乙型脑炎重组伪狂犬病病毒TK-/gG-/NS+1的安全性及免疫性

用含有日本乙型脑炎病毒 (SA14 - 14 - 2株 )非结构蛋白 NS1基因的重组伪狂犬病病毒 TK- / g G- / NS 1 免疫BAL B/ c小鼠和断奶仔猪。结果表明 ,该重组病毒对 BAL B/ c小鼠和断奶仔猪是安全的 ,免疫的 BAL B/ c小鼠能抵抗伪狂犬病病毒 (PRV )强毒 (Ea株 )的致死性攻击 ,免疫的断奶仔猪能产生乙型脑炎病毒 (JEV)特异性抗体和 JEV特异性 CTL 活性。     

猪瘟伪狂犬病重组病毒SA215(A)株的构建及生物学特性研究

采用磷酸钙转染系统，将伪狂犬病三基因缺失疫苗SA215株DNA与PP63LacZE2 DNA共转染Vero细胞，获得SA215（A）1、SA215（A）2和SA215（A）3等12个重组病毒株。以光生物素标记的HCV E2基因为探针进行初步鉴定后，挑选SA215（A）1株作BamHI酶切和southern转印杂交鉴定，结果表明构建是成功的，将其命名为SA215（A）。直接荧光抗体检测、SDS-PAGE电泳和western免疫印迹检测结果表明HCV E2基因在重组病毒内获得表达，产生大小约51 ku的囊膜糖蛋白。对SA215（A）株进行部分生物学特性研究，培养特性观察试验表明该毒株可适应Vero、BHK21和鸡胚成纤维细胞等多种细胞，但对不同细胞系表现有一定的差异。SA215（A）株10^5 PFU／mL接种21日龄健康仔猪（伪狂犬病和猪瘟检测阴性），接种后28d用10^6 PFU的PRV Fa强毒株滴鼻攻毒，42d用猪瘟SM株血毒1mL（10^5 MLD／mL）肌肉注射攻击，结果表明接种猪能抵御2次病毒攻击，表明SA215（A）株具有良好免疫原性，是一株优秀的猪瘟、伪狂犬病二价疫苗候选株。     

猪细小病毒VP2蛋白病毒样颗粒在伪狂犬病病毒表达系统中的表达

利用PCR技术从猪细小病毒（PPV）SC1株基因组中扩增VP2全基因,并将其插入真核表达载体pPI-2.EG-FP中,构建转移载体pPI-2.EGFP.VP2。采用脂质体介导法将猪伪狂犬病病毒（PRV）SA215株DNA与pPI-2.EGFP.VP2DNA共转染Vero细胞,待出现细胞病变后收集病毒液。经空斑纯化,并同时采用检测PPV VP2基因的PCR方法筛选获得重组病毒PRV SA215/VP2株。以兔抗VP2的多克隆抗体建立的免疫荧光技术可检测到Vero细胞发出的特异性荧光,表明PPV VP2成功插入到PRV SA215基因组中,并获得表达。进一步电镜观察表明,感染PRV SA215/VP2的Vero细胞中可同时观察到PRV与PPV 2种类病毒样颗粒。结果表明,成功实现了利用PRV载体表达PPV VP2蛋白病毒样颗粒,为进一步研制PPV病毒样颗粒疫苗奠定了基础。     

