枸杞岛海藻场夏、秋季的渔业资源变化

基于2005年夏、秋两季对枸杞岛海藻场渔业资源的调查数据,对海藻场内外渔业资源的组成、优势种变化、主要资源种类生物学特征以及多样性和相似性进行了研究。结果表明,枸杞岛海藻场内的渔业生物组成的季节变化比藻场外明显,但岩礁性鱼类除外;藻场内优势种夏季多于秋季,而藻场外两季相同,褐菖鲉在夏、秋季的藻场内皆为优势种;各种类生物学特征也存在着明显的季节差异,夏季的性比差别大,秋季接近平衡,平均年龄秋季大于夏季,平均摄食强度夏季高于秋季;多样性值在夏、秋两季海藻场外皆大于海藻场内。藻场内外,夏季的多样性指数都大于秋季;同一季节藻场内外的相似性很低,不同季节,藻场内的相似性同样很低。通过现场调查及生物学实验,夏季海藻场作为幼小鱼类的索饵场所的生态功能得到了确认。     

Brain steroid contents in the catfish Heteropneustes fossilis: sex and gonad stage-specific changes

Neurosteroids are those which are synthesized in the central nervous system independently of supply by peripheral endocrine glands. In the present study, brain contents of the steroid hormones, estradiol-17β (E(2)), testosterone (T), corticosteroids, and progestins were investigated in both male and female catfish Heteropneustes fossilis in prespawning (vitellogenic) and spawning (post-vitellogenic) phases using ELISA or HPLC. The data show that the measured steroid hormones showed both stage-specific and sex-related variations. Brain E(2) was significantly higher in males in the prespawning phase and in females in the spawning phase. Testosterone was significantly higher in males in comparison with females in the prespawning phase. Cortisol was significantly higher in the prespawning and spawning phases in males than in females. Corticosterone level was low in the brain. 21-deoxycortisol and deoxycorticosterone were significantly higher in the prespawning phase than in the spawning phase. Male brain recorded the highest concentration of deoxycorticosterone. Progesterone (P(4)) was high in the prespawning phase and low in the spawning phase in both sexes. Levels of 17-hydroxy-4-pregnene-3,20-dione and 17,20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17,20β-DP) and the metabolites of P(4) were the highest in females in the prespawning phase. The stage-specific and sexual differences in the content of the steroids suggest their biosynthesis in the brain, which may have implications in brain functions, in addition to reproductive regulation.     

2005年东海及黄海部分海域表面水温状况分析

东、黄海表面水温分布状况对中国沿海的生态系统有很大的影响,因为研究表面水温的年变化对了解生态系统的变化很有意义。本文分析了2005年东海及黄海部分海域的表面水温状况。研究表明不同的水团具有不同的水温年变化特点。2005年暖流区域的表面水温总体上与多年平均状况相比差别不大。虽然显示出上半年较冷,年末较热的现象,但只是在秋初一段时间内暖流区的表面水温比多年平均值高一些,而显示出较强的势力,年中的其余时间与多年平均的差别不大。沿岸海域的水温变化比较复杂,福建沿岸表面水温与多年平均状况差别不大;浙江沿岸及长江口邻近海域除春季的一段时间外,年中大部分时间的水温比多年平均值偏高,特别是在夏秋季节,偏高持续的时间既长,且幅度也较大;江苏北部沿岸及山东沿岸的表面水温与多年平均值相比差别不大,除在夏季一段时间内有偏高现象外,其余时间都呈略微偏低状态。中间水体的表面水温与多年平均值相比,在2005年的前3季的状况比较一致,都呈现了初冬偏暖,春季偏冷,夏季略微偏热的变化特征;秋季则南部的区域偏暖,北部区域与多年平均状况差不多。     

中国北方野生雄绒螯蟹成蟹可食率和生化成分分析

比较了2017年10月由我国绥芬河、图们江和辽河采集的质量为80～160 g的野生雄绒螯蟹成蟹的组织系数、总可食率、可食组织中一般化学组成及脂肪酸组成.试验结果显示:(1)3个种群雄体性腺指数、肝胰腺指数和出肉率差异显著,但3个种群总可食率无显著差异(P>0.05).(2)就性腺而言,图们江种群水分含量最高,绥芬河种群...     

