (80–100 cm). This reveals the efficiency of manure in increasing yield productivity and decreasing risk of vertical loss of nutrients, especially N, compared to inorganic fertilization treatments. The findings provide opportunities for understanding deep soil C and N dynamics, which could help mitigate climate change impact on agricultural production and maintain soil health.     

新疆农田不同施肥区土壤昆虫群落丰富性与多样性

 【目的】在新疆国家灰漠土土壤肥力与肥料效益长期监测基地，对10种施肥处理，即（1）撂荒（不施肥、不耕作、不种植，Aband.）、（2）对照（种植、不施肥，CK）、（3）施氮肥（N）、（4）施氮磷肥（NP）、（5）施氮钾肥（NK）、（6）施磷钾肥（PK）、（7）施氮磷钾化肥（NPK）、（8）施氮磷钾化肥+有机肥（有机氮和化肥氮的比例为7﹕3）（MNPK）、（9）化肥用量增加50%配施有机肥（1.5 MNPK）、（10）化肥配施秸秆(SNPK)与新疆灰漠土区农田土壤昆虫群落之间的关系进行研究。【方法】采用改良干漏斗（Modified Tullgren）分离土壤（0～20 cm）中的土壤昆虫，同时利用陷阱法收集活动在地表的各类土壤昆虫。【结果】两种方法共获得土壤昆虫4 915只（未知标本128只），隶属9目33科。大型土壤昆虫个体数和类群数在Aband.处理中分布最多，中小型土壤昆虫则分别在N和PK处理中分布最多；MNPK处理土壤动物组成最丰富，N处理土壤动物分布最均匀。农田土壤昆虫类群分布受施肥影响极其显著（X0.05（9）=23.38，P＜0.005），Aband.区土壤昆虫群落与其它施肥处理土壤昆虫群落差异极显著（P＜0.01）。利用非度量多维标度分析法对土壤昆虫群落分类排序，则灰漠土土壤昆虫群落划分为5组，即NPK、MNPK、1.5MNPK和CK为一组，NP和PK为一组，NK和N为一组，SNPK和Aband.各为一组，表明土壤昆虫分布与肥料性质有关。主成分中前两个主成分解释总变量的98.51%，其中第一主成分反映了单施N肥和SNPK还田对土壤昆虫群落具有促进作用；第二主成分反映了1.5MNPK对土壤昆虫群落促进作用，表明施肥处理对土壤昆虫类群影响不平衡。【结论】新疆灰漠土区，肥料的种类与性质影响着土壤昆虫类群多样性与丰富性，且其影响具有不均衡性。     

Soil Organic Carbon,Black Carbon,and Enzyme Activity Under Long-Term Fertilization

The present study aims to understand the effects of long-term fertilization on soil organic carbon (SOC), black carbon (BC), enzyme activity, and the relationships among these parameters. Paddy field was continuously fertilized over 30 yr with nine different fertilizer treatments including N, P, K, NP, NK, NPK, 2NPK (two-fold NPK), NPK+manure (NPKM), and CK (no fertilization), N, 90 kg urea-N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹; P, 45 kg triple superphosphate-P₂O₅ ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹; K, 75 kg potassium chloride-K₂O ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹; and pig manure, 22 500 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹. Soil samples were collected and determined for SOC, BC content, and enzyme activity. The results showed that the SOC in the NPKM treatment was significantly higher than those in the K, P, and CK treatments. The lowest SOC content was found in the CK treatment. SOC content was similar in the N, NP, NK, NPK, 2NPK, and NPKM treatments. There was no significant difference in BC content among different treatments. The BC-to-SOC ratios (BC/SOC) ranged from 0.50 to 0.63, suggesting that BC might originate from the same source. Regarding enzyme activity, NPK treatment had higher urease activity than NPKM treatment. The urease activity of NPKM treatment was significantly higher than that of 2NPK, NP, N, P, K, CK, and NPKM treatment which produced higher activities of acid phosphatase, catalase, and invertase than all other treatments. Our results indicated that long-term fertilization did not significantly affect BC content. Concurrent application of manure and mineral fertilizers increased SOC content and significantly enhanced soil enzyme activities. Correlation analysis showed that catalase activity was significantly associated with invertase activity, but SOC, BC, and enzyme activity levels were not significantly correlated with one another. No significant correlations were observed between BC and soil enzymes. It is unknown whether soil enzymes play a role in the decomposition of BC.     

