禽流感病毒N3亚型神经氨酸酶基因的克隆

本研究应用11日龄SPF鸡胚增殖禽流感病毒标准株A/Duck/Germany/1215(H2N3),用LSTRIAZOLL试剂盒提取病毒RNA,应用自行设计的NA基因半特异性引物进行RT-PCR扩增,得到NA基因的全长DNA片段,克隆到PMD18-T载体上,并进行鉴定和序列测定.测定结果表明所获得的NA基因DNA片段长1451bp,编码469个氨基酸残基,与其他亚型的NA基因编码的氨基酸长度相一致.根据推导的氨基酸序列进行预测,该蛋白具有6个潜在的糖基化位点和19个半胱氨酸残基.与其他亚型的NA基因相比较发现克隆的NA基因符合神经氨酸的分子结构特征,本研究首次获得N3亚型NA基因全序列.     

马流感A/马/京防/74-1(H7N7)毒株HA基因的序列分析

流感病毒(Influenza Virus)根据血凝素(HA)和神经氨酸酶(NA)两种表面抗原蛋白分为不同的亚型,马流感I型(H7N7)和Ⅱ型(H3N8)是其中比较重要的两个亚型.本研究应用无特定病原体(SPF)鸡胚增殖马流感病毒A/马/京防/74-1(H7N7)毒株,TRIzol LS Reagent提取病毒RNA,RT-PCR扩增HA基因全片段,克隆到PMD18-T载体上,并进行了鉴定和序列测定.所获得的HA基因片段长1 727 bp,编码563个氨基酸残基.根据推导的氨基酸序列进行预测,有7个潜在的糖基化位点和16个半胱氨酸残基,通过序列分析推断,A/马/京防/74-1(H7N7)株病毒的HA来源于禽类,是一株通过基因重排出现的重组病毒.     

两株H9N2亚型猪流感病毒全基因进化分析

用RT-PCR方法扩增了H9N2亚型猪流感病毒河南株(Swine/Henar/Y1/09)和H9N2亚型猪流感病毒上海株(Swine/Shanghai/Y1/09)的8个基因片段,进行测序分析.结果表明,这两株猪流感病毒HA基因长度均为1701 bp,编码566个氨基酸,HA切割位点序列均为R-S-S-R-G,属非高致病性毒株;这两个毒株的HA蛋白均有8个潜在的糖基化住点.两个分离株的NA基因长度为1401 bp,编码467个氨基酸,这两个毒株均在茎区63、64、65位发生氨基酸缺失.两株猪流感病毒HA基因的同源性为96.6％,NA基因的同源性为98.6％.两株毒株的8个基因片段系统发生树分析表明它们均为重组体,与2008年上海地区健康鸡群中分离的H9N2亚型毒株(Ck/Shanghai/Y 1/2008)8个基因片段均分别属于同一个基因群.     

禽流感病毒A/Goose/Guangdong/3/96(H5N1)NA基因克隆及序列分析

采用RT-PCR技术扩增了禽流感病毒A/Goose/Guangdong/3/96(H5N1)(GD3/96)NA基因，并对其进行了克隆与测序，该苷酸序列测定结果表明：NA基因全长为1410bp，共编码469个氨基酸。其序列与A/Hongkong/156/97(H5N1)、A/Chicken/HongKong/220/97(H5N1)、A/Goose/guangdong/1/96(H5N1)及A/teal/Hongkong/W312/97(H6N1)分离株核苷酸序列的同源性在88.4%-99.0%之间，其相应氨基酸序列的同源性在89.8-99.2%之间。氨基酸序列与香港流感分离株氨基酸序列相比，在茎部没有出现19个氨基酸残基的缺失，表明香港流感毒株由我国大陆禽流感病毒株直接进化而来可能性不大。     

一株鸭源H3N6亚型禽流感病毒遗传进化分析

从活禽交易市场健康鸭体内分离到一株H3N6亚型禽流感病毒,命名为A/Duck/Guangdong/E9/2012(H3N6),这是该亚型禽流感病毒在我国广东地区的首次分离报道.为分析其遗传进化特征,对该病毒全基因组序列进行了测定,进行了遗传进化分析.结果显示,其HA裂解位点附近的氨基酸序列为PEKQTR↓ GLF,只含有1个碱性氨基酸,符合低致病性禽流感病毒的HA裂解位点氨基酸序列的分子特征;其HA基因与2011年蒙古国分离的鸭源A/Duck/Mongolia/OIE-7457/2011(H3N5)禽流感病毒的HA基因同源性最高,其NA基因与2011年蒙古国分离的鸭源A/Duck/Mongolia/OIE-7438/2011(H4N6)禽流感病毒的NA基因同源性最高.全基因组分子遗传进化分析结果显示,其8个基因均属于欧亚谱系的禽源进化分支.     

