4种常用水产药物对黄姑鱼幼鱼的急性毒性

为了解甲醛、高锰酸钾、氟苯尼考和聚维酮碘等4种常用药物对黄姑鱼幼鱼的急性毒性,在水温(17.0±1.0)℃,盐度24～26,pH 8.0～8.2的条件下,进行了4种药物对全长(5.61±0.07)cm,体质量(1.65±0.06)g的黄姑鱼幼鱼的急性毒性试验。结果显示：甲醛、高锰酸钾、氟苯尼考和聚维酮碘对黄姑鱼幼鱼的24 h半致死浓度分别为137.12、3.69、4 541.93、6.94 mg/L,48 h半致死浓度分别为116.77、3.23、3 724.95、6.57 mg/L,72 h半致死浓度分别为107.97、3.14、3 368.59、6.45 mg/L,96 h半致死浓度分别为98.67、3.09、3 261.90、6.37 mg/L,其安全浓度分别为25.40、0.74、760.64、1.77 mg/L。根据有毒物质对鱼类毒性的评价标准,高锰酸钾和聚维酮碘对黄姑鱼属中毒药物,甲醛和氟苯尼考属低毒药物。     

5种常用药物对大黄鱼幼鱼的急性毒性试验

为了解几种水产常用药物对大黄鱼幼鱼的安全使用浓度,在水温22.0~23.8℃,盐度19~23的条件下,采用甲醛、高锰酸钾、硫酸铜、三氯异氰尿酸、二氧化氯等5种药物对全长2.8~3.4 cm的大黄鱼幼鱼进行了急性毒性试验。结果显示,5种药物对大黄鱼幼鱼的48 h半致死浓度和安全浓度分别为:甲醛溶液206.41、32.72 mg/L,高锰酸钾2.06、0.60 mg/L,五水合硫酸铜2.09、0.48 mg/L,三氯异氰尿酸粉8.72、2.18 mg/L,二氧化氯14.94、4.48 mg/L。试验结果表明,甲醛、三氯异氰尿酸、二氧化氯可在大黄鱼幼鱼的病害防治中安全使用,高锰酸钾、硫酸铜则需慎用。     

硫酸铜和高锰酸钾对似刺鳊鮈幼鱼的急性毒性试验

室温条件下,用静水生物测试法,分别用硫酸铜和高锰酸钾对似刺鳊鮈幼鱼的进行急性毒性试验。结果显示,硫酸铜和高锰酸钾对似刺鳊鮈幼鱼24h的LC50值分别为0.6148mg/L和1.5987mg/L;48h的LC50值分别为0.5517mg/L和1.1637mg/L;72h的LC50值分别为0.4950mg/L和0.9906mg/L;96h的LC50值分别为0.4698mg/L和0.9828mg/L。硫酸铜和高锰酸钾对似刺鳊鮈幼鱼的安全浓度分别为0.04698mg/L和0.09828mg/L。似刺鳊鮈幼鱼对硫酸铜和高锰酸钾的耐受力:高锰酸钾>硫酸铜。似刺鳊鮈人工养殖疾病防治过程中,硫酸铜和高锰酸钾消毒药液须慎用。     

6种药物对双斑东方鲀(Fugu bimaculatus)幼鱼的急性毒性试验

在水温(27±1)℃、盐度25±1、PH值为7.90~8.10、溶解氧6.00 mg/L条件下,采用静水法进行了高锰酸钾、聚维酮碘、甲醛、戊二醛、敌百虫、乙酸铜等6种药物对双斑东方鲀幼鱼急性毒性试验。结果表明:高锰酸钾、聚维酮碘、甲醛、戊二醛、敌百虫和乙酸铜对双斑东方鲀幼鱼半致死浓度(24、48、72、96 h)分别为(1.88、1.84、1.76、1.75 mg/L)、(23.30、22.55、20.34、19.50 mg/L)、(11.27、7.06、6.38、5.57 mg/L)、(9.25、9.03、7.03、5.48 mg/L)、(16.85、14.19、10.23、7.92 mg/L)和(10.54、8.78、6.13、5.46 mg/L),安全浓度分别为0.53、6.34、0.83、2.58、3.02和1.83 mg/L。双斑东方鲀幼鱼对6种药物耐受能力的强弱依次为:聚维酮碘敌百虫戊二醛乙酸铜甲醛高锰酸钾。实际生产上应严格按照药物安全浓度控制药物的使用。     