长期施肥对黄壤性水稻土磷平衡及农学阈值的影响

【目的】研究长期施肥条件下土壤有效磷（Olsen-P）的演变特征及土壤磷素的累积状况,分析土壤磷素累积与土壤有效磷的响应关系,明确Olsen-P的农学阈值及合理磷肥施用量,为西南黄壤地区科学施用磷肥提供理论依据。【方法】以贵州黄壤肥力与肥料长期定位试验为平台,选择试验中6个处理分别是不施肥（CK）、偏施氮钾肥（NK）、常量氮磷钾肥（NPK）、常量有机肥（M）、减1/2有机肥+减1/2氮磷钾肥（1/2 M +1/2 NPK）和常量有机肥+常量氮磷钾肥（MNPK）。分析西南黄壤性水稻土19年（1995-2013）土壤Olsen-P含量与植株吸磷量,研究土壤Olsen-P的变化规律及土壤累积磷盈亏状况,通过Mitscherlich方程模拟作物相对产量对土壤Olsen-P的响应关系,明确西南黄壤性水稻土的农学阈值,并分析Olsen-P与施肥量之间的关系。【结果】长期施用磷肥处理可显著提高土壤Olsen-P含量,各施磷处理Olsen-P年增长速率在0.72-2.47 mg·kg^-1·a^-1,其中MNPK处理Olsen-P增长速率最大,NPK处理最小,主要与施肥量的高低有关;有机肥配施化学磷肥比单施化学磷肥和单施有机肥更能有效地促进作物对磷素的吸收;不施磷处理土壤磷素一直处于亏缺状态,施磷处理土壤磷素盈余量为176-1 200 kg·hm^-2,其中MNPK处理磷素盈余量最高;土壤累积磷盈余量与土壤Olsen-P增量呈显著线性相关,土壤中磷素每盈余100 kg·hm^-2,NPK、M、1/2M+1/2NPK、MNPK处理Olsen-P含量分别提高4.0、2.0、3.2和2.0 mg·kg^-1;土壤每年磷盈亏和Olsen-P含量与磷肥施用量呈极显著正相关关系,磷肥用量（纯P）17.4 kg·hm^-2时土壤磷盈亏呈持平状态,西南黄壤性水稻土Olsen-P的农学阈值为15.8 mg·kg^-1;对应的施肥量（纯P）为每年37.2 kg·hm^-2·a^-1。【结论】土壤有效磷随土壤磷素盈余而变化,同时与磷素投入量密切相关,当磷肥用量（纯P）为17.4 kg·hm^-2·a^-1土壤磷素呈持平状态。当磷肥用量（纯P）为37.2 kg·hm^-2·a^-1时,可获得较高作物产量,磷肥当季利用率高,且磷素在土壤中累积较少。当磷肥用量（纯P）大于37.2 kg·hm^-2·a^-1时,作物产量对磷肥用量无响应,大量磷素累积在土壤中,增加土壤磷素的流失风险。土壤中累积磷盈余量一定的情况下,西南黄壤性水稻土长期单施化学磷肥提升土壤Olsen-P的速率大于施用有机肥处理。     

The Community Abundance and Diversity of Arable Soil Insect Community Following Different Fertilizer Treatments in Xinjiang, China

The soil insect community was studied in grey desert soil district in September 2004. 90 soil samples and 100 pitfalls were collected from 10 treatments, i.e., abandonment （Aband.）, CK, N, NP, NK, PK, NPK, MNPK （fertilizer N：organic N = 3：7）, 1.5MNPK, and SNPK. 4915 soil insects （128 unknown）, as individuals belonging to 9 orders and 33 families, were obtained by pitfall traps and modified Tullgren methods. The results showed that, based on the number of individuals and groups, the macro fauna in total reached their peaks in abandonment, whereas meso and micro fauna in N and PK, respectively. Of the 10 treatments, the most dominant of soil insect composition was in MNPK and most evenness was N. The result by Kruskal-Wallis test indicated that the distribution of the arable soil insect was significantly impacted by different fertilizer treatments （X0.05（9） = 23.38, P 〈 0.005）, and soil insect group of the abandonment was significantly different from that of other fertilizer treatments. The soil insect community was divided into five groups by non-metric- MDS analysis： （1） NPK, MNPK, 1.5MNPK, CK, （2） NP and PK, （3） NK and N, （4） SNPK, and （5） abandonment, which indicated that distribution of soil insect was related to the character of the fertilizer. In the principal component analysis, two factors explained 98.51% of the total variation among the 10 treatments, and the factor one explained that N and SNPK positively affected soil insect community, whereas factor two explained that 1.5MNPK positively affected soil insect community, which showed that the diversified fertilizer did not evenly affect the soil insect community.     