1株欧亚类禽猪流感病毒的分离鉴定及遗传进化分析

【目的】了解广东地区猪流感病毒(Swine influenza virus, SIV)的流行情况并探究其分子生物学特征。【方法】采集广东某猪场疑似猪流感病毒感染猪的鼻拭子和肺脏组织样品进行病毒分离鉴定、遗传进化和关键氨基酸位点分析。【结果】样品经实时荧光定量RT-PCR检测为猪流感病毒核酸阳性;在红细胞凝集试验中,该病毒对鸡红细胞有凝集作用,血凝效价为1∶128;8个基因片段序列结果经BLAST比对和进化树分析显示,HA、NA基因属于欧亚类禽猪流感病毒(H1N1)分支,PA、PB1、PB2、NP和M基因属pdm/09分支,NS基因属于北美三源重组分支,因此,本试验分离株属于G4基因型欧亚类禽猪流感病毒,将其命名为A/swine/Guangdong/CJM2/2022(H1N1)。关键氨基酸位点分析显示,分离株HA蛋白裂解位点序列为PSIQSR/GL,具有典型低致病性流感病毒的分子特征。HA基因在受体结合位点处的190、225、226位氨基酸分别为D、E、Q,表明其既具有结合人型唾液酸受体的潜能又具有结合禽型唾液酸受体的潜能。NA基因关键氨基酸残基均未发生突变,提示分离株对奥司他韦和扎那...     

一株鸭源H6N6亚型禽流感病毒的基因组测序及遗传进化分析

对2016年分离自华东地区某活禽交易市场的一株鸭源H6N6亚型禽流感病毒A/duck/Anhui/D0642/2016(H6N6)进行了全基因组序列扩增和测序,以及序列同源性比对和遗传进化分析。结果显示,该分离株的HA基因与野禽源病毒A/turtledove/Wuhan/HKBJ62/2015(H6N6)的核苷酸一致性最高,推导的裂解位点处氨基酸基序为P-Q-I-E-T-R-G,符合低致病性禽流感病毒的分子特征;NA基因无茎部缺失,与早期分离株A/duck/Fujian/6159/2007(H6N6)具有最高的核苷酸相似性;内部基因中,仅NP基因与H6N2亚型禽流感分离株的核苷酸相似性最高,PB2、PB1、PA、M和NS基因均与近几年的H6N6亚型病毒关系紧密。进一步的分析表明,D0642株的8个基因片段均属于欧亚进化谱系,可能由H6N6和H6N2亚型重组产生;并且NA和PB2基因还与当前国内优势流行的2.3.4.4分支H5N6亚型禽流感病毒关系密切,可以为其在自然界的进一步重组提供基因片段的来源。因此,须加强对H6亚型禽流感病毒的流行病学监测。     

禽流感病毒KMI/99(H9N2)HA和NA基因的序列分析

研究分别以自行设计的一对简并引物和另一对普通引物，经RT－CR，一次性成功地扩增禽流感病毒A／Chicken/Guangxi/KMI/99(H9N2）HA全和基因cDNA和NA全长基因cDNA，并将它们克隆于pGEM-T Easy的T－T窗口，首次报道了该毒株的HA全基因和NA全基因核苷酸序列及推导的氨基酸序列，测序结果显示，该毒株的HA基因全长为1683bp，编码560个氨基酸。NA全长为1398bp，编码466个氨基酸残基。研究发现其HAI羧基端的分子特征是：R－S－S－R。从分子水平推论。A/Chicken/Guangxi/KMI/99(H9N2)属于非高致病力毒株。研究还发现NA蛋白于63－65位缺失了T、E、I三个氨基酸。     

禽流感病毒A/TurKey/England/N28/73(H5N2)全基因克隆及序列分析

通过反转录-聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)技术分别扩增了禽流感病毒A/TurKey/England/N28/73(H5N2)(TEN28/73)的8个基因片段即PA、PB1、BP2、NS、NP、M、HA、NA基因,将其分别克隆到PMD18-T载体后进行序列测定:并将克隆到的8个基因片段与GenBank发表的相应序列进行比较分析,绘制HA和NA基因的进化树.结果表明所克隆到的8个片段均包含相应的病毒基因的完整开放阅读框架;HA、NA基因的序列分析表明TEN28/73符合低致病力禽流感病毒的特征:HA进化分析发现TEN28/73与A/Duck/Hongkong/698/79处于不同的分支中,与A/Goose/Guangdong/1/96和A/Goose/Guangdong/3/97亲缘关系较远;NA进化分析表明TEN28/73与A/Duck/Hongkong/86/76亲缘关系较近,但和A/Leningrad/47/57的NA基因却在不同的分支中.TEN28/73全基因序列的测定是首次对H5N2亚型AIV的全基因进行序列测定工作.     