不同发育时期月鳢消化酶活性的变化

对月鳢稚鱼、幼鱼和成鱼的主要消化酶活性及分布进行了研究,结果如下：①随着鱼体发育和生长,月鳢消化系统各器官组织的各种消化酶活性不断地增强,尤其是蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性的发育更为明显。②月鳢幼鱼蛋白酶活性以肠组织最大,肝胰脏次之,胃组织最小,且肠组织和肝胰脏中该酶活性显著高于胃组织;胰蛋白酶活性以肝胰脏最大,胃组织和肠组织均表现较小;淀粉酶活性和脂肪酶活性均以胃组织最大,且显著大于肠组织和肝胰脏。③月鳢成鱼蛋白酶活性以中肠粘膜组织和后肠粘膜组织最高,前肠粘膜和肝胰脏次之,胃粘膜最低;胰蛋白酶活性以中肠粘膜组织和前肠粘膜最高,胃粘膜组织次之,肝胰脏小于胃粘膜,后肠粘膜组织的胰蛋白酶活性最小;淀粉酶活性以后肠粘膜组织和中肠粘膜组织最大,肝胰脏次之,胃粘膜组织和前肠粘膜组织最小;脂肪酶活性以胃粘膜组织最大,其他器官组织该酶活性均表现较小。     

饲料中添加谷氨酰胺前体物对镜鲤肠道消化酶及Na~+/K~+-ATPase活性的影响

为了研究谷氨酰胺前体物对镜鲤(Cyprinus carpio specularis)肠道消化酶及Na~+/K~+-ATPase活性的影响,分别用谷氨酰胺(Gln)、谷氨酸(Glu)、α-酮戊二酸(AKG)、L-鸟氨酸-α-酮戊二酸(OKG)、L-精氨酸-α-酮戊二酸(AAKG)、α-酮戊二酸钠(2Na-AKG)替代基础饲料中的葡萄糖(添加量为1.5%),配制成6种等氮等能试验饲料,以基础饲料为对照,分别投喂松浦镜鲤(平均体重(40.27±3.96)g),饲养8周后测定镜鲤肠道消化酶及Na~+/K~+-ATPase活性。结果显示:Glu组前肠蛋白酶活性显著高于对照组;Gln组、Glu组、OKG组和AAKG组中肠蛋白酶活性均显著高于对照组。2Na-AKG组前肠脂肪酶活性显著高于对照组和OKG组;2Na-AKG组中肠脂肪酶活性显著高于对照组和Gln组。2Na-AKG组前肠淀粉酶活性均显著高于对照组和Gln组。Gln组和Glu组前肠Na~+/K~+-ATPase活性均显著高于对照组;不同处理组中肠Na~+/K~+-ATPase活性均显著低于对照组;Glu组、AKG组和OKG组后肠Na~+/K~+-ATPase活性均显著高于对照组,Gln组、AAKG组和2NaAKG组后肠Na~+/K~+-ATPase活性则均显著低于对照组。研究表明,饲料中添加Gln、Glu、OKG和AAKG可显著提高鱼体肠道的蛋白酶活性,添加2Na-AKG可显著提高鱼体肠道的淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性。     

丁(鱼岁)不同生长阶段肌肉脂肪酸和微量营养元素的比较

对丁不同生长阶段鱼体肌肉中脂肪酸组成及微量营养元素含量进行了比较。结果表明:丁不同生长阶段肌肉中的脂肪酸含量及组成有明显差异。脂肪酸总量、不饱和脂肪酸总量和饱和脂肪酸总量,亲鱼均高于幼鱼和成鱼,成鱼均高于幼鱼;不饱和脂肪酸/饱和脂肪酸总量,成鱼和亲鱼均高于幼鱼;同时,成鱼和亲鱼肌肉中高度不饱和脂肪酸花生三烯酸、花生四烯酸、二十二碳五烯酸和EPA、DHA含量明显高于幼鱼肌肉。成鱼和亲鱼肌肉中微量营养元素Fe和Mn含量显著低于幼鱼(P<0.05);亲鱼肌肉中Zn含量显著低于成鱼和幼鱼(P<0.05),成鱼显著高于幼鱼(P<0.05);亲鱼肌肉中Cu含量显著低于成鱼和幼鱼(P<0.05)。     