Improvement of soil fertility and rice yield after long-term application of cow manure combined with inorganic fertilizers

Fertilization is an effective technique to improve soil fertility and increase crop yield. The long-term effects of different fertilizers on soil considerably vary. Over 38 consecutive years of different fertilization positioning experiments in a double cropping rice field of Qiyang Red Soil Experimental Station, seven different fertilization treatments including CK (no fertilization), NPK (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizer), M (cow manure), NPKM (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium with cow manure), NPM (nitrogen and phosphorus with cow manure), NKM (nitrogen and potassium with cow manure), and PKM (phosphorus and potassium with cow manure) were applied to study the effects on rice yield, soil fertility, and nutrient apparent balance in a paddy field. The results showed that the annual average yields of rice in NPKM, NPM, NKM, PKM, M, NPK and CK treatments ranged from 6 214 to 11 562 kg ha^–1. Yields under long-term organic and inorganic treatments (NPKM, NPM, NKM and PKM) were 22.58, 15.35, 10.53 and 4.41%, respectively, greater than under the NPK treatment. Soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), available nitrogen (AN) and available potassium (AK) concentration with long-term organic and inorganic treatment (NPKM, NPM, NKM and PKM) were significantly higher than in inorganic fertilizer (NPK) treatments. Soil total phosphorus (TP) and available phosphorus (AP) contentration with organic fertilizer combined with inorganic N and P fertilizer treatment (NPKM, NPM and PKM) were significantly higher than with inorganic fertilizer alone (NPK treatments). The average annual rice yield (11 562 kg ha^–1), SOC (20.88 g kg^–1), TN (2.30 g kg^–1), TP (0.95 g kg^–1), TK (22.50 g kg^–1) and AP (38.94 mg kg^–1) concentrations were the highest in the NPKM treatment. The soil AN concentration (152.40 mg kg^–1) and AK contentration (151.00 mg kg^–1) were the highest in the NKM treatment. N and P application led to a surplus of nitrogen and phosphorus in the soil, but NPKM treatment effectively reduced the surplus compared with other treatments. Soils under all treatments were deficient in potassium. Correlation analysis showed that SOC, TN, AN, TP, and AP contentration was significantly correlated with rice yield; the correlation coefficients were 0.428, 0.496, 0.518, 0.501, and 0.438, respectively. This study showed that the combined application of N, P, and K with cow manure had important effects on rice yield and soil fertility, but balanced application of N, P, and K with cow manure was required.     

长期施肥下黑土碳氮和土壤pH的空间变化

试验研究了长期不同施肥下剖面(0~100 cm)土壤有机碳、全氮、硝态氮、微生物碳氮以及土壤pH的空间变化。结果表明:与单施化肥相比,长期有机肥和化肥配施显著提高了0~20 cm表层土壤有机碳、全氮、硝态氮和微生物碳氮含量,并且土壤有机碳和微生物碳氮的增加主要集中在0~40 cm土层。在0~20 cm和20~40 cm土层,等氮量有机无机肥配施(M1NPK和SNPK)处理土壤有机碳含量显著高于化肥NPK处理(P0.05),同时二处理土壤全氮含量没有由于化肥氮施用量减少而下降。与不施肥ck相比,单施化肥显著降低了土壤微生物量碳氮含量。在40 cm土层以下,与NPK处理相比,M2NPK、NP和N处理硝态氮累积量明显增加,而M1NPK和SNPK处理硝态氮累积量明显减少。长期不同施肥对土壤酸化的影响主要集中在0~40 cm土层,单施化肥处理土壤pH显著低于不施肥(ck)和有机无机肥配施处理(P0.05),其中2012年秸秆还田(SNPK)处理0~20 cm土壤pH比NPK处理高2.17。表明有机无机肥配施不仅能提高和维持土壤碳氮水平,还能防止土壤酸化的发生,尤其施用有机肥氮替代部分化肥氮的有机无机肥配施模式是东北黑土区最有效的施肥措施之一。     