重组伪狂犬病病毒SA215(C)株的构建及其对小鼠的免疫原性

为了研制猪2型圆环病毒（PCV2）基因工程疫苗,以伪狂犬病病毒（PRV）基因缺失疫苗株SA215为病毒载体,通过同源重组,构建了共表达PCV2ORF2基因和绿色荧光蛋白基因重组伪狂犬病病毒SA215（C）株。经PCR、Southern blotting、Western blotting等证实SA215（C）构建正确,并能表达具有活性的ORF2基因蛋白和荧光蛋白。SA215（C）在IBRS-2、ST细胞中的增殖滴度与亲本株SA215相比无显著差异,表明外源基因的插入不影响病毒增殖。用SA215（C）免疫BALB/c小鼠10周后检测免疫小鼠PCV2抗体和PRV中和抗体及细胞免疫反应。结果显示,SA215（C）诱导小鼠产生了PCV2和PRV抗体并出现PCV2的细胞免疫反应。另外,以105TCID50的SA215（C）株接种BALB/c小鼠,接种后28d再接种1次,2次接种后2周,用107TCID50PRVFa和PCV2强毒联合进行攻击,结果免疫小鼠抵抗住强毒的攻击,获得了保护;表明该毒株具有很强的免疫原性,为研制安全、有效的PCV2-PRV二价基因工程疫苗奠定了基础。     

猪伪狂犬病病毒四川株的分离鉴定及UL43基因序列分析

从四川某猪场发病仔猪体内分离到1株病毒,该毒株能在Vero、MDBK、PK15、ST、MDCK、BHK21、Marc145、鸡胚成纤维细胞(CEF)上增殖并产生细胞病变。通过蚀斑克隆对其进行纯化,克隆毒株在Vero细胞上为3.0×107TC ID50/0.1mL。该病毒在Vero细胞上连传15代,其TCID50变化很小。病毒对5-溴脱氧尿核苷、氯仿敏感。用该病毒接种家兔和仔猪均出现典型的伪狂犬病症状,gE-ELISA检测接种分离毒的仔猪血清,伪狂犬病毒(PRV)抗体阳性。电镜观察可见直径110～140 nm的典型疱疹病毒粒子。上述结果表明分离株为PRV,并命名为SE株。根据已发表的UL43序列设计1对引物,以分离毒株基因组DNA为模板进行PCR扩增,对目的产物进行克隆及测序分析,结果与GenBank收录的其他PRV毒株(Becker、Ea)的UL43核苷酸序列同源性为98.8%,氨基酸同源性分别为95.2%、97.3%。     

潍坊某猪场一起伪狂犬病的诊治

2014年9月山东潍坊某猪场发生疑似猪伪狂犬病疫情,采集病死仔猪的脑组织等,利用Vero细胞做病毒分离,并设计一对伪狂犬病病毒(PRV)g E基因片段的特异性引物对分离病毒进行PCR鉴定及家兔接种试验。结果表明:脑组织上清液接种Vero细胞后有典型的细胞病变;PCR扩增产物电泳后显示出990bp长的目的片段,目的片段基因序列与6株PRV毒株的g E基因序列核苷酸同源性在97.7%~100%之间,证实该病毒为PRV;分离病毒接种家兔出现典型的伪狂犬病症状。临床诊断结合实验室鉴定以及动物接种试验,确诊该病例为猪伪狂犬病。     

乙脑病毒prM/E基因重组伪狂犬病病毒的构建

以乙型脑炎病毒SA14-14-2株基因组RNA为模板，采用RT—PCR一步法扩增prM／E基因的全长cDNA(约2kb)，将其克隆至pMDl8一T栽体，获得了克隆质粒pTprM／E，并对其进行了测序。序列分析结果表明，与已报道的SA14强毒株和SA14-14-2疫苗株的核苷酸比较，prM基因的序列同源性为100％，E发生了4个点突变，其中1个为回复突变，并导致了3个氨基酸的改变。以伪狂犬病病毒Ea株TK^-／gG^-／LacZ^ 突变株为栽体，构建了1株乙脑病毒prM／E基因的重组伪狂犬病病毒TK／gG^-／ΓrM／E^ 。乙脑病毒prM／E基因的克隆及重组伪狂犬病病毒的成功构建，为开展乙脑病毒分子生物学及猪伪狂犬病-乙脑二价基因工程疫苗的研究打下了坚实基础。     