Reproductive cycle in reared male common Japanese conger, Conger myriaster

Annual changes in gonadal histology, gonadosomatic index (GSI), and plasma 11-ketotestosterone (11KT) levels were investigated in reared male common Japanese congers, Conger myriaster. Young fish, 20–30 cm in total length and around 20 g in body weight, caught in November 1996 (group 1) and in September 1999 (group 2) were reared for 3 years in seawater at temperatures ranging from 10 to 20 °C.

In most fish, only spermatogonia occupied the testes for 1 year and a few months after capture. Spermatocytes appeared in February, and both spermatids and spermatozoa appeared in March, in 1998 for group 1 and in 2001 for group 2. Spermiation was observed from May to September and reduction in testis was observed after October in both groups. GSI and plasma 11KT levels changed with progression of spermatogenesis. Although GSI was less than 1.0 and the plasma 11KT level less than 1.0 ng/ml, in the first year in most fish, both increased in the second year of rearing. GSI peaked in June 1998 (5.3±3.0; mean±standard deviation) in group 1 and May 2001 (2.3±1.3) in group 2, and bottomed in October (0.3±0.1) in both groups. Plasma 11KT levels peaked in March 1998 (5.8±1.9 ng/ml) in group 1 and May 2001 (4.4±2.4 ng/ml) in group 2, and bottomed in August in group 1 and September in group 2 (around 0.1 ng/ml in both groups). Spermatogenesis and changes in GSI and plasma 11KT levels were repeated the following year in both groups.

These observations indicate that males have an annual reproductive cycle under rearing conditions. It is possible that wild male common Japanese congers also have multiple spawning seasons in their lives.     

兴凯湖四种野生鲌消化酶活性比较研究

本文分析兴凯湖定点同日随机采集的翘嘴鲌Culter alburnus、蒙古鲌C.mongolicus、兴凯鲌C.dabryi和红鳍原鲌Cultrichthys erythropterus肝胰脏和肠道消化酶的活性,比较2龄鱼和≥3龄鱼两实验组样本的特点和差异。结果表明:四种鲌肠道蛋白酶和淀粉酶活性显著高于肝胰脏;蒙古鲌肝胰脏脂肪酶活性高于肠道,其他三种鲌类肠道脂肪酶活性高于肝胰脏(P0.05)。2龄和≥3龄鱼蒙古鲌肝胰脏蛋白酶活性最高,翘嘴鲌和兴凯鲌分别次之(P0.05);2龄鱼兴凯鲌、蒙古鲌、翘嘴鲌肠道蛋白酶活性较高,≥3龄鱼蒙古鲌和红鳍原鲌显著高于兴凯鲌、翘嘴鲌(P0.05)。2龄组和≥3龄鱼翘嘴鲌肠道脂肪酶活性和肝胰脏、肠道淀粉酶活性均较高,≥3龄蒙古鲌和兴凯鲌肝胰脏脂肪酶活性显著高于翘嘴鲌和红鳍原鲌(P0.05)。本研究结果对科学保护与利用相关鱼类有参考价值。     