长期施肥对绿洲农田土壤生产力及土壤硝态氮积累的影响

 在甘肃河西绿洲灌漠土上进行的长期定位试验表明，连续20年不施用任何肥料，导致农田土壤生产能力严重衰退。2001年不施肥的小麦产量仅是试验开始时（1982年）的25.7%，2000年的玉米产量为1984年的28.2%。肥料是影响农田土壤生产力的重要因素，不同肥料的影响程度依次是：氮肥＞有机肥＞磷肥＞钾肥，其平均增产率分别为36.5%、27.3%、24.7%和2.9%。随着试验年限的延长，不施任何肥料的对照产量持续降低，故氮肥的增产效果增加；磷肥增产效果比较平稳；钾肥在试验开始后最初6年（1982～1987年）无显著增产效应，中期具有一定的增产作用（1988～1992年），后期8年（1993～2001年）显著增产。施用有机肥的增产作用随着试验延续呈逐步增加的趋势，表明长期施用有机肥具有明显的残效叠加效应。不同施肥处理对土壤中NO-3-N的积累与分布有显著的影响。施用化肥的处理（NP和NPK）导致NO3--N在土壤剖面中大量积累，尤其是在20～140 cm土层。化肥与有机肥配合施用(MNP 和 MNPK) NO3--N在土壤剖面中的积累显著低于化肥处理。长期连续施用化肥和有机肥均导致土壤剖面中硝态氮的积累；与化肥相比，有机肥导致更深土壤剖面（140～180 cm）中硝态氮的积累，因此，长期有机无机肥配合施用可显著增加绿洲农田土壤生产力，维持和提高土壤质量，但从持续农业发展及保护生态环境等方面考虑，应适当降低施肥量。     

长期不同施肥措施冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系周年氨挥发损失的差异

目的 基于定位试验平台,比较长期不同施肥处理下小麦-玉米轮作体系周年土壤氮素氨挥发损失的差异,为降低氨挥发损失、提高氮肥利用率提供理论依据。方法 2019—2021年,依托山东农业大学黄淮海玉米技术创新中心定位试验平台,以冬小麦品种石麦15和夏玉米品种郑单958为试验材料,以不施氮肥为对照（CK）,采用有机肥（腐熟牛粪M）和无机氮肥（U）两种氮肥类型,设置两个施氮量分别为380 kg N·hm^-2（M1、U1、U2M2）和190 kg N·hm^-2（U2、M2）,试验共计6个处理,其中氮肥在两季作物间的分配是小麦47.4%、玉米52.6%。采用通气法比较各处理土壤氨挥发速率、累积损失量、籽粒产量及氮肥利用效率的差异。结果 两个种植周期内不同施肥处理均显著影响土壤氨挥发。各处理施肥后氨挥发损失速率变化趋势基本一致,小麦和玉米两季的土壤氨挥发均主要发生在施肥后0—7 d,之后处理间的差异逐渐变小。小麦玉米轮作体系周年氨挥发损失量可达8.6—79.4 kg N·hm^-2,以U1处理最高,达到79.4 kg N·hm^-2,其氨挥发损失量较U2、U2M2、M1、M2和CK分别增加18.5%、111.7%、162.3%、20.5%和825.7%,表明高施氮量增加土壤氨挥发损失量,无机氮肥较有机肥增加氨挥发损失量。U2M2、M1和M2处理的氨挥发损失率比U1处理降低80.9%、61.3%、24.8%,表明有机氮肥与无机氮肥配施或单施有机氮肥可显著降低氨挥发损失。周年籽粒产量以U2M2处理最高,达到24 621.8 kg·hm^-2,较U1、U2、M1、M2分别增产10.1%、24.7%、11.7%和32.7%。U2M2处理周年氮肥利用率达52.6%,较U1、U2、M1和M2处理分别提高11.3%、4.1%、13.4%和10.7%。U2M2处理降低了氨挥发损失、同步提高了产量和氮肥利用率,是冬小麦玉米周年轮作的理想施肥策略。结论 施用有机肥可以显著降低小麦玉米轮作体系的周年氨挥发损失量,提高周年籽粒产量和氮肥利用效率。考虑到有机肥源及施用便捷性可将有机无机配施作为当前小麦玉米轮作生产体系降低氨挥发损失、提高氮肥利用效率的主要施肥方式。     