四种水产药物对硬刺松潘裸鲤幼鱼的急性毒性试验

在溶氧(7.0±0.3)mg/L,水温(18±1)℃,pH 7.8±0.1条件下,采用国家标准半静态方式水生生物急性毒性实验法研究了高锰酸钾、硫酸铜与硫酸亚铁合剂(5∶2)、敌百虫和甲醛对硬刺松潘裸鲤(Gymnocypris potanini firmispinatus Wu et Wu)幼鱼的急性毒性试验。试验结果显示,高锰酸钾、硫酸铜与硫酸亚铁合剂、敌百虫和甲醛对硬刺松潘裸鲤幼鱼的24 h半致死浓度(24 h LC50)分别为4.57、2.74、8.00和54.69 mg/L,48 h半致死浓度(48 h LC50)分别为4.13、2.35、7.34和47.03 mg/L;96 h半致死浓度(96 h LC50)分别为3.37、1.92、4.76和40.44 mg/L;其安全浓度分别为1.01、0.52、1.85和10.43 mg/L。根据国家标准和本实验数据表明,甲醛对硬刺松潘裸鲤幼鱼微毒,高锰酸钾、硫酸铜与硫酸亚铁合剂和敌百虫对其中毒。     

5种药物对高体革鯻幼鱼的急性毒性试验

在水温26～28℃条件下,用漂白粉、高锰酸钾、福尔马林(40%的甲醛)、硫酸铜、食盐对高体革鯻幼鱼(体长10～13 cm)进行急性毒性试验.结果显示,上述试验药物对高体革鯻24 h的半致死浓度分别为6.381、2.014、158.881、7.046、2246.802 mg/L;安全浓度分别为0.565、0.184、11.921、0.350、1840.091mg/L.高体革鯻幼鱼对5种药物的敏感性强度为:高锰酸钾>硫酸铜>漂白粉>福尔马林(40%的甲醛)>食盐.高锰酸钾的安全浓度低于其常用量,应谨慎使用.     

青海湖裸鲤对三种药物的敏感性初探

在水温为16.2～17.4℃的静水试验条件下,用水生生物毒性试验方法,以青海湖裸鲤幼鱼为试验对象,用敌百虫、硫酸铜和高锰酸钾对其进行急性毒性试验.并求出半数致死浓度和48 h安全浓度.48 h安全浓度:硫酸铜0.112 mg/L,高锰酸钾0.22 mg/L、敌百虫2.58 mg/L.结果表明青海湖裸鲤对3种药物的敏感性...     

敌百虫对奥尼罗非鱼幼鱼的急性毒性及安全浓度评价

为研究敌百虫对奥尼罗非鱼幼鱼的急性毒性效应,采用96 h半静水式生物毒性试验方法,在水温(23.5±2.0)℃,溶解氧>5 mg/L的条件下,分别检测在曝气自来水(pH为6.5)和池塘水(pH为8.5)中敌百虫对奥尼罗非鱼幼鱼的急性毒性效应。结果显示:在曝气自来水中,敌百虫对奥尼罗非鱼幼鱼24、48、72、96 h的半致死质量浓度分别为3.68、3.31、2.05、1.57 mg/L,安全质量浓度为0.157 mg/L;在池塘水中,敌百虫对奥尼罗非鱼幼鱼24、48、72、96 h的半致死质量浓度分别为0.35、0.29、0.17、0.13 mg/L,安全质量浓度为0.013 mg/L。试验结果表明,在池塘水中敌百虫对奥尼罗非鱼幼鱼的毒性比在曝气自来水条件下强。     

