Carbonate mineral filtrants with new surfaces reduce alkalinity in seawater and artificial seawater: Preliminary findings

Silica sand (silica), coral (aragonite), and oyster shell (calcite) were ground to similar particle sizes and placed in seawater and artificial seawater (GP2 Medium). Alkalinity and pH values of the artificial seawater decreased substantially over 24 h when in contact with coral and oyster shell; the effects in seawater were minor. Once alkalinity has been reduced, the maintenance of stable pH at values typical of seawater is made more difficult. The data, which are preliminary, have practical application.     

灰色聚类法在海水水质评价中的应用

应用灰色聚类法对海水水质进行评价,参照GB3097-1997海水水质标准,通过灰类白化权函数描述海水水质分级界限,确定了各参评指标对不同等级的聚类权。在此基础上构建了海水水质灰色聚类法综合评价模型,以此对2004年长江口及邻近水域渔业环境水质状况进行评价。与综合指数法相比,灰色聚类法保证了评价结果的客观性和准确性。     

Enhancement of sulfide auto-oxidation by metal ion in artificial seawater and a seawater which is a possible source of aoshio

SUMMARY: Aoshio is hypoxic milky blue-green seawater observed in some eutrophic bays. Previous studies have shown that colloidal sulfur causes the coloration and that the source of aoshio water is attributed to coastal anoxic bottom water. Occurrences of aoshio have been reported in limited areas of coastal seawater, although hypoxic transparent water seems rather universal. Promotion in auto-oxidation of sulfide by metal ions in seawater was investigated to explain the occurrences of aoshio. Artificial seawater containing 10 μM metal ion was assayed for the sulfide oxidation rate. The velocity constant which represents the oxidation rate within the initial 30 min and the amount of reacted sulfide in 2 h were determined by oxygen monitoring and sulfide quantification, respectively. Fe²⁺ and Cu²⁺ enhanced the initial 30 min reaction. Fe²⁺, Fe³⁺ and Ni²⁺ increased the amount of reacted sulfide in 2 h, forming whitish turbid water. Seawater from a suspected source of aoshio water was also assayed for the auto-oxidation rate of sulfide. The oxidation rate in water from 12 m depth was 13–19 times higher than the artificial seawater without an addition of heavy metal ions. More than 15% of the oxidation rate in 12 m deep seawater was explained by dissolved iron in the seawater.     

分光光度法测定海水样品化学耗氧量的研究

研究了海水中化学耗氧量的分光光度测定方法,并用分光光度法和碘量法分别对3种不同COD浓度水平的葡萄糖标准溶液(COD=0.5、1.5、2.5mg/L)以及两种海水水样进行分析。结果表明,两种方法的测定结果没有显著性差异,分光光度法测定结果的相对标准偏差小于2.7%,回收率在96.3%～103.8%之间,表明该法测定海水中COD可行,且方法操作简便,更适宜于海上自动化分析。     

海水工厂化养鱼水处理系统工程的研究——工艺流程、综合气浮、接触氧化池

对海水工厂化养殖牙鲆、大菱鲆的循环水处理系统工程进行了研究，对循环水系统各环节的设备性能及水质指标进行了测试和研究，确定了工艺流程及系统设施设备，对水处理系统各单元分别进行了设计计算。为我国海水工厂化养殖走向产业化打下了良好的基础。     

Stanniocalcin kinetics in freshwater and seawater european eel (Anguilla anguilla)

The kinetics and hypocalcemic potency of stanniocalcin (STC) were examined in freshwater and seawater eels. The secretion rate and the metabolic clearance rate of STC were calculated from the STC disappearance curve after intra-arterial injection of trout STC. Basal plasma STC concentrations in freshwater and seawater eels did not differ but the STC secretion rate and metabolic clearance rate in seawater eel were 70–75% higher than in FW eel. The increased STC distribution space in seawater eels suggests that the STC receptor density was increased. STC had a higher hypocalcemic potency in seawater than in freshwater eels. These observations support the hypothesis that seawater fish require more hormonal control over transcellular influx of calcium than freshwater fish.To whom correspondence should be addressed.     

