长期施肥对黄土区农田土壤动物群落的影响

 2001年7月至2002年10月，采用手捡法和Cobb过筛法,对陕西黄土区6种长期施肥，即对照组（不施肥，CK）、撂荒（不施肥、不耕种，用ABAND.表示）、施氮磷钾（NPK）、施氮磷钾+秸秆（SNPK）、施氮磷钾+有机肥（MNPK）和施1.5倍（氮磷钾+有机肥）（1.5MNPK）与农田土壤动物群落间相互关系进行研究。两年4次共采集72个定点土壤样品，获农田土壤动物标本5 495只，隶属6门11纲22目61科2亚科35属。调查结果表明，不同施肥处理对土壤动物的影响差异性显著（F = 2.24，P＜0.007)。土壤动物数量变化与长期施肥导致土壤性质的变化有关。主成分分析表明，SNPK、NPK、MNPK和1.5MNPK对土壤动物类群的影响能力显著不同，SNPK和NPK对土壤动物优势类群有正向作用，而MNPK和1.5MNPK则相反，对其它的解释不明显。从第一主分量看，各种施肥处理对土壤动物个体总数的综合影响最明显，对土壤动物群落均匀性、多样性影响最小；从评价值大小看，第一主成分特征向量最大值和最小值之间相差较大，表明6种施肥对农田土壤动物的影响不平衡。     

长期不同施肥对东北黑土区玉米产量稳定性的影响

【目的】通过阐明长期不同施肥下东北黑土区玉米产量的变化规律及其稳定性差异,为建立合理施肥模式、促进东北黑土区玉米持续稳产和高产提供科学依据。【方法】以（公主岭）国家黑土肥力与肥料效益长期试验为研究平台,利用8种不同施肥模式（CK、NP、NK、PK、NPK、M₁NPK、SNPK和M₂NPK）的25年数据分析玉米产量变化及土壤养分状况对施肥模式的响应。【结果】长期有机肥与化肥配施玉米产量总体上表现为上升趋势,有机肥氮替代部分化肥氮的有机无机配施处理增产效果也较为明显;M₁NPK、SNPK和NPK 3个等氮量施肥处理玉米平均产量差异不显著,其前11年NPK处理玉米产量高于SNPK和M₁NPK处理,后14年NPK处理玉米产量低于SNPK和M₁NPK处理;施化肥处理玉米平均产量（1990-2014年）排序为NPK＞NP＞NK＞PK、CK。氮、磷和钾肥对玉米产量的增产效应差异较大,每千克氮肥、磷肥和钾肥的产量效应分别为33.0、16.2和15.3 kg。有机无机配施处理玉米产量可持续指数（SYI）值高,分布在0.712-0.798,玉米产量可持续性好,而不平衡施肥和不施肥处理的SYI值最低;CK、PK和NK处理玉米产量变异系数较大,分布在18.5%-34.7%,产量稳定性差,而有机无机配施处理相对较小都在10.8%-13.0%。在施肥处理中,PK处理平均生产力贡献率最低,仅为37.8%,但与氮配施平均生产力贡献率达到91.2%;NPK、M₁NPK与SNPK 3个等氮量施肥处理平均生产力贡献率差异不显著。长期施用有机肥可明显提高土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷和速效钾含量,施用化肥磷对土壤有效磷含量提高较显著,但施用化肥氮和钾分别对土壤全氮和速效钾含量提高效果不显著;通过相关性分析可知玉米产量与土壤有机质、全氮和速效磷均呈极显著正相关（P＜0.01）,而与土壤速效钾含量呈显著正相关（P＜0.05）。【结论】长期不施肥或偏施化肥玉米产量的稳定性减弱、土壤生产力贡献率下降;平衡施用化肥可有效提高黑土区玉米产量稳定性和可持续性;有机肥与化肥配施具有明显的增产和稳产效果。因此,施用有机肥氮替代部分化肥氮的有机无机配施模式是东北黑土区最有效的施肥措施。     