杂交东方鲀(菊黄♀×暗纹♂)幼鱼对4种常见药物的耐受性研究

为探讨杂交东方鲀(菊黄♀×暗纹♂)幼鱼对4种常见水产药物的耐受性,在水温21.0~23.0℃、盐度28~30条件下,采用静水试验法研究了杂交东方鲀幼鱼对甲醛溶液、敌百虫、高锰酸钾、硫酸铜等4种药物的耐受性。结果表明,甲醛溶液、敌百虫、高锰酸钾、硫酸铜对杂交东方鲀幼鱼24 h半致死浓度(LC50)分别为26.24、1.35、1.36、11.27 mg/L,48 h LC50分别为21.77、1.03、1.30、3.79 mg/L,安全浓度(SC)分别为4.50、0.18、0.36、0.13 mg/L,杂交东方鲀幼鱼对4种药物的耐受性由大到小依次为甲醛溶液、高锰酸钾、敌百虫、硫酸铜。根据有毒物质对鱼类毒性的评价标准,敌百虫、高锰酸钾对杂交东方鲀幼鱼为高毒,硫酸铜为中毒,甲醛溶液为低毒。     

4种常用渔药对花鳗鲡幼鱼的急性毒性

在水温27~29℃下,采用静水试验法研究高锰酸钾、甲醛、食盐和二氧化氯等4种常用渔药对平均体质量(0.16±0.07)g花鳗鲡幼鱼的急性毒性。结果发现,高锰酸钾对花鳗鲡幼鱼的24、48、72、96h半致死质量浓度分别为4.45、3.66、3.46、3.31mg/L,安全质量浓度为0.74mg/L;甲醛对花鳗鲡幼鱼的24、48、72、96h半致死质量浓度分别为104.74、93.75、89.95、88.78 mg/L,安全质量浓度为22.54mg/L;食盐对花鳗鲡幼鱼的24、48、72、96h半致死质量浓度分别为27 392、25 461、23 699、22 278mg/L,安全质量浓度为6600mg/L;二氧化氯对花鳗鲡幼鱼的24、48、72、96h半致死质量浓度分别为3.74、2.76、2.60、2.44mg/L,安全质量浓度为0.45mg/L。花鳗鲡幼鱼对4种渔药的敏感性为:二氧化氯高锰酸钾甲醛食盐;其中高锰酸钾和甲醛的安全质量浓度接近生产中常用剂量,在花鳗鲡养殖中要慎用;二氧化氯的安全质量浓度高于厂家推荐的使用剂量,但对花鳗鲡幼鱼具有较强的致死效应;食盐的安全质量浓度高于生产中常用剂量,在花鳗鲡养殖中可放心使用。     

环形网在黑鲷与日本对虾混养池中的使用效果

为在虾池中混养黑鲷(Sparus macrocephalus),特在虾池中设置环形网.在环形网内养殖黑鲷,并设置集鱼网箱以驱赶的方式将黑鲷集中捕捞;在环形网外边养殖日本对虾(Penaeus japonicus),通过移植藻钩虾(Amphithoe japonica)、拟沼螺(Assiminea sp.)等为对虾提供生物饵料.在2 hm2的虾池中养殖黑鲷产量4 330 kg,捕捞成活率100%,对虾产量为1 100 kg,获利6万余元.     

Marine Aquaculture in Israel with Special Emphasis on Larval Rearing

The goal of mariculture research in Israel is the development of an industry, based on available sea and brackish water, in the Arava Desert, the Gulf of Eilat and along the Mediterranean coast. Urgent progress is needed due to the shortage of fresh water for agriculture. High priced euryhaline fish like Sparus aurata and Dicentrarchus labrax are the obvious choice for development along with the more common grey mullet Mugil cephalus. The aim of this paper is to present the research and zootechnical state of the art in Sparus aurata and Dicentrarchus labrax larval rearing at the National Center for Mariculture (NCM). Fertilized eggs are stocked in 600 L tanks and hatching success estimated from aliquot counts. Rearing continued for 32 d after which larvae are removed from these tanks with minimum mortality. Under normal rearing conditions these tanks produce 15-35 32 d old (10 mg, ww) Sparus aurata larvae/L (20-40% survival). Average seabass survival to 80 mg (40 d) is 35%. Tanks were continuously supplied with filtered (10 μm), temperature and salinity controlled seawater and freshly enriched food organisms through a special delivery system. This system was recently upscaled to 1,700 L tanks with equally good results for seabream larval rearing. Live food enrichment regimes for the two species were developed to maximize their growth and survival. A microdiet is presently being used from the age of 20 d. The problems involved with using dry diets with larvae were found to be associated with both their digestibility and attractivity. As a result of a salinity reduction from the ambient 40 to 25 ppt, swim bladders developed in 90% of seabream and 75% of seabass. In addition, growth rate of larvae improved by 15%. Finally, seabream tend to show strong aggressive behavior once size differences in the population of 32 d larvae is greater than 300%. Therefore, once seabream ended their 32 d hatchery period they are graded to three size groups of 5, 10.3 and 23 mg (ww). The graded fish are counted with a locally developed Computer Aided Fish Counter (CAFIC) and stocked separately in 5 m³ nursery tanks.     