猪伪狂犬病病毒变异株(Fujian-LY)人工感染小鼠动物模型的建立

为建立猪伪狂犬病病毒(PRV)变异株人工感染小鼠动物模型,将本实验室分离鉴定的猪PRV变异株(Fujian-LY)进行连续10倍稀释后,对6周龄SPF级BALB/c小鼠进行腹股沟皮下接种攻毒,每个稀释度接种5只小鼠,测定其LD_(50),观测小鼠感染、致病的多项指标,试验期为7 d。结果显示,该毒株对小鼠的LD_(50)为3.7×10~3 TCID_(50)/0.1 mL,在不同的感染剂量下各攻毒组小鼠的临床症状、死亡率等各项指标差异明显,其中以2.3×10~5 TCID_(50)的攻毒剂量接种后小鼠未发生急性死亡,且能表现出以神经症状为主的典型伪狂犬病症状;病理剖检可见发病小鼠脑膜充血,肺脏出血,胸腺、脾脏严重萎缩等病理变化;病理组织学检查结果显示该毒株对攻毒小鼠全身多个重要组织器官均造成了严重的病理损伤,同时采用PCR及免疫组化的方法在这些组织内均能检测到PRV抗原。结果表明,本研究已成功建立了PRV变异株感染小鼠动物模型。     

猪伪狂犬病病毒新流行株的分离鉴定及抗原差异性分析

2011年以来我国多个省份的规模化猪场发生了新生仔猪出现神经症状和死亡的现象,为确定其是否为猪伪狂犬病病毒(PRV)感染所引发,我们利用PCR方法从死亡的新生仔猪脑组织中扩增PRV的gE基因,发现被检猪场均存在PRV野毒感染。gE基因序列分析表明,从5个省14个猪场的病料中扩增的gE基因高度同源,与以往发表的相关序列比对显示,这些分离株均属于一个相对独立的分支。病料接种Vero细胞能够产生典型的细胞病变,将命名为PRV HeN1分离株接种小鼠能够引起瘙痒、死亡等伪狂犬病症状,并且对小鼠的LD50(102.37TCID50)显著低于经典强毒PRV双城株(103.83TCID50)。此外,中和试验结果显示,PRV Bartha k61活疫苗免疫猪仅能诱导对HeN1分离株低水平的中和抗体,而HeN1分离株能够诱导较高水平的中和抗体,并具有更强的交叉中和能力。根据本实验结果推测,近期各猪场流行的PRV可能存在一定的抗原变异。     

猪伪狂犬状病毒S1株的分离与鉴定

从上海事某猪场发效仔猪体内分离到1株病毒，该毒株能在鸡胚成纤维细胞，RK，Vero,BHK21,ST,PK15细胞上增殖并产生细胞病变，通过蚀斑克隆对其进行纯化，克隆毒株在BHK21细胞上的TCID50为50μL10^-6.68稀释液，该病毒能被伪狂犬病毒（PRV）阳性血清中和，接种细胞经PRV荧光抗体染色呈阳性反应，电镜观察可见直径110－180nm的典型疱疹病毒粒子，用该病毒接种兔仔猪均出现典型的伪狂犬病症状，表明该分离毒株为PRV。     

戊型肝炎病毒及其感染诊断方法研究进展

戊型肝炎(HE)是由肝炎病毒科(Hepeviridae)肝炎病毒属(Hepevirus)戊型肝炎病毒(Hepatitis E virus,HEV)所引起的一种传染病.在美国、日本等许多国家从患病猪分离得到的HEV与当地患HE病人分离出的HEV有着高度的同源性,因此对食源性戊型肝炎病毒感染的预防及控制具有重要意义.论文就近年来国内外对该病的实验室诊断方法,包括病毒的分离鉴定、免疫学诊断、分子生物学诊断等研究概况进行了综述.     