一株鸭源H1N6亚型禽流感病毒的分离鉴定及HA和NA基因序列分析

为了解禽流感病毒(AIV)在广西中越边境地区的流行情况,本研究在该地区活禽市场开展禽流感病原监测。监测过程中分离鉴定出1株H1N6亚型禽流感病毒,命名为A/Duck/Guangxi/F01/2016(H1N6),对其HA和NA基因进行序列测定,并与GenBank中下载的相关参考序列进行比对和遗传进化分析。结果显示,分离株HA基因与A/sparrow/Guangxi/GXs-1/2012(H1N2)的核苷酸同源性最高(96.9%),NA基因与A/Pavo cristatus/Jiangxi/JA1/2016(H5N6)的核苷酸同源性最高(98.2%)。HA基因裂解位点氨基酸序列为PSIQSR↓GLF,符合低致病性禽流感病毒分子特征;与部分N6亚型禽流感病毒一样,分离株NA基因有11个氨基酸缺失。此外,本研究还对分离毒株的受体亲和性进行了测定,结果显示该病毒优先结合唾液酸α-2,3-Gal受体。本研究结果表明A/Duck/Guangxi/F01/2016(H1N6)是一株重组低致病性禽流感病毒。     

Avian influenza A viruses in birds --an ecological, ornithological and virological view

Avian influenza A viruses (AIV) are the causative agents of the presently most important poultry disease. Ten countries in Asia and several other countries in Eastern Europe suffer high losses from the lethal effects of these viruses of the H5N1 subtype. AIV of other subtypes cause in additional countries severe losses. The threat to health and well-being of the avifauna, domestic poultry and possibly mammals including humans are worldwide of major concern. The European Union reacted with a complete import ban on untreated meat, eggs, poultry products as well as free-living and pet birds. Extensive surveillance of free-living birds and domestic poultry that is maintained in free-range and close to open waters were initiated in an attempt to gather information on the current status of infection with these viruses and to target appropriate countermeasures for the protection of domestic poultry (in-house keeping) and to safeguard food production for humans. Since the monitoring of free-living birds is labour-intensive, costly, and time-consuming, only birds should be included in the monitoring programme that harboured in the past most if not all influenza A viruses. The birds of the order Anatiformes, family Anatidae, subfamilies Anserinae and Anatinae, provided 65.9 % of all avian AIV isolates. The cosmopolitan Common Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) is the dominant species with the highest rate of isolations among all bird species. Second in frequency is the North-American Blue-winged Teal (Spatula discors). Consequently, free-living anatiform birds of the genera Anas and Spatula should comprise the main focus for the collection of cloacal and pharyngeal swabs. With the likely exception of the most recent H5N1 viruses, signs of disease were not recorded in AIV infected anatiform birds. AIV isolations were definitely less frequently obtained from birds of the orders Phasianiformes (including domestic chickens and turkeys), Charadriiformes (plovers and lapwings), Lariformes (gulls), Columbiformes (pigeons) and Psittaciformes (psittacines) and need less attention in sampling efforts. This review presents also data on taxonomy and most suitable means for isolation and typing of haemagglutinating viruses. The different frequencies of the detection of 16 haemagglutinin (HA) subtypes and 9 subtypes of neuraminidase (NA) surface antigens are composed on the basis of extensive literature retrievals. Both antigens occure in isolates at different frequencies. Only 103 of all 144 possible HA x NA combinations were described so far. The AIV that contain the HA subtypes H3, H4, H6 are most frequently isolated whereas the AIV of the subtypes H5 and H7 were less frequently encountered. All other HAs are rather rare. AIV that possess the NA of the subtypes N2, N1, N8 and N3 are frequent and all other NAs are rarely detected.     

禽流感病毒H9N2亚型三重PCR检测方法的建立

为建立简便快速检测禽流感病毒(avian influenza virus,AIV)并同时区分出H9、N2亚型的方法,本试验根据基因库中H9亚型AIV的HA基因、N2亚型AIV的NA基因及AIV的M基因序列,分别设计了3对针对这3种基因保守序列的引物,建立了AIV H9N2亚型的三重PCR检测方法。应用该方法对H9N2亚型AIV模板进行PCR扩增,可得到3条与试验设计相符的目的条带,分别为313 bp (HA基因)、451 bp (NA基因)和667 bp(M基因);对非H9亚型的N2亚型AIV模板进行扩增,出现2条特异性扩增条带,即451 bp (NA基因)和667 bp(M基因);对非H9、N2亚型AIV模板进行扩增则只出现一条目的条带,即667 bp(M基因);对其他禽呼吸道病原体进行PCR扩增,结果均为阴性。敏感性试验结果显示此三重PCR方法最低检出限为10^-2 ng/μL。应用所建立的三重PCR方法对120份临床病料进行检测的结果与病毒分离鉴定结果一致。各项试验结果均表明,该方法对于禽流感病毒尤其是H9、N2亚型禽流感病毒的检测具有快捷、特异、灵敏的特点。     