Effects of varying salinities on the toxicity of potassium permanganate to larval and juvenile striped bass, Morone saxatilis (Walbaum)

Abstract. Eight-day-old striped bass, Morone saxatilus (Walbaum) larvae, and one-month-old juveniles were held in varying salinities and exposed to a range of concentrations of potassium permanganate. Lethal concentrations of potassium permanganate for 50% of the larval fish exposed for96h (96h LC₅₀) were 1middot;02, 2 middot;11, 1 middot;41 and 1 middot;73mg/1 for salinities of 0, 3, 6and 9 g/l, respectively; The 96h LC₅₀S for juveniles were 0 middot;96, 3 middot;26, 1 middot;63 and 1 middot;48 mg/l for salinities of 0, 5, 10 and 15g/l, respectively. There were significant differences in 96h LC₅₀ values at different salinities for both life stages. The 96 h LC₅₀ values derived for both life stages revealed a decrease in toxicity as salinity increased from 0 to 3–5g/l. Results indicated potassium permanganate to be toxic in fresh water to striped bass larvae and fingerlings at recommended treatment levels (3 middot;0mg/l).     

高锰酸钾对虎斑乌贼胚胎和幼体的毒性研究

采用静水试验法研究了高锰酸钾对虎斑乌贼胚胎和幼体的毒性作用。试验结果表明：高锰酸钾对虎斑乌贼胚胎24h和48h半致死浓度（LC50）分别为64.150、50.433mg/L,安全浓度为9.3513mg/L。高锰酸钾对虎斑乌贼幼体的24h、48h半致死浓度（LC50）分别为0.5343、0.4897mg/L,安全浓度为0.1234mg/L。虎斑乌贼在胚胎期与幼体期对高锰酸钾的敏感性强度为：幼体期〉胚胎期。     

4种药物对叶尔羌高原鳅的急性毒性试验

在水温(17±2)℃条件下,采用水生生物急性毒性试验方法,研究了福尔马林、高锰酸钾、硫酸铜和敌百虫,4种药物对叶尔羌高原鳅的24h、48h的半致死浓度(LD50)和安全浓度(SC)。结果表明:福尔马林、高锰酸钾、硫酸铜和敌百虫24h的LC50分别为:113.89、6.43、3.37和14.18mg/L。48h的LC50分别为97.03、4.50、2.38和11.28mg/L。4种药物的SC分别为24.08、0.94、0.50和2.69mg/L。在对叶尔羌高原鳅疾病预防和治疗过程中,建议高锰酸钾不要用于疾病的治疗,硫酸铜的使用要谨慎,福尔马林和敌百虫可用于疾病的治疗。     

4种药物对彩鲫鱼苗的致死毒性试验

在常温静水条件下,采用甲醛、硫酸铜、食盐和高锰酸钾4种常用水产药物对彩鲫鱼苗进行急性毒性试验。试验鱼规格3.0～4.5cm/尾,平均体重2.5g/尾。结果表明：彩鲫鱼苗对试验药物的敏感性大小依次为：硫酸铜〉高锰酸钾〉甲醛〉食盐。硫酸铜、高锰酸钾、甲醛和食盐的安全浓度分别为0.64、1.80、21.00和4500.00mg/L。     