中华鳖不同生态养殖模式对池塘水环境及养殖效果的影响

利用条件相近的两组池塘,对中华鳖(Trionyx sinensis)的两种生态模式(Ⅰ组:中华鳖-吃食性鱼类鲤和草鱼模式;Ⅱ组:中华鳖-杂食性水生动物鲫和螺模式)对池塘水环境以及养殖效果的影响进行对比试验。结果表明,Ⅱ组CODMn在7、8、和9月显著低于Ⅰ组(P<0.05),NH3在6、7、8和9月显著低于Ⅰ组(P<0.05),TP在7月和8月显著低于Ⅰ组(P<0.05),TN在6、7和8月显著低于Ⅰ组(P<0.05),NO2--N在6月和7月显著低于Ⅰ组(P<0.05),Ⅱ组水环境质量较Ⅰ组好。Ⅱ组检出藻类47种,Ⅰ组34种,Ⅱ组种类显著增多(P<0.05);Ⅰ组蓝藻重量占83.18%,硅藻2.98%,隐藻2.65%,甲藻0%,Ⅱ组蓝藻58.59%,硅藻13.44%,隐藻14.00%,甲藻7.07%,Ⅱ组蓝藻明显下降,而硅藻、隐藻、甲藻明显上升(P<0.05)。6月Ⅰ组平均生物量4.18mg/L,Ⅱ组2.57mg/L,8月Ⅰ组29.04mg/L,Ⅱ组5.41mg/L,6月和8月Ⅰ组生物量均显著高于Ⅱ组(P<0.05)。Ⅰ组Shannon-Wiener指数H’在6月和8月均值分别为2.117和0.7467,Ⅱ组均值分别为2.5427和1.0178,Ⅱ组6月和8月H’均明显增加(P<0.05);在6月,Ⅱ组Margalef丰富度指数d为1.8516,Ⅰ组为1.2499,Ⅱ组较Ⅰ组上升明显(P<0.05);两组的Pielou匀度均指数J差别不大。Ⅱ组中华鳖平均产量11782.5kg/hm2,显著高于Ⅰ组11482.5kg/hm2(P<0.05)。     

达里湖和岗根湖东北雅罗鱼和鲫四种同工酶的比较研究

比较了达里湖和岗根湖的东北雅罗鱼(Leuciscus waleckii)和鲫(Carassius auratus)肌肉、肝脏、心肌组织中过氧化物酶(POD)、酯酶(EST)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)的差异。结果显示:达里湖中东北雅罗鱼和鲫在心脏和肝脏中POD、EST含量均高于岗根湖,而肌肉中含量相对低些;MDH、LDH在三种组织中的含量达里湖中的东北雅罗鱼和鲫也高于岗根湖。由试验结果可知,东北雅罗鱼和鲫心肌和肝脏中四种同工酶的含量高于岗根湖,肌肉中四种同工酶的含量相对稳定。     

The Economic Impact of the Trout,Oncorhynchus mykiss,Industry on Transylvania County,North Carolina

Abstract

The commercial culture of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, in Transylvania County, North Carolina, generated approximately $9 million in economic output in 2002. Commercial trout farming began in North Carolina more than 45 years ago. Twenty of the 57 commercial trout farms in production in North Carolina are located in Transylvania County, ranging in size from 1,135 to 204,300 kg annual production in 2002. North Carolina presently ranks second in the United States in commercial trout production, behind Idaho. The study shows that, in 2002, the trout industry generated about $9 million in economic output, created 201 jobs, and generated $3 and $0.9 million, respectively, as labor income and tax revenue in 2002. This is particularly important for Transylvania County where economic prosperity depends on locally available jobs and diversification of economic activities.     

Revealing trends in densities of juvenile Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., in the subarctic River Teno using cluster analysis on long-term sampling data

The density of juvenile Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., was monitored at 57 sites representing different habitats in the River Teno and two of its major tributaries from 1979 to 1995. Cluster analyses were used to combine sites with similar densities and to study trends in densities within clusters. It was found that management measures have played an important role in maintaining salmon stocks and there was some evidence of increasing juvenile salmon densities. Parr densities decreased significantly in one cluster containing 45% of the sites studied in the River Utsjoki, whereas densities increased significantly in one cluster in the River Teno and in one cluster in the River Inarijoki containing 38% of the sites in these rivers. Fry densities increased significantly in two clusters containing 16% of all the sites studied in the three rivers. In general, the mean densities in successive years in the clusters were independent. The results demonstrate the value of long-term monitoring in ecological investigations.     