长期施肥对红壤旱地磷组分及磷有效性的影响

为提高红土红壤磷的有效性和肥料磷的利用率，设立长期定位试验，研究了红壤旱地不同施肥条件下土壤磷素的变化规律。结果表明：长期施磷，特别是磷肥和有机肥配合施用能明显提高土壤全磷（PT）、无机磷、有机磷、Olsen-P和Bray-P含量。在施磷的条件下，土壤磷的积累主要表现为Ca2-P,Ca8-P和Al-P增加。土壤中Olsen-P和Bray-P含量与土壤中各磷组分的相关性以Ca2-P最好，Al-P和Ca8-P次之，O－P最差，土壤Olsen-P和Bray-P含量与作物产量显著正相关。     

施肥对潮土养分非匀衡化的土壤修复研究

[目的]研究施肥对不同处理的土壤修复作用。[方法]利用盆栽试验对长期不合理施肥导致土壤养分失衡及生产力下降的土壤进行施肥修复。[结果]试验结果表明：有机、无机肥配合施用是快速修复土壤养分和提高生产力的最佳方法;NP、NPK是既均衡土壤肥力又提高作物产量的无机肥施用方式;对土壤有效磷、氮极度缺乏的土壤,单施磷肥、氮肥效果极显著,其肥效在小麦上与NPK相同。[结论]长期施化肥的土壤对化肥的依赖性更强,停止施肥,玉米产量下降78.6%,小麦产量下降52.8%;而长期施NK和PK肥的土壤,停止施肥反而产量增加,NK处理玉米产量提高112%,小麦产量增加182%,PK处理中玉米产量增加15.1%,小麦产量增加59%;单施有机肥的当季效果不如化肥,但后效明显好于化肥。     

Soil carbon sequestration under long-term rice-based cropping systems of purple soil in Southwest China

Carbon sequestration in agricultural soils is a complex process controlled by farming practices, climate and some other environment factors. Since purple soils are unique in China and used as the main cropland in Sichuan Basin of China, it is of great importance to study and understand the impacts of different fertilizer amendments on soil organic carbon(SOC) changes with time. A research was carried out to investigate the relationship between soil carbon sequestration and organic carbon input as affected by different fertilizer treatments at two long-term rice-based cropping system experiments set up in early 1980 s. Each experiment consisted of six identical treatments, including(1) no fertilizer(CK),(2) nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers(NP),(3) nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers(NPK),(4) fresh pig manure(M),(5) nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers plus manure(MNP), and(6) nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers plus manure(MNPK). The results showed that annual harvestable carbon biomass was the highest in the treatment of MNPK, followed by MNP and NPK, then M and NP, and the lowest in CK. Most of fertilizer treatments resulted in a significant gain in SOC ranging from 6.48 to 2 9.13% compared with the CK, and raised soil carbon sequestration rate to 0.10–0.53 t ha–1 yr-1. Especially, addition of manure on the basis of mineral fertilizers was very conducive to SOC maintenance in this soil. SOC content and soil carbon sequestration rate under balanced fertilizer treatments(NPK and MNPK) in the calcareous purple soil(Suining) were higher than that in the acid purple soil(Leshan). But carbon conversion rate at Leshan was 11.00%, almost 1.5 times of that(7.80%) at Suining. Significant linear correlations between soil carbon sequestration and carbon input were observed at both sites, signifying that the purple soil was not carbon-saturated and still had considerable potential to se questrate more carbon.     