六种常用渔药对宽体金线蛭的急性毒性试验

在水温26.5~28.5℃的室内静水条件下,研究了二氧化氯、高锰酸钾、苯扎溴铵、戊二醛、伊维菌素和聚维酮碘对宽体金线蛭(Whitmania pigra)幼蛭的急性毒性效应。结果显示:6种药物对宽体金线蛭幼蛭48h的半致死质量浓度(LC50)分别为11.8850、3.7154、0.0056、0.1426、0.0066和6.4595mg/L;安全质量浓度(SC)分别为1.5593、0.4781、0.0003、0.0068、0.0002和0.6769mg/L。宽体金线蛭幼蛭对以上6种药物的敏感性差异较大,敏感性大小依次为:伊维菌素>苯扎溴按>戊二醛>高锰酸钾>聚维酮碘>二氧化氯。结果表明,二氧化氯和聚维酮碘在宽体金线蛭幼蛭养殖过程中可以安全使用,而伊维菌素、苯扎溴铵、戊二醛和高锰酸钾需慎用。     

Acute and Chronic Effects of Nitrite on White Shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, Cultured in Low-Salinity Brackish Water

The marine white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei is widely cultured. Recently, farmers have begun to culture this shrimp in low-salinity brackish water (< 6 g/L). The intensification of shrimp culture often results in occurrences of elevated nitrite concentration during the growing season. Nitrite is toxic to shrimp and exposure to high concentrations may cause retarded growth and mortalities. The current study was aimed at investigating the acute and chronic toxicity of nitrite to L. vannamei grown in low-salinity (2 g/L) brackish water. Studies of the 96-h EC50 and LC50 values of nitrite were performed to determine the acute toxicity, and an aquarium growth study (2 d post exposure to elevated nitrite concentrations) was conducted to evaluate the chronic effects of nitrite on shrimp production. The 96-h EC50 and LC50 values for juvenile L. vannamei grown in water of 2 g/L salinity was about 9 mg/L NO₂-N, suggesting a safe concentration for shrimp production in ponds to be less than 0.45 mgIL NO₂-N. Exposing shrimp to nitrite concentration of 4 mg/L for 2 d reduced their growth but did not affect their survival.     

Information on Selected Water Quality Characteristics for the Production of Black Sea Bass,Centropristis striata,Juveniles

Abstract

Recent interest in the culture of black sea bass, Centropristis striata, has led to questions regarding the environmental requirements of this species for economically-viable production. Here, we present the results of short-term laboratory studies on ammonia toxicity, nitrite toxicity and oxygen consumption rates. Fifty percent of the juveniles died when exposed to 0.7-0.8 mg/L un-ionized ammonia-N for 24 hours (25°C, 23 g/L salinity). All exposed fish survived exposure to ≤ 0.6 mg/L un-ionized ammonia-N for 10 days. Black sea bass juveniles survived 24-hours exposure to 250 mg/L nitrite-N when exposed in 12 or 20 g/L salinity. Fish exposed for 24 hours to nitrite in 35 g/L salinity died when exposed to 250 mg/L nitrite-N, but survived exposure to 100 g/L nitrite-N. All fish exposed to 50 mg/L nitrite-N for 10 days survived (salinities of 12, 20 and 35 g/L). Mean oxygen consumption rate was 0.09 mg/hour/g (25°C). Fish weight significantly affected oxygen consumption rate with larger fish consuming less oxygen per unit time on a weight-specific basis. No treatment effect was observed due to salinity or dissolved oxygen concentration. The information reported here in combination with previous reports provides insight into the environmental requirements of black sea bass culture.     

黑鲷受铜、镉胁迫的生理反应

研究了不同浓度的铜、镉处理液对黑鲷体内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的影响。结果表明:在48 h内对照组和铜、镉处理组(≤5 mg/L)中黑鲷均未出现死亡;48 h后对照组与铜、镉处理组中黑鲷体内SOD和CAT活性值差异极显著(P<0.01),而且变化趋势基本一致,即低浓度处理组对黑鲷体内SOD和CAT活性起诱导作用,而高浓度处理组则起抑制作用,其中在处理浓度为0.5 mg/L时SOD和CAT活性达到最高值,在试验过程中存在明显的"毒理兴奋"作用。因此,铜、镉处理对黑鲷的生理生化存在着一定的影响,建议可以以黑鲷SOD和CAT活性变化作为水环境监测的生物指标物,从而达到评价水生生态环境的目的。