低温对花生种子发芽及幼苗生长的影响

在室内培养条件下,以青花7号花生品种为试验材料,系统研究了收获后低温对种子发芽及幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,随着处理温度的降低,种子的发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数降低,幼苗主根长度、侧根长度和侧根数量减少,根系活力降低,出苗率降低。处理温度达到-1℃即对种子发芽和幼苗生长造成明显不良影响,可作为花生种子收获后受低温危害的阈值。     

外源海藻糖浸种对低温胁迫油菜种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

为提高抗寒性,促进油菜种子发芽及幼苗生长,以甘蓝型油菜品种中油杂19为材料,研究外源海藻糖浸种对低温胁迫下油菜种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响,阐明外源海藻糖浸种的寒害缓解作用.结果表明,在低温处理下(10℃),油菜种子萌发受到抑制,发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数及活力指数均显著下降,平均发芽时间显著延长;种子萌发过程中异柠檬酸裂解...     

硒肥浸种对低温胁迫玉米种子发芽和幼苗生长的影响

以武2177玉米新品系为材料,种子经1∶25和1∶50两种稀释倍数的生物有机硒肥料浸泡48ｈ,在恒温光照培养箱10℃低温下冷浸7d后再25℃发芽7d,测定种子发芽及幼苗生长情况。结果表明,有机硒肥引发种子经低温胁迫后,显著提高了玉米种子发芽率及幼苗和根系生长。与清水对照处理相比,1∶50稀释倍数处理的种子平均发芽率、茎叶长度、主根长度提高了16.3%、50.0%、105.2%,根干重、根冠比提高121.7%、85.0%。有机肥硒肥显著提高了玉米根系和茎叶活力指数,使主根、茎叶生长呈现尖峰分布,增加了种子发芽整齐度。因此,1∶50稀释倍数的硒肥浸种48h增强了低温胁迫下玉米种子的抗逆性,具有显著的促根壮苗作用。     

不同温度对辣木种子萌发、幼苗生长及其生理特性的影响

为了探索辣木(M.oleifera Lam.)种子和幼苗对不同环境温度的适应性,设置15、20、25、30、35、40℃等不同温度处理,研究不同温度条件对辣木种子萌发、幼苗生长及生理指标的影响。结果表明:辣木种子发芽的最适温度为25℃,幼苗生长的最适温度为30℃,温度过高或过低都会抑制辣木种子的萌发和幼苗的生长。一定程度的高温和低温胁迫会使辣木种子的发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数等发芽指标以及幼苗的苗高、茎粗、根长、鲜质量增量、壮苗指数等生长指标显著下降。高、低温胁迫还会使辣木幼苗叶片的MDA含量、相对电导率、可溶性糖、SOD活性、POD活性显著增加,使叶绿素相对含量、φ_(Po_、RC/ABS、P_(TR)、P_(ET)、PI_(ABS)显著下降。     

水稻恶苗病药剂防治示范总结

试验采用不同药剂浸种处理水稻种子,观察处理后种子发芽和幼苗生长情况,并结合田间成苗和恶苗病发生情况,分析并选择最佳的浸种药剂。结果表明,氰烯菌酯浸种处理和阿马士包衣处理可明显促进室内种子发芽和幼苗生长,对田间成苗无显著抑制作用。且可显著降低水稻幼苗田间恶苗病发病率,是最佳的防治水稻幼苗恶苗病的浸种处理方法。     

甜菜种子品质的调控与改进技术研究Ⅰ．PEG渗调、吸湿－回干对不同活力种子发芽的调控效应

研究甜菜种子播种品质的调控和改进对甜菜生产有重要意义。甜菜种子在不同温度下，应用不同浓度、处理时间的ＰＥＧ渗调及吸湿－回干预处理，研究了不同活力种子的发芽能力及幼苗生长的反映。结果表明：随贮藏年份的增加，种子发芽率和活力先呈缓慢下降，后迅速下降；ＰＥＧ处理（Ｔ＿２Ｃ＿３Ｄ＿２）显著提高了种子活力，还提高了种子发芽势、发芽率，下胚轴长、根长及健苗率。吸湿－回干处理也明显提高了甜菜种子的发芽及幼苗生长能力。本文对上述方法的应用及其生理机制进行了讨论。     