长期施肥下淮北砂姜黑土区小麦产量稳定性研究

【目的】分析长期施肥条件下小麦产量的变化规律,试图探明淮北小麦产量稳定性对不同施肥模式的响应机制,为淮北砂姜黑土合理施肥管理、改善农田生态系统质量提供依据。【方法】以安徽杨柳长期定位试验为研究平台,通过研究小麦的平均产量、产量年际波动及土壤养分状况对5种施肥模式（不施肥、单施化肥、单施有机肥、有机肥与化肥配施（等氮）、有机肥与化肥配施（高氮））的响应,比较不同施肥条件下淮北砂姜黑土区小麦产量稳定性的优劣,并以此评判施肥的合理性。【结果】淮北砂姜黑土区长期不施肥的小麦产量总体呈下降趋势,年下降量为5.81 kg•hm-2;而长期施肥的小麦产量随时间呈锯齿状波动并总体上升的趋势,其中有机肥与化肥配施（高氮）处理（HMNPK）的产量趋势线最高,但其增产优势逐年减弱,有机肥与化肥配施（等氮）处理（MNPK）以9.75 kg•hm-2的年增长量缩短与其的差距;单施化肥处理（NPK）的小麦产量趋势线在试验前期高于单施有机肥（M）,但在22年后有被M处理赶超的趋势。从32年小麦平均产量来看,与不施肥相比,有机肥与化肥配施（高氮与等氮）的增产幅度最大,平均产量分别达5 544.3和5 200.6 kg•hm-2;NPK次之,比当年不施肥处理产量提高了614.6%,M增产幅度最低,但与NPK差异并不明显。砂姜黑土地力贡献率在试验前10年持续降低,降至10%左右趋于稳定,而肥料对小麦产量的贡献率则是在前10年持续增加至80%-90%便维持动态平衡。长期不施肥易导致小麦产量变异系数（CV）偏高、可持续性产量指数（SYI）偏低,产量稳定性最低;施肥处理中HMNPK和MNPK处理的CV最低、SYI最高,产量稳定性最高,而M处理的产量稳定性和可持续性不及NPK。与长期不施肥相比,施肥可明显提高淮北砂姜黑土全氮、有机质、有效磷和速效钾的含量,其中有机肥的施入显著提高了土壤全氮和有机质含量,而有效磷含量与化肥的投入相关,处理M土壤速效钾含量较高,但与其他施肥处理差异不显著;通过相关性分析可知全氮、有机质、有效磷含量与小麦产量呈极显著正相关关系（P＜0.01）。【结论】施肥可有效提高淮北小麦产量,且产量随时间呈锯齿状波动;有机肥与化肥配施（高氮和等氮）的增产效果最佳,但高氮与等氮水平间的产量差随种植年限的增长而逐渐缩短;在试验开始前一阶段单施化肥的增产效果优于单施有机肥处理,但在22年后有被赶超的趋势。与长期不施肥相比,有机肥与化肥配施的施肥模式更有利于促进小麦产量稳定性和生产可持续性的提高,其次为单施化肥,单施有机肥最低。施肥可有效提高砂姜黑土养分含量,其中有机肥对有机质、全氮及速效钾含量的提高作用较强,而化肥则对有效磷含量提高作用较强,且小麦产量与全氮、有机质和有效磷均呈极显著正相关关系。因此,安徽淮北砂姜黑土区有机肥与化肥配施为最佳施肥模式,土壤养分供应较均衡,小麦产量幅度最大且稳定性最佳,农田生态系统质量最优。     

有机无机肥配施对苹果园温室气体排放的影响

为研究有机肥代替化肥对苹果园温室气体排放的影响,本研究基于12 a的长期定位试验,采用静态暗箱-气象色谱法监测了果园温室气体(CH_4和N_2O)排放的动态变化。试验共设置4个处理:对照(CK)、有机肥(M)、化肥(NPK)、有机无机肥配施(MNPK)。结果表明:果园年生活周期内CH_4以吸收为主;N_2O排放的高峰均出现在施肥后。各处理温室气体累积排放量差异显著(P0.05),其中M处理的CH_4累积吸收量最高,为9.95 kg·hm~(-2);MNPK处理的N_2O累积排放量显著高于NPK处理。相关性分析结果显示,土壤含水量、气温及硝态氮、铵态氮均为影响温室气体排放的因素。与NPK处理相比,MNPK处理可显著增加苹果产量,提高氮肥农学利用效率,增加CH_4吸收量、N_2O排放量和N_2O排放系数,降低综合温室气体排放强度。MNPK处理与NPK处理下单位产量CH_4的累积吸收量分别为0.04 kg·t~(-1)和0.06 kg·t~(-1),单位产量N_2O累积排放量分别为0.05 kg·t~(-1)和0.07 kg·t~(-1),两处理间差异不显著。研究表明,有机无机肥配施在保证产量的前提下更有利于苹果园的可持续发展。     