Hepatitis E virus as an emerging zoonotic pathogen

Hepatitis E outbreaks are a serious public health concern in developing countries. The disease causes acute infections, primarily in young adults. The mortality rate is approximately 2%; however, it can exceed 20% in pregnant women in some regions in India. The causative agent, hepatitis E virus (HEV), has been isolated from several animal species, including pigs. HEV genotypes 3 and 4 have been isolated from both humans and animals, and are recognized as zoonotic pathogens. Seroprevalence studies in animals and humans indirectly suggest that HEV infections occur worldwide. The virus is primarily transmitted to humans via undercooked animal meats in developed countries. Moreover, transfusion- and transplantation-mediated HEV infections have recently been reported. This review summarizes the general characteristics of hepatitis E, HEV infection status in animals and humans, the zoonotic transmission modes of HEV, and HEV vaccine development status.     

我国鸡群禽戊型肝炎病毒RT-PCR检测及部分ORF2基因序列分析

为从核酸水平证实我国鸡群中禽戊型肝炎病毒(HEV)的存在,本实验从山东省某鸡场患有肝脾肿大综合征的病鸡中采集10份粪便和8份胆汁样品,利用RT-PCR方法检测其中禽HEV ORF2基因片段,并将阳性PCR产物克隆测序。结果显示:18份粪便和胆汁样品中,13份为禽HEV RNA阳性;其序列间的同源性为97%～99%,与GenBank中登录的参考序列同源性为76.6%～98.1%;进化树显示与欧洲地区的禽HEV在同一分支,属于禽HEV基因3型。禽HEV ORF2基因的检出为进一步了解禽HEV对我国家禽养殖业的危害以及在我国的流行情况奠定了基础。     

Seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus in dogs in Switzerland

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the causative agent of an acute and in most cases self‐limiting hepatitis. Of the four major HEV genotypes that infect humans, genotype 3 and 4 are zoonotic and have been identified in humans but predominantly in pigs and wild boar, which are considered the main reservoirs. However, the known host range of zoonotic HEV may be increasing to comprise additional species, including companion animals. Several studies have identified contact with dogs as a risk factor for HEV infection in humans, yet information on the occurrence of HEV in Swiss dogs is lacking. To examine a possible risk of exposure, this study was designed to assess the seroprevalence of HEV in 84 Swiss dogs. Serum and plasma samples collected from four veterinary clinics were screened for HEV‐specific antibodies by HEV‐antibody ELISA test kit. In addition, information of 22 dogs regarding the country of origin, the type of dog feed and any history of hunting was recorded. Samples from seropositive animals were also screened for the presence of HEV RNA by quantitative real‐time RT‐PCR (qRT‐PCR). Overall, 38% (32 of 84) of the dogs tested seropositive for anti‐HEV, indicating exposure to HEV. Among the 22 dogs for which information was available, HEV‐specific antibodies were detected in three of five dogs that were born abroad, in one of two dogs that were fed a raw meat‐based diet, and in one hunting dog. No viral RNA could be detected in any of the serum and plasma samples; thus, the genotype of the strains remained undetermined. This study provides further evidence for canine exposure and susceptibility to HEV and highlights the need to further assess the risks of HEV transmission to humans with contact to dogs.     

Epidemiology of hepatitis E virus in indoor-captive cynomolgus monkey colony

A serological survey of hepatitis E virus (HEV) antibody was conducted using 202 adult captive cynomolgus monkeys, who did not show any clinical signs of acute hepatitis. Out of these, 44 monkeys were sero-positive for anti-HEV IgG and all monkeys were negative for anti-HEV IgM. All positive monkeys came from either Vietnam or China, but none from the Philippines, Indonesia, or our facility. Selected 12 monkeys out of positive monkeys from Vietnam, including 9 positive and 3 negative, revealed mostly within the reference ranges for alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and asparatate aminotransferase (AST) by serum biochemistries. Their titers of anti-HEV IgG did not correlate with the concentrations of ALT and AST. Moreover, HEV-RNA could not be detected from any fecal specimens of the 12 monkeys. Thus, monkeys with anti-HEV IgG sero-positive did not seem to be source of the HEV-pollution, because 1) sero-positive monkeys did not excrete HEV-RNA from their feces, and 2) monkeys from the Philippines and Indonesia have remained to be sero-negative for anti-HEV IgG, even if the monkeys were kept in same animal room of our facility. From these results, it could be inferred that primary infection of HEV occurred in the exported countries, but not in our colony. The contamination of HEV in indoor-captive monkeys could be prevented by precise quarantine tests, including ELISA for detecting anti-HEV and RT-PCR for HEV RNA.     