长期不同施肥对小麦-玉米轮作体系土壤残留肥料氮去向的影响

【目的】研究残留肥料氮在不同肥力土壤中的去向。【方法】采用15N标记田间微区试验法研究小麦-玉米轮作下,施用的肥料氮在3种长期（19年）不同施肥处理土壤（不施肥土壤,No-F;施用氮、磷、钾化肥土壤,NPK;有机无机配施土壤,MNPK）连续3季作物收获后的去向。【结果】NPK和MNPK处理土壤3季作物对标记氮肥总利用率分别为57%和65%,均显著高于No-F处理土壤（28%）（P＜0.05）。No-F、NPK和MNPK处理土壤随后两季（第二季和第三季）作物对第一季收获后残留氮肥的利用率分别为17%、15%和8%,其中No-F处理土壤第三季作物对残留肥料氮的利用率为7%,显著高于NPK（2%）和MNPK处理（3%）。3季作物收获后,No-F、NPK和MNPK处理土壤施入氮肥在土壤和作物系统的总回收率分别为50%、77%和84%,损失率分别为50%、23%和16%。3季作物收获后三供试土壤标记氮肥残留率均约为20%,且主要分布在0—20 cm土层。【结论】长期平衡施肥尤其长期有机无机配施可显著提高肥料氮利用率,降低氮肥损失。     

氮肥及其与秸秆配施在不同肥力土壤的固持及供应

【目的】在有机物料和无机氮肥的配施条件下,研究氮素在土壤中的固持与释放过程,以期达到土壤供氮与作物需氮相一致的目的。【方法】以长期定位试验不同施肥处理土壤（不施肥,NF;施用氮磷钾化肥,NPK;厩肥与化肥配施,MNPK）为研究对象,采用盆栽试验研究化学氮肥及其与秸秆配施在不同肥力土壤中的固持与供应。【结果】与未施氮肥（对照）相比,单施尿素对NF处理土壤小麦籽粒产量无显著影响,而显著提高了NPK和MNPK处理土壤小麦籽粒产量;MNPK处理土壤氮肥利用率（67%）显著高于NPK（56%）和NF（19%）处理土壤。与施用氮肥处理相比,秸秆与尿素配施显著降低了小麦产量和氮素利用率,但MNPK处理土壤小麦产量及氮肥利用率（11%）仍显著高于NPK处理（7%）;秸秆与尿素配施降低了当季小麦对施入氮素的吸收利用,小麦收获时不同施肥处理土壤有79%-88%施入的氮素未被吸收利用。【结论】有机肥与化肥长期配施在协调土壤氮素供应,提高作物产量及氮肥利用率方面具有突出作用。     

长期不同施肥方式对稻麦轮作田杂草群落的影响

【目的】明确在稻麦轮作条件下,肥料管理对太湖地区稻麦轮作田杂草群落的影响特征和方式。【方法】在水稻收获后,对长期不同肥料处理小区,具体包括不施肥（CK）,仅施氮肥（N）,施氮钾肥（NK）,施磷钾肥（PK）,施氮磷肥（NP）和均衡施肥（NPK）,进行杂草群落调查。分析杂草密度、多样性指数Shannon-H’,均匀度指数Pielou-EJ和丰富度指数Margalef-DMG,并进行主成分和回归分析。【结果】杂草总密度的排列次序为NP＞CK＞N＞NK＞NPK,稻槎菜,牛繁缕,菵草和大巢菜是主要农田杂草。氮磷养分亏缺提高了杂草多样性,Shannon-H’指数排序为CK＞NK＞PK＞N＞NP＞NPK。主成分1、2的特征值分别为0.498和0.235,稻槎菜,野老鹳草,异型莎草和菵草与主成分1夹角较小,能更多地解释主成分1。对提取的主成分1、2值与土壤有效态氮磷钾回归分析,其中有效氮、磷与主成分1值回归决定系数分别为0.85、0.86（P＜0.05）,主成分2值与土壤养分因子无显著相关性。【结论】太湖地区稻麦轮作条件下,土壤养分的盈亏决定了田面杂草密度和优势种群,氮磷亏缺导致杂草群落多样性高于氮磷钾均衡施肥,且土壤氮含量对杂草群落的影响最显著。     