长期施肥下黄壤性水稻土有机碳组分变化特征

【目的】土壤有机碳具有高度异质性,不同组分的有机碳由于化学性质和存在方式等不同,其生物有效性和肥力功能不同,并反映出不同的稳定机制,所以深入研究土壤有机碳的组分特征,对于更好地了解土壤有机碳的稳定性和肥力机制具有重要意义。本研究以黄壤性水稻土为对象,旨在研究揭示长期施肥对土壤有机碳组分特征的影响并探讨合理培肥模式。【方法】以中国黄壤性水稻土18年长期施肥定位试验为依托,通过田间取样和室内分析,采用土壤有机碳物理-化学联合分组方法,重点研究不同施肥条件下土壤有机碳组分含量及分配比例的变化,并通过定量分析组分碳含量与年均碳投入量的关系,探讨土壤有机碳饱和现象。试验处理包括不施肥对照（CK）、单施化肥（NPK）、单施有机肥（M）、无机肥配施低量有机肥（0.5MNPK）和无机肥配施高量有机肥（MNPK）,碳投入梯度为0.87-6.02 t·hm^-2·a^-1。【结果】与不施肥（CK）相比,单施化肥（NPK）处理显著增加了土壤游离态粗颗粒有机碳、化学保护粉粒组有机碳和生物化学保护粉粒组有机碳含量,总有机碳提升10%;有机肥处理（0.5MNPK、M、MNPK）显著增加了土壤游离态粗颗粒有机碳、物理保护有机碳、化学保护粉粒组、黏粒组有机碳和生物化学保护粉粒组、黏粒组有机碳,增加幅度高于化肥处理,总有机碳提升24%-46%,其中以有机无机肥配施（MNPK）的提升幅度最大;与不施肥（CK）及单施化肥（NPK）处理相比,有机肥处理（0.5MNPK、M、MNPK）土壤物理保护有机碳的分配比例显著升高;模型分析发现,长期施肥条件下土壤游离态粗颗粒有机碳浓度与年均碳投入量呈显著的线性关系,而化学保护态有机碳浓度与生物化学保护态有机碳浓度以及土壤总有机碳含量,均与年均碳投入量呈显著的“饱和曲线效应”的对数函数关系。【结论】有机无机肥配施是提升黄壤性水稻土有机碳水平的最佳培肥措施,并以物理保护有机碳的提升幅度最大,强化了有机碳的物理稳定机制;黄壤性水稻土较稳定的有机碳组分（化学保护态、生物化学保护态）以及总有机碳存在饱和现象,在当前条件下出现饱和限制。     

典型黑土春玉米化学肥料养分利用效率变化研究

【目的】减少化学肥料投入和提高肥料养分利用效率是我国当前重要的农业举措。鉴于化学肥料不合理施用引起的黑土肥力下降和酸化,开展黑土化学肥料减少投入和肥料养分利用效率变化研究,有利于实现黑土化学肥料的科学施用。【方法】于2013—2016年在典型黑土区开展连续4年肥料投入试验,设置了不施肥（CK）、缺氮（PK）、缺磷（NK）、缺钾（NP）、氮磷钾配施处理（NPK）。测定了作物产量、养分吸收、土壤无机氮、速效磷、速效钾。【结果】黑龙江春玉米年产量10 t·hm ^-2左右,除2013年外,2014—2016年各年份NPK处理春玉米产量、地上部氮磷钾养分吸收显著（P<0.05）高于CK或PK处理产量。除2016年磷素农学效率外,NPK处理肥料氮磷钾养分回收率、农学效率和偏生产力逐年升高。2013—2016年期间,肥料平均氮磷钾回收率分别为45.8%、6.1%和3.5%,农学效率分别为23.2、7.2和5.0 kg·kg ^-1,偏生产力分别为58.3、133.2和97.7 kg·kg ^-1。土壤矿质氮测试显示春玉米收获后到次年播种前冻融交替促进土壤有机氮素矿化。4年养分平衡计算的平均值显示NPK处理氮磷施用量基本与春玉米养分吸收量一致,土壤氮磷总体处于平衡状态,作物地上部钾素奢侈吸收导致土壤钾素处于亏缺状态。 【结论】典型黑土区连续4年试验显示,在产量保持稳定的条件下,磷、钾肥能大幅减少,提高磷钾肥利用效率,而不施化学氮肥仅能维持第一年产量,随后的年份里氮肥利用效率提高和产量降低同时发生。     