冬小麦种子体积和水势对发芽及幼苗生长的影响

测定了软粒红皮冬小麦基因型Ａｕｂｕｒｎ和Ｈｏｗｅｌｌ的种子体积和水势对发芽及幼苗生长的影响。在生长室中用甘露糖醇溶液做种子发芽试验，发现种子体积不影响种子发芽率，但渗透为０和－１００ｋＰａ的处理发芽率分别为８８％和８９％，而在－３００ｋＰａ处理下发芽率降为６９％。在温室土壤中，来自大粒种子的４周令幼苗，其茎干重、根干重和分蘖数均高于来自中粒和小粒种子的幼苗，在土壤水热－３００ｋＰａ的处理，幼苗的Ｓ     

橄榄种子休眠生理与层积效应

探究橄榄种子休眠生理与层积对种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响效应,为橄榄及其他核果类果树种子休眠生理研究和种苗繁育提供参考。以未层积种子（层积0 d）为对照,对橄榄种子进行不同时间（每10 d一处理,共10个处理）的层积处理,研究橄榄种子在层积过程中营养物质、激素水平等生理生化变化,以及不同层积时间种子的萌发和幼苗生长情况。结果表明：层积处理缩短了橄榄种子发芽启动时间,对橄榄种子萌发均有促进作用。层积90 d和100 d的橄榄种子发芽率最高,均为82.22%,比CK种子（53.33%）高54.17%,发芽指数也显著高于其他处理时间,层积100 d的橄榄种子发芽指数是CK的8.5倍（P<0.05）。层积能提高橄榄幼苗地上部生物量,以90、100 d处理的橄榄幼苗生长最好。橄榄种子的主要营养贮藏物质是粗脂肪（70.85%~81.67%）,在层积过程中呈先升后降的趋势。新鲜橄榄种子（CK）中ABA含量较高（16.64 ng/g）,而GA₃未检测到。随层积时间延长,ABA与SA含量快速下降,GA₃含量增加,IAA/ABA升高,利于种子休眠解除。层积处理橄榄种子有利于其营养物质达到萌发所需水平,加快内源激素变化,促进种子发芽和幼苗地上部生长,以层积90~100 d最佳。     

药用植物黑草种子生物学特性研究

主要对药用植物黑草种子的形态特征、千粒重、种子发芽条件、种子寿命、种子贮藏等进行了试验研究。结果表明：黑草种子的发芽需要光照,发芽的温度范围为15～35℃．最适宜的发芽温度为30℃。高温抑制其萌发和幼苗的正常生长。种子细小,千粒重约为0．015g。种子寿命短,常温保存约12个月其发芽率下降为0．低温保存的种子比常温保存的寿命长。     

等渗胁迫下NaCl和PEG对甜菜种子发芽和幼苗生长的影响

研究了NaCl和PEG6000对甜菜种子发芽和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明：在相同水势条件下,PEG处理对甜菜种子发芽影响远远大于NaCl处理。当水势低于-14．4bar时,无论是NaCl处理还是PEG处理甜菜均不能发芽。PEG胁迫对甜菜幼苗生长影响更大,在试验所设的4个PEG处理中均不能生长;而在4个NaCl处理中可以正常生长,但随着水势的降低,干物质积累逐渐减少。     

Analysis of nutritional components of eight famine foods of the Republic of Niger