Effect of androgens on seawater adaptation in Arctic char,Salvelinus alpinus

Sexually immature two-year old Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) were implanted with Silastic capsules containing testosterone or 11-ketoandrostenedione in early spring. Seawater adaptability of the hormone-treated and sham-operated fish was tested periodically from May to August using a 48h seawater challenge test with 25‰ seawater. The sham-operated control fish displayed a seasonal pattern in seawater adaptation, showing a good hypoosmoregulatory ability until mid June followed by a marked increase in plasma sodium and magnesium levels in July and August. Gill Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase activity decreased concurrently with the observed decrease in seawater adaptability. Over the same period the androgen-treated fish displayed a similar pattern in seawater adaptability, however, in May and June the plasma sodium levels were significantly higher in both androgen-treated groups compared to the control group. Plasma magnesium regulation was impaired in both androgen-treated groups in August. Gill Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase activity in the testosterone-treated fish was lower in June compared to the control fish, whereas the activity was not affected by 11-ketoandrostenedione treatment. The results show that while androgens impair the hypoosmoregulatory capacity in Arctic char, the seasonal pattern of seawater adaptability is not affected.     

海水蛭弧菌分离纯化方法初步研究

蛭弧菌(Bdellovibrio)广泛存在于自然水体,它具有噬菌的特性,对水体中细菌数量控制具调节作用,有可能是进行生物防治的一种重要生物。本文比较不同分离方法、上层培养基营养盐浓度和富集培养与直接培养等对海水蛭弧菌分离、计数的影响,从而建立了海水蛭弧菌分离和纯化的方法。应用无营养盐的海水双层琼脂平板法,采用6种宿主菌分别对海南4份海水样品进行计数检测,发现不同宿主菌所得到的蛭弧菌数量不同,同时对分离纯化到的3株海水蛭弧菌进行液体培养增殖,进一步检验了海水双层琼脂法的可靠性。     

Physiological indices of seawater readiness in postspawning steelhead kelts

Management goals to improve the recovery of steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) stocks at risk of extinction include increasing the proportion of postspawning fish that survive and spawn again. To be successful, postspawning steelhead (kelts) migrating downstream to the ocean must prepare physiologically and physically for a seawater transition. We sampled blood, gill filaments, and evaluated the external condition of migrating kelts from an ESA‐listed population in the Snake/Columbia River system over two consecutive years to evaluate their physiological readiness for transition to seawater. We chose attributes often considered as measures of preparation for seawater in juveniles, including gill Na⁺,K⁺ ATPase activity, plasma electrolytes and hormones to consider factors related to external condition, size and sex. We found kelts in good external condition had plasma profiles similar to downstream‐migrating smolts. In addition, we found more than 80% of kelts ranked in good external condition had smolt‐like body silvering. We compared measures from migrating kelts with samples obtained from hatchery fish at the time of spawning to confirm that Na⁺, K⁺ ATPase activity in kelts was significantly elevated over spawning fish. We found significant differences in gill Na⁺, K⁺ ATPase activity in migrating kelts between the years of sampling, but little indication of influence of fish condition. We conclude that the postspawning steelhead sampled exhibited a suite of behaviours, condition and physiology characteristic of fish prepared for successful transition to a seawater environment.     

Free polyamine concentrations in coastal seawater during phytoplankton bloom

SUMMARY: Polyamines are widely distributed in nature and known to have many roles in living organisms. We investigated the concentrations of polyamines together with inorganic nutrients during a summer bloom period in the Seto Inland Sea of Japan. Putrescine and spermidine were the major polyamines in the coastal seawater. The concentrations at 1 m depth varied widely during the sampling period and ranged from 2.0 to 32.6 nM and 1.0 to 14.1 nM. Spermine concentrations were much lower than putrescine and spermidine. In addition, other polyamines (diaminopropane, cadaverine, norspermidine, homospermidine, norspermine) were also detected. Putrescine and spermidine seemed to be significant compounds in dissolved organic nitrogen in coastal seawater.     