不同施肥处理对石灰性紫色土微生物数量及氨氧化细菌群落结构的影响

 【目的】通过测定不同施肥制度下的微生物数量和氨氧化细菌群落结构特点,认识长期施肥对石灰性紫色水稻土培肥和肥力演化的重要作用。【方法】利用稀释平板法以及最大或然法（MPN法）和变性梯度凝胶电泳法（DGGE）分别研究农家肥（M）,氮肥+农家肥（NM）,氮磷肥+农家肥（NPM）,氮磷钾肥+农家肥（NPKM）,无肥（CK）,氮肥（N）,氮磷肥（NP）和氮磷钾肥（NPK）等不同施肥制度对微生物数量和氨氧化细菌群落结构的影响。【结果】与对照无肥处理相比,施肥能增加微生物数量并改变氨氧化细菌的群落结构。无机肥配施农家肥的土壤微生物数量及氨氧化细菌的群落结构丰富度均比施用无机肥的处理高。主成分分析将8种施肥处理划分成两个主成分。植稻土壤,主成分1为NP、NM、NPM和NPKM,主成分2为CK、N、M和NPK;植麦土壤,主成分1为M、NM、NPM和NPKM,主成分2为CK、N、NP和NPK。主成分1的氨氧化细菌群落结构丰富度高于主成分2。水稻收获后土壤的氨氧化细菌群落结构丰富度高于小麦收获后土壤。【结论】施肥会改变石灰性紫色水稻土微生物的数量以及氨氧化细菌的种群结构,无机肥（N、NP、NPK）配施农家肥更有利于提高微生物的数量以及氨氧化细菌的种群结构进而维持土壤生物肥力状况。     

不同施肥模式对设施菜地细菌群落结构及丰度的影响

【目的】研究设施菜地不同施肥处理下细菌群落结构和丰度的变化。【方法】利用16S rRNA基因的末端限制性片段多态性分析（T-RFLP）技术与实时荧光定量（Real-time）PCR 相结合的方法,研究了不施肥（CK）、1/2量氮磷钾化肥+1/2量有机肥（1/2 MNPK）、氮磷钾化肥+有机肥（MNPK）、有机肥（M）、氮磷钾化肥（NPK）5种不同施肥处理对土壤中细菌群落结构和丰度的影响。【结果】147个阳性质粒测序结果显示设施菜地土壤中细菌主要包括厚壁菌门、变形菌门、绿弯菌门、酸杆菌门、拟杆菌门、放线菌门、疣微菌门、蓝藻门、硝化螺旋菌门及浮霉菌门10个门。其中变形细菌（26.53%）、拟杆菌（14.97%）和放线细菌（10.88%）是优势菌,共52.38%。Shannon-Wiener、Simpson’s diversity、Margalef指数均是在1/2 MNPK 处理下0—20 cm表层土壤中达到最高,分别为3.14、0.945、4.31,Evenness指数则以NPK处理0—20 cm土层最高,为0.941。不同施肥处理细菌的主要类群种类及丰度明显不同。RDA分析显示pH（P=0.002）和有机质含量（P=0.006）是造成群落结构差异的主要原因。定量PCR结果显示1/2 MNPK 处理下0—20 cm和20—40 cm土层中细菌的16S rRNA基因丰度最高达5.26×109和4.96×109拷贝数/g,比CK处理增加90.8%和197.5%。【结论】施用有机肥处理的土壤中细菌的优势种群明显不同于单施化肥和不施肥,适量化肥和有机肥配合施用（1/2 MNPK）可以显著增加土壤中细菌的丰度。     

长期施肥条件下潮土土壤磷素对磷盈亏的响应

【目的】土壤磷素状况是评价土壤养分的重要指标之一。探讨长期施肥条件下土壤有效磷、全磷对土壤磷素盈亏（平衡）的响应,为潮土区施肥管理和土壤培肥提供科学依据。【方法】分析了天津潮土33年（1979-2012）肥料长期定位试验中,不同施肥处理下土壤磷素盈亏与Olsen磷、全磷的变化特征。【结果】长期不施肥（CK）、单施氮肥（N）、氮钾配施（NK）及秸秆与氮肥配施（NS）处理,土壤中磷素常年处于亏缺状态。施磷处理（PK,NP,NPK）和有机肥与氮肥配施（NM）,土壤中磷素均有盈余,PK处理盈余最多,但随试验年限延长（约20年后）,NP,NPK和NM处理土壤中磷素盈余量呈下降趋势。土壤有效磷增加量随磷盈亏而变化,二者呈显著正相关（P＜0.05）。施用无机磷肥或有机肥,均可使土壤中的磷素盈余,土壤中每盈余100 kg·hm^-2磷,PK、NP、NPK、NM处理土壤中的Olsen磷分别增加3.59、1.19、1.75和2.40 mg·kg^-1。长期不同施肥,土壤磷平衡与土壤全磷增量间呈正相关,但不同处理下差异较大。单施氮肥（N）和秸秆还田（NS）处理,可认为累积磷平衡对土壤全磷增量无影响。施用无机磷肥或有机肥,土壤中每盈余100 kg P·hm^-2,PK、NP、NPK、NM处理土壤中全磷分别增加0.06、0.07、0.07和0.10 g·kg^-1。【结论】土壤磷素盈亏状况与肥料配施类型密切相关,长期施用化学磷肥或有机肥,土壤有效磷、全磷增加量与土壤磷素盈亏呈显著直线正相关。有机肥与氮肥配施提升土壤全磷的速率大于施用化肥。     

