红锥ISSR—PCR扩增体系的优化

对广西红锥种群的DNA进行提取和ISSR—PCR扩增体系进行优化。分析了退火温度、模板DNA浓度、Mg^2＋浓度、dNTPs浓度、TaqDNA聚合酶用量对反应结果的影响。红锥ISSR—PCR分析较适宜的扩增体系是：25μL PCR反应体积中，buffer（10mM Tris-HCl，pH9．0，50mM KCl，0．1...     

杠柳ISSR引物的筛选及PCR反应体系的优化

为建立适用于杠柳ISSR分子标记研究的扩增体系,进一步利用ISSR标记研究杠柳遗传多样性,探讨了杠柳ISSR分子标记中的各影响因素,分别对河北11个不同地区杠柳基因组DNA进行PCR扩增,在Taq MasterMix(康为世纪)基础上对影响ISSR-PCR扩增结果的模板DNA浓度、循环次数、引物退火温度进行梯度筛选。结果表明:在100条通用引物中共筛选出34条扩增条带清晰、整齐的ISSR引物;确立了适合杠柳ISSR分子标记的反应体系:总反应体积25μL,其中Taq MasterMix(含DNA聚合酶、MgCl_2、dNTPs、反应缓冲液以及稳定剂)12.5μL,模板DNA 1μL(70ng/μL),正向引物和反向引物各1μL(10μmol/L)。该体系的确立为今后利用ISSR技术对杠柳种质资源的遗传多样性分析奠定了技术基础。     

光皮树ISSR-PCR扩增条件和反应体系优化

以光皮树基因组DNA为材料，采用单因素实验，测试了退火温度、模板用量、dNTP浓度、Taq酶用量、Primer浓度、Buffer用量和Mg^2＋浓度等因素对ISSR-PCR的影响。优化的反应体系和条件：总体系为25μL，引物0．2μmol／L、模板20ng、Mg^2＋ 2．5mmol／L、Taq酶0．5U、dNTP为0.1mmol／L和Buffer为2.5μL。扩增程序：94℃预变性5min，1个循环；94℃变性50s，52℃退火1min，72℃延伸1．5min，40个循环；72℃后延伸10min，1个循环。该体系的建立为今后利用ISSR进一步研究光皮树遗传连锁图谱构建、遗传多样性、种质资源鉴定和基因定位奠定了技术基础。     

竹子SRAP-PCR体系的建立与优化

首次报道竹类植物SRAP-PCR反应体系的建立与优化。以竹叶总DNA为模板,经过大量实验,建立和优化了竹子SRAP-PCR的50μL反应体系,20 ng模板DNA,2.0 mmo1/L Mg2+,175μmol/LdNTPs,0.2μmol/L引物,1.5 UTaqDNA聚合酶,5μL10×buffer,退火温度52℃为最优反应组合。该反应条件下扩增条带清晰,多态性丰富。     

钩栗ISSR-PCR反应体系的建立与优化

本研究以钩栗叶片为实验材料,采用单因素和L16(45)正交实验探讨了DNA模板用量、Mg2+浓度、引物用量、Taq DNA聚合酶、d NTP用量以及不同退火温度对钩栗ISSR-PCR扩增的影响,建立了钩栗ISSR-PCR反应体系。研究结果显示,优化后的最佳反应体系为,20μL反应总体系中,含30 ng模板DNA,3 mmol/L Mg2+,0.4 mmol/L d NTPs,0.75 U Taq DNA聚合酶,0.3μmol/L引物;对钩栗DNA样品材料进行ISSR-PCR扩增体系的检测结果显示,该优化体系扩增的产物条带清晰,稳定性高,本研究为钩栗种质ISSR分子标记遗传结构分析提供技术基础。     

均匀设计优化兴安落叶松ISSR-PCR反应体系

采用均匀设计方法,对影响兴安落叶松ISSR-PCR体系的MgCl2、dNTPs、引物、TaqDNA聚合酶和模板5个组分的浓度进行了U16(45)和U12 (35)两轮优化,建立了适合于兴安落叶松的ISSR-PCR反应体系.该优化的20μL反应体系包含MgCl2 3.0 mmol/L、dNTPs 0.15 mmol/L、引物0.5μmol/L、TaqDNA聚合酶1.0U、模板20ng/20μL.并进一步进行梯度退火试验,找到了最适的兴安落叶松ISSR退火温度为56.5℃.利用所确立的体系对部分兴安落叶松种质进行扩增的结果清晰可靠,多态性好.     