海水酸化胁迫对紫贻贝能量分配的影响

2016年5～6月在山东桑沟湾楮岛海区,采用野外围隔和现场流水相结合的方法,以紫贻贝(Mytilus galloprovincialis)为研究对象,以pH为8.0作为对照组,探讨了酸化胁迫(p H=7.7)对其能量分配的影响。结果显示,短期(10d)海水酸化胁迫下,紫贻贝的滤水率、同化效率、氧氮比显著下降(P0.05),排氨率极显著增加(P0.01),耗氧率无显著差异(P0.05);中期(30d)海水酸化胁迫下,紫贻贝的滤水率和氧氮比显著下降(P0.05),而同化效率、耗氧率、排氨率显著升高(P0.05)。能量收支的结果显示,短期(10 d)酸化胁迫下,紫贻贝的摄食能和吸收能显著降低(P0.05),呼吸能无显著差异(P0.05),排泄能显著增加(P0.05),生长余力极显著降低(P0.01);中期(30d)海水酸化胁迫下,摄食能降低(P0.05),吸收能、呼吸能、排泄能、生长余力显著升高(P0.05)。氧氮比的结果显示,在海水酸化胁迫下,氧氮比的波动范围为14.28～20.46,贝类体内的供能物质由脂肪和碳水化合物逐渐向蛋白质过渡。研究结果为揭示紫贻贝应对海水酸化胁迫的生理响应提供了基础数据。     

Photoperiod in recirculation aquaculture systems and timing of seawater transfer affect seawater growth performance of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

Production of Atlantic salmon smolts in recirculation aquaculture systems (RAS) is growing, and novel production protocols using continuous light in RAS are being implemented in the industry. In the present study, Atlantic Salmon parr were exposed to either a traditional protocol (short-day winter signal [12:12 L:D] for 6 weeks) or to continuous light. Both photoperiods were applied in freshwater (FW) and brackish water RAS. Salmon from all treatments were transferred to seawater pens at 200 and 600 g and grown until slaughter size. A control group was smoltified with a 6-week short-day winter signal and kept in FW until sea transfer at 100 g. Continuous light gave a higher growth rate in RAS but reduced feed intake and growth and increased feed conversion ratio during the first 8 weeks in seawater. However, at slaughter, fish exposed to continuous light was bigger than fish given a winter signal because of the higher growth rate in RAS. Slaughter weight was lowest in fish transferred to sea at 600 g, despite having the highest day-degree sum during their life span. The best performing group was the control group transferred at 100 g. All treatments handled transfer to seawater and survival and maturation were not affected by the treatments in RAS. The immune status was examined with a multigene expression assay on BioMark HD platform from parr stage to 5–7 months after seawater transfer. Overall, there was no significant effect of photoperiod or salinity on the expression of the selected immune genes. In sum, the results from this study indicate that using continuous light in RAS may have negative effects on performance shortly after transfer in fish transferred to sea at 200 g, whereas at 600 g, all treatments had reduced growth after transfer irrespective of treatment in RAS.     

臭氧处理海水对小球藻的生理效应

采用经臭氧处理的海水培养小球藻，分析了小球藻的相对增长速率、叶绿素-a含量，DNA和RNA含量及海水中三氮含量的变化，结果表明：1、一定剂量的臭氧处理可提高小球藻的生长速度和叶绿素的含量，高剂量的处理会抑制小球藻的生长。2、藻细胞中DNA含量对臭氧处理表现的相对稳定，而RNA含量比较敏感，一定剂量的臭氧处理可引起RNA含量增加。3、经臭氧处理的海水，硝态氮（NO3^--N)的含量有所提高，而铵态氮（NH4^ -N)和亚硝态氮（NO2^--N)的含量降低。     