长期不同施肥对旱地小麦土壤氮素供应及吸收的影响

【目的】评价长期不同施肥处理土壤中氮素固持、供应和损失情况。【方法】以连续19年不施肥（NF）、施用化学氮、磷、钾肥（NPK）和有机肥与化学氮、磷、钾配施（MNPK）田间定位试验处理为对象,设置施氮和未施氮微区,研究了小麦生长期间土壤矿质态氮、土壤微生物量氮（SMBN）及小麦氮素吸收的动态变化。【结果】施用氮肥显著提高长期不施肥土壤（NF）矿质态氮含量（P＜0.05）,小麦拔节期、开花期和收获期增幅分别为239%、70%和62%,在小麦收获时施用的氮肥约50%淋溶到30 cm土层以下。氮肥施用使NPK处理土壤小麦拔节期和开花期矿质态氮含量分别显著增加46%和90%（P＜0.05）,但对MNPK处理土壤矿质态氮含量无显著影响。施用氮肥对NF处理SMBN无影响,使拔节期NPK和MNPK处理土壤SMBN含量分别显著增加1.8和3.4倍（P＜0.05）。从拔节期到开花期,施用氮肥处理NPK和MNPK土壤SMBN显著降低49%和63%（P＜0.05）。MNPK处理土壤小麦氮肥的利用率（69%）显著高于NF、NPK处理土壤（分别为5%和40%）。【结论】有机无机长期配施增强了土壤对氮肥的缓冲能力,协调了土壤中氮素固持、释放与作物吸收之间的关系,提高氮肥利用率。     

不同施肥制度对土壤微生物的影响及其与土壤肥力的关系

 以国家褐潮土肥力与肥料效益监测基地的长期肥料试验为平台，系统研究了长期不同施肥制度对土壤微生物种群和生理群落的影响及其与土壤肥力的关系。结果表明：（1）长期单施化肥，农田土壤细菌、真菌数量低于长期撂荒土壤，但放线菌数量多于撂荒土壤或与之相当。（2）长期单施化肥与不施肥（CK）比较，土壤放线菌数量增加，细菌和真菌数量略有增加或与之相当。（3）总体看，NPK均衡施肥，土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌数量比非均衡施肥的N、NP、NK、PK处理略有增加或与之相近。（4）NPK配施有机肥或秸秆，可明显增加土壤中细菌、真菌、放线菌的数量，不仅明显高于单施化肥和不施肥农田，而且细菌、放线菌数量也高于撂荒土壤，真菌数量略低于撂荒土壤或与之相当。（5）长期单施化肥农田，土壤固氮菌、氨化细菌、纤维分解菌、反硝化细菌数量低于长期撂荒土壤，但硝化细菌数量比撂荒土壤多。单施化肥，土壤固氮菌、硝化细菌、纤维分解菌数量高于不施肥的CK，而氨化细菌、反硝化细菌数量却低于CK。NPK均衡施肥土壤氨化细菌、硝化细菌、纤维分解菌数量比非均衡施肥的N、NP、NK、PK处理增加，固氮菌数量二者相当，反硝化细菌数量减少。NPK配施有机肥或秸秆，土壤中固氮菌、氨化细菌、反硝化细菌、硝化细菌、纤维分解菌数量大都高于单施化肥处理，尤其明显高于非均衡施用化肥的处理。与撂荒土壤比较，NPK配施有机肥或秸秆，土壤固氮菌、氨化细菌、反硝化细菌、硝化细菌数量增多，但纤维分解菌数量降低。（6）土壤中大多数微生物种类的数量与养分含量、作物产量具有正相关关系。     