网箱与微流水养殖的齐口裂腹鱼肌肉营养成分的比较与分析

本研究比较和分析网箱与微流水两种养殖模式下体质量(76.5±17.8)g和(67.2±8.1)g的齐口裂腹鱼Schizothorax prenanti肌肉常规营养成分。结果显示:两组齐口裂腹鱼肌肉中一般营养成分含量不存在显著性差异,均含有18种氨基酸;除色氨酸(Trp)和组氨酸(His)外,网箱组齐口裂腹鱼肌肉中其余氨基酸、氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸总量和鲜味氨基酸总量均显著低于微流水组。氨基酸评分(AAS)和化学评分(CS)结果显示:两组齐口裂腹鱼肌肉中必需氨基酸构成合理,色氨酸均为第一限制性氨基酸,赖氨酸在必需氨基酸中评分最高。两组齐口裂腹鱼肌肉中均含有21种脂肪酸,网箱组饱和脂肪酸(SFA)总量和单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)含量显著低于微流水组,而多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)含量显著高于微流水组,且n-3/n-6比值要高于网箱组。综上所述,微流水养殖的齐口裂腹鱼营养价值更高。     

Changes in levels of GnRH in the brain and pituitary and GTH in the pituitary in male masu salmon,Oncorhynchus masou,from hatching to maturation

Levels of two types of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (salmon GnRH and chicken GnRH-II) in the brain and pituitary, and content of gonadotropin (GTHIβ and IIβ) in the pituitary were measured in male masu salmon from hatching to gonadal maturation for three years in order to clarify the involvement of GnRHs in precocious maturation. Underyearling precocious males were distinguishable in summer of year 1 and were marked by an increased GSI. Spermiation was observed among these individuals thereafter every autumn. Pituitary GTHIβ content in both precocious and immature males, and GTHIIβ content in precocious males showed seasonal fluctuations — high in autumn and low in winter. Pituitary GTHIIβ content was low in immature males. Pituitary sGnRH content in precocious males increased from spring to autumn during the three-year period. sGnRH concentrations in discrete brain areas showed seasonal changes — high during autumn to winter and low in summer. Concentrations in the olfactory bulbs and hypothalamus increased significantly in association with testicular maturation during year 3. sGnRH concentrations in the hypothalamus were significantly higher in precocious males than in immature males; this was possibly due to positive feedback of steroid hormones. cGnRH-II was undetectable in the pituitary and no distinct changes were observed in its concentration in the brain in relation to maturation. The phenomenon of underyearling precocious maturation is considered to be triggered before the onset of early summer. It is suggested that males which mature precociously are larger in size and contain much sGnRH in the pituitary before the outward signs of precocity appear; sGnRH may stimulate GTH II synthesis and induce precocious maturation.     

鱼源芽孢杆菌在石斑鱼稚鱼育苗中的应用研究

利用芽孢杆菌SE5和DE5单独及联合强化桡足类,研究SE5和DE5对斜带石斑鱼稚鱼生长、存活率、水质及水体和稚鱼体内细菌总数和弧菌数量的影响。试验结果表明,饲养14d时,SE5组和DE5组体长显著高于对照组,混合组体长和体质量显著高于对照组。饲养28d时,SE5组和DE5组体长和体质量均高于对照组,混合组体长和体质量显著高于对照组。饲养28d时,SE5组和DE5组存活率显著高于对照组。14d时SE5组和混合组水体NH3-N显著低于对照组,28d时各组NH3-N均低于对照组。14d时,混合组水体NO2-N显著高于对照组,28d时各试验组NO2-N均显著高于对照组。试验结束时(28d),各试验组水体细菌总数均高于对照组,SE5组和DE5组水体弧菌数量高于对照组;DE5组和混合组活饵细菌总数高于对照组,各试验组活饵弧菌数量高于对照组,其中混合组显著高于对照组;各试验组稚鱼体内细菌总数高于对照组,其中DE5组显著高于对照组。DE5组稚鱼体内弧菌数量显著高于对照组,SE5组高于对照组。     