海水和饲料中Pb在凡纳滨对虾体内的富集与释放特性

为获知海水和饲料中重金属Pb与凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)各组织间的富集与释放特性,应用生物富集双箱动力学模型,模拟凡纳滨对虾分别在海水中Pb浓度为0.0015 mg/L(B0)、0.0080 mg/L(B1)、0.0466 mg/L(B2)和0.2302 mg/L(B3),饲料中Pb浓度为2.089 mg/kg(A0)、2.750 mg/kg(A1)、6.103 mg/kg(A2)和14.520 mg/kg(A3)的驯养过程中,其肝胰腺、外骨骼和肌肉对Pb的生物富集与释放特性,为Pb在凡纳滨对虾体内的分布、富集和迁移提供理论依据,为其安全生产提供指导意义。同时通过非线性拟合得到凡纳滨对虾对海水和饲料中Pb的富集速率常数K1、排出速率常数K2、生物富集系数BCF、生物半衰期B_(1/2),富集平衡时生物体内Pb含量CAmax等动力学参数。结果显示:(1)投喂任一浓度饲料时,B0、B1、B2组凡纳滨对虾肌肉、外骨骼和肝胰腺组织中Pb含量均小于限量值0.5 mg/kg,而在B3海水浓度中,随着投喂饲料浓度的增大,各组织中Pb累积量高于限量值(0.5 mg/kg)的时间出现得越来越早;肝胰腺中Pb的释放速率高于肌肉和外骨骼的释放速率。(2)用SPSS18.0对饲料Pb含量、海水浓度、富集时间进行三因素重复测量方差分析显示,饲料浓度、海水浓度和富集时间对凡纳滨对虾各组织中Pb的富集含量出现显著性差异[除了饲料浓度对凡纳滨对虾外骨骼组织中Pb富集主效应达到边缘显著(F=2.351,P=0.071)],且饲料、海水及时间交互效应分析显示,三者交互作用显著。(3)用SPSS18.0对不同组织中Pb的富集含量、饲料浓度、海水浓度和富集时间进行多元回归分析,结果显示:在凡纳滨对虾各组织间Pb富集过程中,海水中Pb浓度的贡献率大于饲料中Pb浓度的贡献率。(4)达到平衡状态下,投喂A0饲料浓度,生长在B0~B3组海水中,凡纳滨对虾肌肉组织中Pb含量为0.128~2.981 mg/kg,肝胰腺组织中Pb含量为0.399~4.765 mg/kg;生物学半衰期(B_(1/2))范围分别为5~7 d和3~7 d。投喂A2饲料浓度,生长在B0~B3组海水中,凡纳滨对虾肌肉组织中Pb含量为0.380~1.000 mg/kg,肝胰腺组织中Pb含量为0.288~5.355 mg/kg;生物学半衰期(B_(1/2))范围分别为2~7 d和2~5 d。理论平衡浓度下,肝胰腺组织中含量均大于肌肉。     

渔业海水中铅的快速定量检测方法

以导电炭黑糊电极（CCBPE）为工作电极,建立了海水中重金属铅的阳极溶出伏安检测新方法.实验研究了支持电解质种类、pH、富集电位、富集时间、干扰物质等相关影响参数.结果表明,在最优条件下铅的检测限为0.1 μg/L.据之建立了海水中重金属铅的快速检测方法,并将其应用于青岛近海渔业海水样品中铅含量的检测.检测结果与原子吸收光谱法所测结果一致,表明这种操作简单、快速、免汞、低费用的检测模式具有潜在的应用价值.     