The Community Abundance and Diversity of Arable Soil Insect Community Following Different Fertilizer Treatments in Xinjiang, China

The soil insect community was studied in grey desert soil district in September 2004. 90 soil samples and 100 pitfalls were collected from 10 treatments, i.e., abandonment （Aband.）, CK, N, NP, NK, PK, NPK, MNPK （fertilizer N：organic N = 3：7）, 1.5MNPK, and SNPK. 4915 soil insects （128 unknown）, as individuals belonging to 9 orders and 33 families, were obtained by pitfall traps and modified Tullgren methods. The results showed that, based on the number of individuals and groups, the macro fauna in total reached their peaks in abandonment, whereas meso and micro fauna in N and PK, respectively. Of the 10 treatments, the most dominant of soil insect composition was in MNPK and most evenness was N. The result by Kruskal-Wallis test indicated that the distribution of the arable soil insect was significantly impacted by different fertilizer treatments （X0.05（9） = 23.38, P 〈 0.005）, and soil insect group of the abandonment was significantly different from that of other fertilizer treatments. The soil insect community was divided into five groups by non-metric- MDS analysis： （1） NPK, MNPK, 1.5MNPK, CK, （2） NP and PK, （3） NK and N, （4） SNPK, and （5） abandonment, which indicated that distribution of soil insect was related to the character of the fertilizer. In the principal component analysis, two factors explained 98.51% of the total variation among the 10 treatments, and the factor one explained that N and SNPK positively affected soil insect community, whereas factor two explained that 1.5MNPK positively affected soil insect community, which showed that the diversified fertilizer did not evenly affect the soil insect community.     

Trends of Yield and Soil Fertility in a Long-Term Wheat-Maize System

The sustainability of the wheat-maize rotation is important to China＇s food security. Intensive cropping without recycling crop residues or other organic inputs results in the loss of soil organic matter （SOM） and nutrients, and is assumed to be non- sustainable. We evaluated the effects of nine different treatments on yields, nitrogen use efficiency, P and K balances, and soil fertility in a wheat-maize rotation system （1991-2010） on silt clay loam in Shaanxi, China. The treatments involved the application of recommended dose of nitrogen （N）, nitrogen and phosphorus （NP）, nitrogen and potassium （NK）, phosphorus and potassium （PK）, combined NPK, wheat or maize straw （S） with NPK （SNPK）, or dairy manure （M） with NPK （M1NPK and M2NPK）, along with an un-treated control treatment （CK）. The mean yields of wheat and maize ranged from 992 and 2 235 kg ha-1 under CK to 5 962 and 6 894 kg ha-1 under M2NPK treatment, respectively. Treatments in which either N or P was omitted （N, NK and PK） gave significantly lower crop yields than those in which both were applied. The crop yields obtained under NP, NPK and SNPK treatments were statistically identical, as were those obtained under SNPK and MNPK. However, M2NPK gave a significant higher wheat yield than NP, and MNPK gave significant higher maize yield than both NP and NPK. Wheat yields increased significantly （by 86 to 155 kg ha-1 yr-1） in treatments where NP was applied, but maize yields did not. In general, the nitrogen use efficiency of wheat was the highest under the NP and NPK treatments; for maize, it was the highest under MNPK treatment. The P balance was highly positive under MNPK treatment, increasing by 136 to 213 kg ha-1 annually. While the K balance was negative in most treatments, ranging from 31 to 217 kg ha^-1 yr^-1, levels of soil available K remained unchanged or increased over the 20 yr. SOM levels increased significantly in all treatments. Overall, the results indicated that combinations of organic manure and inorganic nitrogen, or retuming straw with NP is likely to improve soil fertility, increasing the yields achievable with wheat-maize system in a way which is environmentally and agronomically beneficial on the tested soil.     