山泉流水与池塘养殖草鱼营养成分比较

为比较山泉流水和池塘养殖草鱼的品质区别,测定了体质量为1500~1750 g的两种方式养殖草鱼的基本营养、矿物元素、胶原蛋白、氨基酸和脂肪酸含量及肌肉抗氧化能力。测定结果表明,山泉流水养殖草鱼水分、粗脂肪、K和Na含量显著低于池塘养殖草鱼(P<0.05),粗蛋白、灰分、P、Ca、Mg、Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn和Se含量显著高于池塘养殖草鱼(P<0.05);山泉流水养殖草鱼肌肉不可溶性胶原蛋白含量和超氧化物歧化酶活力显著高于池塘养殖草鱼(P<0.05),丙二醛含量则显著低于池塘养殖草鱼(P<0.05);山泉流水养殖草鱼的总必需氨基酸、鲜味氨基酸分别为15.76%、5.60%,显著高于池塘养殖草鱼(P<0.05),氨基酸评分、化学评分和必需氨基酸指数均高于池塘养殖草鱼;山泉流水养殖草鱼饱和脂肪酸、单不饱和脂肪酸显著低于池塘养殖草鱼(P<0.05),多不饱和脂肪酸含量显著高于池塘养殖草鱼(P<0.05)。综上可知,山泉流水养殖草鱼在蛋白与脂肪含量、肌肉抗氧化能力、氨基酸平衡性及脂肪酸质量等方面优于普通池塘养殖草鱼。     

近年渤海中部海域活性磷酸盐的时空变化特征

渤海封闭性强,水动力条件和自净能力较弱,其生态系统较为敏感和脆弱。2011年位于渤海中部的蓬莱19-3油田发生重大溢油事故,对渔业生态环境和渔业资源造成了严重影响。为了解和掌握该起溢油污染事故发生后渔业生态环境的变化状况,分别于2012?2014年在渤海中部海域进行了9个航次的生态环境跟踪调查。利用其中部分调查资料,作者对渤海中部活性磷酸盐的时空变化特征及其影响因素进行了分析探讨。结果显示,(1)2012?2014年春季和夏季渤海中部海域活性磷酸盐含量符合第二类海水水质标准要求,秋、冬季部分海域已受到活性磷酸盐的污染。(2)不同季节渤海中部海域活性磷酸盐的平面分布趋势各异,垂直分布也存在季节差异。春季和夏季活性磷酸盐呈现由表层至底层递减的趋势,秋季和冬季接近呈垂直分布均匀状态。(3)渤海中部海域活性磷酸盐平均含量季节变化明显,其含量顺序由高到低依次为冬季、秋季、春季、夏季,冬季明显高于夏季。2014年渤海中部海域活性磷酸盐含量低于2013年,呈逐年降低趋势。(4)渤海中部海域活性磷酸盐时空变化受到诸多因素的影响,营养盐的外源补充、内源再生和生物消耗是影响活性磷酸盐时空变化的最重要因素。     

大连海域刺参原产地大型底栖动物群落结构调查及修复策略

2014年6月,按照海洋资源调查规范,调查北黄海大连沿岸的刺参Apostichopus japonicas原产区中的旅顺口区塔河湾附近海域和大连金州新区城山头海滨地貌保护区海域内大型底栖动物的种类、密度、生物量,计算优势种、生物多样性和群落物种相似性,探讨其修复策略。结果表明,两处海域刺参生境大型底栖动物群落结构基本相同,优势种组成相似,优势类群均为软体动物;物种组成因饵料条件及周边海域底质不同呈现差异性分化;两处海域内海星类与刺参的密度比分别约为1∶3和1∶1,海星类与刺参的生物量比值与密度比相同;海星类与海胆类密度比均约为1∶1和3∶1,海星类与刺参及海胆类密度和的比分别为1∶4和1∶1,海胆类与刺参密度比均约为1∶2。根据调查结果认为刺参生境和增养殖区的养护、修复策略为:(1)多种共养,以参为主;(2)控制海星,适度增殖海胆;(3)提高初级生产力,降低污染。     

鳗弧菌感染对日本鑚部分免疫活性因子的影响

对日本蟳(Charybdis japonica)进行鳗弧菌(Vibrio anguillarum)悬液和生理盐水(对照)注射感染,研究其血清免疫因子超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的变化,并对试验结果进行统计学分析。结果表明,注射鳗弧菌悬液组SOD活性12、24、48h均高于对照组,48h达到最高;CAT活性12、24h增加非常明显,12h达最高;AKP活性5、12、24h都有增加,均高于对照,24h最高;ACP活性12h开始上升,24h达最高。在人工感染鳗弧菌48h内,日本蟳体内的免疫因子发生了明显的变化,血清中SOD、ACP、AKP、CAT活性在不同时间段均有显著升高趋势,高于对照组水平。