In the western Sahel, indigenous plants become important staples when cereal harvests are inadequate to support populations inhabiting that region of Africa. The purpose of this study was to assess the nutrient content of several of these edible wild plants. The leaves of the following seven plant foods were analyzed: Ziziphus mauritiana, Cerathotheca sesamoides, Moringa oleifera, Leptadenia hastata, Hibiscus sabdarifa, Amaranthus viridi, and Adansonia digitata. The fatty acid, vitamin E, carotenoid, selected mineral and amino acid contents of these plant foods were determined. These same analyses were performed on the fruit of the Adansonia digitata. In quantitative and qualitative terms, Amaranthus viridis was found to be an excellent source of protein. Its amino acid composition compared favorably to that of a World Health Organization (WHO) protein standard. It also contained considerable amounts of the two fatty acids that are essential in humans (linoleic and -linolenic) and a number of minerals including iron, magnesium, calcium and zinc. The leaves of Hibiscus sabdarifa contained an appreciable quantity of protein the composition of which was comparable to the WHO standard. The mineral content of the leaves of this plant was also exceptionally high; noteworthy was its high zinc content. H. sabdarifa also contained significant quantities of the two essential fatty acids. Ziziphus mauritiana was an excellent source of the essential fatty acid linoleic acid and several of the metals including iron, calcium, magnesium and zinc. Its content of other essential nutrients, however, was rather low. In general, Adansonia digitata leaves were nutritionally superior to the fruit of the tree; however, the fruit did contain useful quantities of potassium, phosphorus, zinc and -linolenic acid. The Leptadenia hastata leaves were an especially good source of lutein and -carotene. These data should be useful to the people who inhabit the western Sahel in helping them devise healthy diets during times when cereal staples are in short supply.     

狗牙根诱变后代抗寒性评价

通过电解质外渗法和匍匐茎恢复试验对‘阳江’狗牙根及其12个通过形态鉴定选出的坪用价值高且花序密度低的诱变后代进行抗寒性鉴定。电解质外渗法结果表明:诱变后代间的抗寒性具有较大差异,其叶片半致死温度(LT₅₀)的变异范围为-7.6～-0.2℃(最低值与最大值相差7.4℃);参试材料抗寒性由强到弱依次为M18>M4>M26>M28> M22>阳江>M29>M31>M10>M37>M16>M1>M25,其中,有5个诱变后代抗寒性优于亲本,分别是M18、M4、M26、M28、M22。匍匐茎恢复实验结果表明:诱变后代M1、M22、M26、M31、M25在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫后的恢复生长率都高于亲本,恢复能力均优于亲本;M10、M37、M28在-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长能力低于亲本,抗寒性相对较弱,M16和M4在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长率都低于亲本,抗寒性明显弱于亲本。综合2种方法鉴定结果显示:诱变后代M1、M25的恢复能力较强;M4、M28的叶片抗寒性较好,青绿期较长;M22、M18、M26的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较强;M29,M31的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力与亲本相似;M10、M16、M37的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较弱,整体抗寒性较弱。     

芦笋枯萎病病原鉴定

对造成福建省漳州市东山县的芦笋枯萎病病原菌进行分子鉴定,以期确定病原菌的属、种名,为防治该病害寻求理论依据。试验对分离纯化的病原菌核糖体DNA的ITS区进行测序,在Genbank中搜索其同源性并构建它们的系统发育树,结果表明：引起芦笋枯萎病的病原菌是镰刀属中的尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum),且病原菌之间的同源性高达89%,遗传差异不显著。     

中耕方式对土壤理化特性及玉米生长发育影响研究Ⅰ.中耕方式对玉米生长发育的影响

2002～2003年在0～3次中耕条件下研究了中耕方式对玉米生长发育和产量形成的影响。结果表明,多次中耕增大了玉米倒伏率,降低了玉米最大叶面积指数、株高及各时期叶片叶绿素含量,对花粒期玉米净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率也产生一定的负面影响。少中耕有增产的趋势,并且可以降低生产成本、增加经济效益。     

橡胶树丛枝病病原的抗血清制备与应用

以感染橡胶树丛枝病病原的长春花为材料,制备得到橡胶丛枝病病原菌抽提液,以抽提液为抗原免疫家兔,制备抗血清,经微量沉淀测定,抗血清效价为１：２０４８。应用橡胶丛枝病抗血清检测橡胶褐皮病,无症苗木检出率达３０％－３７％,可疑的褐皮病树检出率达８５．７％。     

Size and frequency of occurrence of pre-roost gatherings of starlings

One hundred and fifty-six pre-roost gatherings of starlings were observed at 28 sites around a roost in west Norfolk during winter. Pre-roost gatherings occurred more frequently at individual farmyards compared with individual fields, but 82% of the sites where gatherings occurred were on fields. The size of gatherings was greater, the closer to the roost. Birds in pre-roost gatherings on fields of autumn-sown winter wheat spent most of the time feeding and had a diet composed almost exclusively of wheat seeds. Birds in gatherings on grass fields also fed intensively whereas only 31% of birds at farmyards were feeding. The implications that these results have with regard to potential damage to fields of winter wheat and around farmyards are discussed.     