Interaction of soil microbial communities and phosphorus fractions under long-term fertilization in paddy soil

Understanding the impact of biological activities on the soil phosphorus (P) distribution under long-term fertilizer application can facilitate better soil P fertility management. Therefore, the primary objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of long-term (since 1981) fertilizer application on the soil P fractions and microbial community and to evaluate correlations between the microbial community structure and P distribution. The following treatments were implemented in a long-term field trial: no fertilization (CK), inorganic N and K (NK), inorganic P and K (PK), inorganic N, P and K (NPK) and manure+NPK (MNPK) fertilization. The study showed that the soil pH, soil organic carbon and total and available N and P concentrations were considerably higher in the MNPK treatment than in the CK treatment. The soil microbial biomass C, N and P concentrations were also significantly higher in the MNPK treatment than in the CK treatment. Among fertilization treatments, the β-1,4-glucosidase, α-1,4-glucosidase, urease, acid phosphatase and phosphodiesterase activities were the highest in the MNPK treatment. Compared to inorganic fertilization, the MNPK treatment increased the labile soil P fractions and decreased the residual soil P concentration. Continuous fertilization significantly affected the soil microbial composition. The total phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) concentrations in the NK, PK, NPK and MNPK treatments were 23.3, 43.1, 48.7 and 87.7% higher, respectively, than in the CK treatment. A significant correlation was observed between the microbial community and soil P fractions. Moreover, the aggregated boosted tree (ABT) model showed that among the various soil biochemical properties, the total PLFA concentration was the factor that most influenced the active P pool, accounting for 35.4% of the relative influence of all soil biochemical properties examined. These findings reveal that combined manure and inorganic fertilizer application is a better approach than applying inorganic fertilizer alone for sustaining long-term P fertility by mediating soil biological activity.     

Impact of Long-Term Fertilization on Cropland Soil Fauna Community at Loess Soil, Shannxi, China

The relationship between long-term fertilization and cropland network for soil fertility and fertilizers in Loess soil of Shannxi soil fauna was studied at the station＇s experiment research Provincefrom Jul. 2001 to Oct. 2002. Six types of long-term fertilizer were carried out for this study including non-fertilizer （CK）, abandonment （ABAND）, nitrogenous and phosphors and potassium fertilizers combined （NPK）, straw and NPK （SNPK）, organic material and NPK （MNPK） and 1.5 times MNPK （1.5MNPK）. 72 soil samples were collected and 5 495 species of cropland soil fauna obtained by handsorting and Cobb methods at 4 times, belonging to 6 Phyla, 11 Classes, 22 Orders, 2 Superfamilies, 61 Families and 35 Genera. The result showed that different fertilizer had significantly impacted on the cropland soil fauna （F = 2.24, P〈0.007）. The number of the cropland soil fauna was related to the soil physicochemical properties caused by long-term fertilization. The result by principal component analysis, focusing on the number of 15 key soil fauna species group＇s diversity, evenness of community and the total soil fauna individuals indicated that the effects of SNPK, NPK, MNPK and 1.5MNPK were significantly different from that of the cropland soil fauna, in which, SNPK and NPK had the positive effect on cropland soil fauna, and MNPK and 1.5 MNPK had the negative affect, others could not be explained. By principal component I, the synthetic effect of different fertilization on the total soil fauna individuals and the group was most significant, and the effect was little on evenness and diversity. By value of eigenvectors, the maximum one was 9.6248, and the minimum one was - 1.0904, that means the 6 types of fertilization did not affect evenly the cropland soil fauna.     

主成分分析在潮土土壤肥力评价中的应用

利用主成分分析法评价不同施肥措施对土壤肥力质量的作用.在对河南潮土长期定位监测的基础上,对土壤进行了理化性质测试,选择其中的有机质,全氮、全磷、缓效钾、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾和pH值等项目作为评价指标,应用主成分分析法,对11个不同施肥方式下的土壤肥力进行综合评价.结果表明,各处理土壤肥力指标依次为1.5MNPK＞MN...     