High prevalence of Hepatitis E virus in French domestic pigs

The importance of the domestic pig reservoir for Hepatitis E virus (HEV) was assessed by estimating the seroprevalence and prevalence of HEV contaminated livers in French slaughter-aged pigs. 6565 sera and 3715 livers were randomly sampled from 186 pig farms throughout the country. Taking the sampling design into account, the farm-level seroprevalence was 65% (95% CI 57–74) and 31% (95% CI 24–38) of the slaughter-aged pigs had antibodies against HEV. The individual prevalence of HEV RNA positive livers was 4% (95% CI 2–6) and 24% (95% CI 17–31) of the farms had at least 1 positive liver. Most isolates were of genotype 3f (76.7%) with smaller amounts of 3c (18.6%) and 3e (4.6%). The high prevalence of HEV in pigs and the similarities between HEV subtypes from pigs and humans corroborates the possible zoonotic origin of some HEV autochthonous infections.     

Experimental infection of pregnant gilts with swine hepatitis E virus

To determine the effect of swine hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection on pregnant gilts, their fetuses, and offspring, 12 gilts were intravenously inoculated with swine HEV. Six gilts, who were not inoculated, served as controls. All inoculated gilts became actively infected and shed HEV in feces, but vertical transmission was not detected in the fetuses. There was no evidence of clinical disease in the gilts or their offspring. Mild multifocal lymphohistiocytic hepatitis was observed in 4 of 12 inoculated gilts. There was no significant effect of swine HEV on fetal size, fetal viability, or offspring birth weight or weight gain. The offspring acquired anti-HEV colostral antibodies but remained seronegative after the antibodies waned by 71 days of age. Swine HEV infection induced subclinical hepatitis in pregnant gilts, but had no effect on the gilts' reproductive performance, or the fetuses or offspring. Fulminant hepatitis associated with HEV infection was not reproduced in gilts.     

Hepatitis E virus: Animal reservoirs and zoonotic risk

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a small, non-enveloped, single-strand, positive-sense RNA virus of approximately 7.2 kb in size. HEV is classified in the family Hepeviridae consisting of four recognized major genotypes that infect humans and other animals. Genotypes 1 and 2 HEV are restricted to humans and often associated with large outbreaks and epidemics in developing countries with poor sanitation conditions, whereas genotypes 3 and 4 HEV infect humans, pigs and other animal species and are responsible for sporadic cases of hepatitis E in both developing and industrialized countries. The avian HEV associated with Hepatitis-Splenomegaly syndrome in chickens is genetically and antigenically related to mammalian HEV, and likely represents a new genus in the family. There exist three open reading frames in HEV genome: ORF1 encodes non-structural proteins, ORF2 encodes the capsid protein, and the ORF3 encodes a small phosphoprotein. ORF2 and ORF3 are translated from a single bicistronic mRNA, and overlap each other but neither overlaps ORF1. Due to the lack of an efficient cell culture system and a practical animal model for HEV, the mechanisms of HEV replication and pathogenesis are poorly understood. The recent identification and characterization of animal strains of HEV from pigs and chickens and the demonstrated ability of cross-species infection by these animal strains raise potential public health concerns for zoonotic HEV transmission. It has been shown that the genotypes 3 and 4 HEV strains from pigs can infect humans, and vice versa. Accumulating evidence indicated that hepatitis E is a zoonotic disease, and swine and perhaps other animal species are reservoirs for HEV. A vaccine against HEV is not yet available.