12份白花泡桐材料亲缘关系的ISSR分析

以‘福桐’、‘绿桐’2个无性系与10个不同种源的白花泡桐个体为研究对象，采用ISSR分子标记对12份白花泡桐材料的亲缘关系进行研究，并利用DPSv3.01进行聚类分析。结果表明：10条引物共扩增出66条条带，其中有37条多态带，多态性比例为56.1%。根据ISSR聚类分析结果，在遗传距离为0.35时，12份白花泡桐材料可分为5类，第1类为‘福桐’无性系与河南、河北种源个体；第2类为‘绿桐’无性系与湖南、湖北、江苏种源个体；第3类为浙江、广东种源个体；第4类为江西、福建种源个体；第5类为广西种源个体。此结果     

论长白山人参主要品种类型栽种方式及其商品分类

本文论述了长白山人参主要品种类型的栽种方式、总结其规范化种植的工艺流程、对各人参品种类型栽种方式、技术要点、品种退化的主要原因及其解决措施作了详细的研讨。强调指出人参的各种栽种方式必须实施GAP标准化管理才是最好的栽种方式。重点报告了人参主产区,最新最好的栽种方式。并对人参商品分类及野山参分等质量标准中的野山参、移山参的定义提出修改意见,为提高我国人参产品质量在国际市场上的竞争能力,保持人参产业可持续发展提供科学依据。     

Mechanism of action of insecticidal secondary metabolites of plant origin

Insect pest management is facing the economic and ecological challenge worldwide due to the human and environmental hazards caused by majority of the synthetic pesticide chemicals. Identification of novel effective insecticidal compounds is essential to combat increasing resistance rates. Botanicals containing active insecticidal phytochemicals appear to be promising to address some of these problems. Therefore, there is a continuous need to explore new active molecules with different mechanisms of action. Secondary metabolites present in plants apparently function as defense (toxic), which inhibits reproduction and other processes. The phytochemical biomolecules could be used for maximizing the effectiveness and specificity in future insecticide design with specific or multiple target sites, while ensuring the economic and ecological sustainability. In this article, the current state of knowledge on phytochemical sources and insecticidal activity, their mechanism of action in insects, resistance, and promising advances made in phytochemical research are reviewed.     

蝉拟青霉疏水蛋白PChyd基因表达模式分析及敲除载体构建

为深入研究昆虫病原真菌蝉拟青霉疏水蛋白PChyd基因的功能,根据蝉拟青霉基因组信息克隆疏水蛋白PChyd基因,对该基因序列进行生物信息学分析,使用qRT-PCR技术对其在不同培养条件或阶段下的表达模式进行分析,并通过酶切酶连的方法构建了该基因的敲除载体。结果表明：PChyd基因的开放阅读框序列全长303 bp,编码100 aa,包含22 aa的信号肽序列和70 aa疏水蛋白功能区域。系统发育分析显示该基因与粗糙虫草菌亲缘关系最近。qRT-PCR结果显示PChyd基因在PDA培养的菌丝体、诱导的附着胞、诱导的芽生孢子中表达量显著高于另外2个样品,其中芽生孢子表达量最高,暗示该基因在蝉拟青霉侵染初期和在昆虫血腔中定殖阶段可能具有重要作用。凝胶电泳结果表明,成功构建了该基因的敲除载体,扩增出含有上臂、HPH、下臂的3356 bp左右的片段。本研究为进一步探究蝉拟青霉疏水蛋白PChyd基因的致病机理、生防工程菌的改造奠定了基础。