长期施肥下黑土活性氮和有机氮组分变化特征

【目的】研究长期不同施肥措施下土壤活性氮和有机氮组分特征,探讨土壤活性氮和有机氮组分之间的关系,为评价土壤肥力、制定合理施肥措施提供科学依据。【方法】利用开始于1979年的哈尔滨黑土肥力长期定位试验,选取对照（CK,不施肥）、不施氮肥（PK）、单施化肥（NPK）、单施有机肥（M）、有机无机肥配施（MNPK）5个处理,采用氯化钾浸提-差减法、氯仿熏蒸-K2SO4提取法和Bremner法分别测定不同处理土壤可溶性有机氮、微生物生物量氮和有机氮组分含量。【结果】长期施用化肥对土壤耕层活性氮和有机氮组分含量无显著影响。单施有机肥和有机无机肥配施处理较单施化肥处理可溶性有机氮含量分别增加34.7%和56.2%,微生物生物量氮含量分别增加89.8%和144.7%。与单施化肥相比,长期单施有机肥和有机无机肥配施显著增加了酸解铵态氮、酸解氨基酸氮、酸解氨基糖氮和酸解未知氮的含量,增幅分别在23.3%—29.1%、19.2%—33.2%、30.6%—47.6%和20.2%—32.0%,对非酸解氮无显著影响。不同施肥措施下有机氮各形态的分布趋势为非酸解氮＞酸解氨基酸氮＞酸解铵态氮＞酸解未知氮＞酸解氨基糖氮。与单施化肥相比,长期单施有机肥和有机无机肥配合施用处理酸解有机氮占全氮比例有所提高,增幅达6.4%和9.9%。土壤全氮、可溶性有机氮、微生物生物量氮均与酸解有机氮组分之间均存在显著的正相关关系。在土壤有机氮组分中,酸解氨基酸氮、酸解未知氮和酸解铵态氮对可溶性有机氮和微生物生物量氮的影响最大。【结论】土壤氮素含量的变化与施肥措施密切相关,有机无机肥配施措施能显著增加土壤活性氮和有机氮组分含量,有利于提高土壤氮素供应能力;酸解氨基酸氮、酸解未知氮和酸解铵态氮是土壤活性氮的主要贡献因子。     

作物产量和土壤肥力对长期养分亏缺的响应（英文）

[目的]以郑州长期肥料试验为平台,研究作物产量和土壤肥力对长期养分缺乏的响应。[方法]试验包括5个处理：①CK（不施化肥和有机肥）;②NP（仅施氮磷肥）;③NK（仅施氮钾肥）;④PK（仅施磷钾肥）;⑤NPK（施用氮磷钾肥）。[结果]长期不施用氮肥和磷肥导致作物低产,而长期不施钾肥的NP处理与NPK处理并无显著差异,且能维持作物高产。长期不施用磷肥,土壤有效磷含量持续下降后维持在2.5 mg/kg左右.长期不施用钾肥的处理,土壤交换性钾含量维持在60mg/kg左右。前18年结果看来,土壤钾素的自然供给能力在100%左右。[结论]对于潮土,氮和磷是限制小麦玉米产量、生物量及作物产量构成的最主要的两个因子,而钾素不是主要限制因子。尽管如此,若长期不施用钾肥将来也有可能出现钾素亏缺症状。     

长期不同培肥处理对土壤有机氮组分及氮素矿化特性的影响

【目的】揭示长期不同培肥处理对黄土高原南部土垫旱耕人为土(土)土壤有机氮组分、氮素矿化的影响以及有机氮组分对氮素矿化潜力的贡献。【方法】采用Stanford和Smith间歇淋洗好气培养法测定了土19年长期不同施肥处理土壤矿化氮的数量,并采用Bremner法测定了培养前、后土壤有机氮各组分含量的变化。【结果】各处理土壤有机氮各组分含量高低顺序为:氨基酸氮非酸解氮酸解未知氮氨态氮氨基糖态氮。与不施肥对照相比,长期单施化肥处理土壤有机氮各组分含量有不同程度的增加,但幅度有限;化肥配施秸秆或有机肥处理显著提高了各有机氮组分含量,其中以氨基酸氮含量增加幅度最大;化肥配施秸秆或有机肥处理降低了酸解有机氮占全氮的比例。化肥长期配施有机肥或秸秆,显著提高了土壤氮素矿化势(N0)以及矿化率,其中化肥配施有机肥土壤N0大于化肥配施秸秆处理。相关分析表明,土壤氮素矿化势N0与培养前后土壤氨基酸氮变化量间呈显著负相关关系(P0.05),与土壤酸解未知态氮和非酸解氮的变化量间的负相关关系未达显著水平(P0.05)。【结论】化肥配施有机肥或秸秆,是提高土壤供氮潜力的有效手段;氨基酸氮是土壤可矿化态氮的主要贡献者。