海水池塘养殖模式优化：概念、原理与方法

随着海洋渔业资源衰退和人类社会对水产品需求的持续增长,海水养殖规模逐年扩大,养殖生产对环境的影响也日益严重[1-6]。现已确认海水鱼虾类养殖是造成海洋沿岸带水域富营养化的重要污染源之一[5-8],这一严峻现实要求今后在发展海水养殖产业时不仅需要宏观上对养殖区域和养     

吕四渔场近岸海域水质和沉积物中多氯联苯(PCBs)的分布特征

采用气相色谱测定了吕四渔场水质和沉积物样品中的多氯联苯(PCBs),并分析了其分布特征。结果显示,吕四渔场水质和沉积物中的PCBs平面分布特征为南部近岸高,而北部近岸较外海低,调查海域PCBs含量有逐年升高的趋势。水质中以低氯代PCBs同族体为主,沉积物中以高氯代PCBs同族体为主,含6个氯原子的PCBs在水中和沉积物中含量都比较高。为了削减PCBs对环境和人类的危害,我们要加强控制、管理、研究和合作。     

Growth and physiological characteristics of juvenile Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis) during adaptation to seawater

Mariculture is a new exploratory approach for ex situ conservation of Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis). In order to reveal the adaptability and physiological characteristics of cultured juvenile Chinese sturgeon in natural salinity environment, a 120‐day simulated catadromous migration experiment including 25‐day seawater acclimation and following 95‐day seawater (25‰) culture was carried out with 1.5‐year‐old Chinese sturgeons. Fish of seawater acclimation at four time points (days 0, 9, 17 and 25) and seawater culture at one time point (day 120) were sampled, and the growth performance, haematological and serum biochemical indicators were analysed. The results showed that the survival rate of seawater group throughout the experiment reached as high as 100%, and seawater culture significantly improved growth performance, the average weight and specific growth rate (SGR). Serum osmolality and ion concentrations (Na⁺ and Cl^?) were immediately increased at the beginning of seawater acclimation, but then maintained at a relatively stable level. White blood cell (WBC), serum total antioxidative capacity (T‐AOC) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) exhibited no significant change during the seawater acclimation, but after 3‐month seawater culture, these values of seawater group were significantly higher than those of freshwater group. Our results indicated that 1.5‐year‐old Chinese sturgeons had strong adaptability to seawater environment, and their growth performance and physiological characteristics including antioxidant capacity, and immunoregulatory capacity were improved after seawater acclimation.     

高锰酸钾对黑鲷幼鱼的急性毒性试验

在海水和半咸水中,用高锰酸钾(KMnO4)对黑鲷幼鱼进行急性毒性试验。结果表明:在海水盐度27.3和半咸水盐度10.4条件下,高锰酸钾对黑鲷幼鱼24h的LC50分别为3.41mg/L和4.78mg/L;最高安全使用剂量分别为1.12mg/L和1.68mg/L。半咸水条件下,高锰酸钾对黑鲷幼鱼的急性毒性相对较低,因此,高锰酸钾对黑鲷幼鱼进行药物处理比在海水条件下更安全。高锰酸钾引起鱼体组织发生病理变化是暂时的,一旦受试鱼转到无高锰酸钾的清水环境中,鱼体就会恢复正常。     

养虾用水预防病毒病快速处理装置

本装置的设计原理为通过过滤除掉海水中本类疾病的媒介生物,并通过同时的药物消毒杀灭海水中游离的和吸附在悬浮微颗粒上的病毒粒子。装置由水泵、初级滤网、次级滤网、三级滤网、过滤槽及消毒液输入系统组成。初级滤网由40目筛绢制成,用圆钢和铁丝网框架支撑成网箱状,水泵吸水管的进水口设在其中,以滤掉粗大颗粒。次级滤网由80目筛绢制成,成袋状,结扎在水泵排水管的出水口上,悬垂在过滤槽中央,用以滤去较大浮游动物。三级滤网由200～220目筛绢制成,由圆钢和铁丝网制成的框架支撑,设置在过滤槽中,用以滤去较小浮游动物。消毒液输入系统由药液容器、药液导入管及调节阀等部分组成,用于将计算浓度的药液(次氯酸钠)输入处理水中,达到消毒目的。过滤槽为14m^3的一套装置,可维持流量为300m^3／h的水泵正常工作。次级和三级滤网一般要4～10h更换和处理1次．