长期增施有机肥/秸秆还田对土壤氮素淋失风险的影响

【目的】研究长期增施有机肥/秸秆还田对作物产量及土壤氮素淋失风险的影响,旨在为华北平原冬小麦-夏玉米轮作区增强土壤肥力、提高作物产量及降低农业面源污染风险提供依据。【方法】以国家褐潮土肥力与肥料效益监测基地的长期肥料试验为平台,研究长达27年不同施肥处理对冬小麦-夏玉米产量、土壤肥力、氮素淋失风险和土壤氮素剖面分布的影响,试验共设置5个施肥处理,即：对照（CK）;氮磷钾（NPK）;氮磷钾+有机肥（NPKM）;氮磷钾+过量有机肥（NPKM+）;氮磷钾+秸秆还田（NPKS）。【结果】（1）在27年的不同施肥处理中,长期增施有机肥/秸秆还田均能使作物增产,改善土壤肥力。其中,增施有机肥处理尤为显著,与NPK相比,NPKM、NPKM+处理提高小麦和玉米产量分别为41%-50%和30%-32%;增加0-20 cm表层土壤有机碳（SOC）和全氮（TN）含量分别为62%-121%、107%-187%;但降低小麦、玉米氮肥偏生产力（PFP_N）分别达22%-32%、27%-41%。而NPKS处理对作物增产及提升土壤肥力的作用低于增施有机肥处理,对小麦产量、玉米产量、SOC、TN含量的增幅分别为24%、6%、9%、97%,但提高小麦季PFP_N为216%、降低玉米季PFP_N为40%。（2）长期增施有机肥/秸秆还田处理中,0-20 cm表层土壤SOC、TN、硝态氮（NO₃^--N）、可溶性碳氮等养分含量以及氮矿化速率、硝化潜势等微生物学过程显著高于20-200 cm,说明长期增施有机肥/秸秆还田等外源碳的添加对土壤养分及微生物学过程的影响主要发生在表层。（3）与NPK相比,NPKM处理能够显著增加100-200 cm深层土壤中NO₃^--N含量,NO₃^--N平均含量为17.8-26.1 mg·kg^-1;而NPKS处理在一定程度上能够增加0-100 cm土层NO₃^--N含量,NO₃^--N平均含量为3.6-13.4 mg·kg^-1,表明增施有机肥会促进土壤NO₃^--N的向下迁移,而秸秆还田对土壤NO₃^--N具有一定的固持作用。此外,由于有机肥和秸秆带入的氮素, NPKM、NPKM+、NPKS处理氮盈余比NPK处理增加312%、1 037%、953%,大大增加了土壤氮素淋失风险。【结论】在氮磷钾化肥基础上增施有机肥/秸秆还田会提高作物产量、增强土壤肥力,但会提高土壤氮盈余量,提高氮素淋失风险,尤其是增施有机肥会大大增加氮素淋失风险。     

长期施肥管理对土娄土全碳和易氧化有机碳的影响

采用不施肥(CK),秸秆和化肥配施(SNPK),低量有机肥和化肥配施(M1NPK),高量有机肥和化肥配施(M2NPK)以及单施化肥N、NP、NPK、NK、PK 9个施肥处理,休闲(Fallow)和撂荒(Setaside)2种土壤管理方式,研究冬小麦-夏玉米轮作系统长期施肥以及土壤管理方式对土壤全碳(TOC)和易氧化有机碳(ROOC)含量动态变化的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,各施肥处理的TOC和ROOC含量均有不同程度提高。土壤TOC含量均值变化为处理M2NPK>M1NPK>SNPK>Setaside>NPK>NP>N>PK>NK>CK>Fallow,土壤ROOC含量均值变化为处理M2NPK>M1NPK>SNPK>Setaside>NPK>N>NP>PK>NK>CK>Fallow。土壤TOC和ROOC含量的变化均为处理MNPK>SNPK>Setaside>NPK>偏施化肥>CK>Fallow。土壤剖面TOC和ROOC含量均随土层深度的增加而减少。NPK处理较CK显著增加0~10 cm土层TOC含量,却明显降低30~60 cm土层TOC含量;SNPK处理显著增加0~20cm土层TOC含量;M2NPK处理显著提高0...