香榧RAPD分析实验条件的优化

试验通过系统的比较研究 ,建立了香榧 RAPD分析的优化反应体系和实验条件 ,即 2 0μl的反应体系中含有 5 0 ng DNAtemplate、1.5μl 10× Buffer、1U Tag NDA聚合酶、2 .4mmol/L Mg Cl2 、2 40μmol/L d NTPs、0 .8μmol/L Primer。适宜的扩增程序为95℃变性 3 min,1个循环 ;94℃变性 3 0 s,3 6℃退火 3 0 s,72℃延伸 60 s,3 5个循环 ;72℃延伸 5 min,反应终止。该反应体系重复性高 ,条带亮度均匀 ,弥散现象少     

云南松SSR—PCR反应体系的优化研究

本项研究以云南松实生苗幼嫩针叶为材料,采用单因素试验设计,分析云南松SSR—PCR扩增反应体系中各组分对扩增结果的影响,并进一步采用正交试验设计对SSR—PCR扩增反应程序进行优化。结果表明,在15μL SSR-PCR反应体系中包括,1×TaqPCRBuffer,模板DNA用量30ng,Taq聚合酶用量1．0U,0．2mmol L-1dNTPs,3．0mmol·L-1Mg2＋以及正、反引物各0．2μmol．L-1;扩增反应程序为,94℃预变性4min;94℃变性30s,退火30s,72℃延伸45s,35个循环;最后72％延伸10min,4℃保存。该反应条件的建立为开展云南松种质资源SSR分子标记研究提供了参考依据。     

万寿菊RAPD分子标记优化体系的建立

以雄性不育和可育万寿菊及其子代为材料,在PE-2400型PCR仪上进行扩增,通过3次正交试验设计,优化得到了最佳的RAPD反应体系,确定了各个因素的最佳水平。在20 μL反应体系中,最佳的浓度配比为:10×Buffer中含10．00 mmol·L-1Tris-HCl、50．00 mmol·L-KCl、0．001％gelatin、dNTP0．25 mmol· L-1、TaqDNA聚合酶1．5 U、MgCl2 1．25 mmol·L-1、DNA20-60 ng、引物0．60 pmol·μL-1,预变性时间5 min, 退火温度37℃较好,1 min的延伸时间也满足了2 kb以下的DNA片段合成,循环35次能得到较好的 RAPD图谱。     

川山茶ISSR-PCR及SSR-PCR优化体系建立及比较

以川山茶品种"茶睡莲"为试验材料,以改良CTAB法提取高质量DNA,采用正交设计L16(45),探讨了Mg~(2+)、dNTPs、引物、TaqDNA聚合酶和模板DNA浓度对川山茶ISSR-PCR和SSR-PCR反应体系的影响。建立了相关优化体系:20μL的ISSR-PCR扩增体系中含20 ng模板DNA,2μL10×Buffer,2 mmol/L Mg~(2+),0.15 mmol/L dNTPs,0.6μmol/L引物和1 U TaqDNA聚合酶,扩增退火温度为55℃,35个循环;20μL的SSR-PCR扩增体系中含50 ng模板DNA,2.5 mmol/L Mg~(2+),0.05 mmol/L dNTPs,0.2μmol/L引物和0.5 U TaqDNA聚合酶,最佳退火温度为52℃,最佳循环数为38。应用该优化体系,分别用27个川山茶品种DNA进行了ISSR-PCR扩增和SSR-PCR扩增,结果显示,建立的优化体系具有较高稳定性。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。