一株绿鹭源H9N2亚型禽流感病毒全基因组序列分析

为了解野生水禽绿鹭(Butorides striata)中分离到的1株H9N2亚型禽流感病毒(A/striated heron/Yunnan/2018)的生物学特性;对其进行全基因组序列扩增、测序、进化分析;序列分析显示:该分离株HA、NA基因位于Y280-like分支、PB2、M基因位于G1-like分支、PA、PB1、NP、NS基因位于F98-like分支,分别与H9、H7、H10等多种亚型的AIV同源性较高,该分离株不同基因片段来源较复杂。HA裂解位点氨基酸序列为333PSRSSR↓GL340,符合低致病性禽流感病毒(LPAIV)氨基酸序列特征;S145N突变增加了一个糖基化位点,提示该位点出现可能会使毒株致病性提高,免疫原性发生改变;HA受体结合位点发生Q234L突变,表现出人流感病毒受体结合特性;NA基因出现第63—65位氨基酸缺失,M1发生N30D,T215A突变,M2发生S31N的突变,PB2、PB1、NS、NP、PA关键位点未发生变化,分析结果提示当前分离株已出现耐药性、致病性增强的变化。本研究表明该分离株呈现遗传演化的多样性及基因重组的复杂性,因此加强对野生水禽类禽流感病毒的监测和研究具有重要的公共卫生意义。     

Molecular characterization of low pathogenic avian influenza viruses, isolated from food products imported into Singapore

We have completed the genetic characterization of all eight gene segments for four low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses. The objective of this study was to detect the presence of novel signatures that may serve as early warning indicators of the conversion of LPAI viruses to high pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses. This study included three H5N2 and one H5N3 viruses that were isolated from live poultry imported into Singapore as part of the national avian influenza virus (AIV) surveillance program. Based on the molecular criterion of the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), sequence analysis with the translated amino acid (aa) sequence of the hemagglutinin (HA) gene revealed the absence of multibasic aa at the HA cleavage site, identifying all four virus isolates as LPAI. Detailed phylogenetic tree analyses using the HA and neuraminidase (NA) genes clustered these isolates in the Eurasian H5 lineage, but away from the HPAI H5 subtypes. This analysis further revealed that the internal genes clustered to different avian and swine subtypes, suggesting that the four isolates may possibly share their ancestry with these different influenza subtypes. Our results suggest that the four LPAI isolates in this study contained mainly avian signatures, and the phylogenetic tree for the internal genes further suggests the potential for reassortment with other different circulating avian subtypes. This is the first comprehensive report on the genetic characterization of LPAI H5N2/3 viruses isolated in South-East Asia.     

H4、N2和所有亚型禽流感三重RT-PCR检测方法的建立

为建立一种同时检测H4、N2和所有亚型禽流感的方法,分别针对H4亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)HA基因、N2亚型AIV NA基因和所有亚型AIV M基因保守序列,设计筛选出3对特异性引物,优化引物之间的浓度,对三重反应体系进行特异性和敏感性验证,建立了H4、N2和所有亚型AIV三重RT-PCR检测方法,并用该法对临床样品进行检测。建立的方法能特异性扩增H4、N2和所有亚型AIV,与其他禽病病原体不发生交叉反应;对H4、N2和所有亚型AIV至少能检测到6 pg/μL。在185份临床样品的检测中,检出4份H4、10份N2和19份AIV阳性。所建立的三重RT-PCR方法特异性强、灵敏度高,为快速检测H4、N2和所有亚型AIV提供了有效的方法。     

供港猪群流感病毒的分离鉴定及流行病学调查

为了对供港猪群中的猪流感流行情况进行分析,从华南地区供港猪群中用无菌棉拭子采集鼻腔粘液样品,采用鸡胚接种方法,从供港猪群中分离出了2株不同亚型的猪流感病毒株,经国家流感中心鉴定分别为H1N1和H3N2亚型。本研究设计了猪流感常见亚型的HA和NA分型特异性引物,建立了猪流感型特异性RT-PCR检测方法;对分离鉴定的2株猪流感病毒和禽流感H5N1 HI检测抗原进行了RT-PCR检测,并对其部分HA和NA基因进行克隆测序分析。对供港猪群的血清检测结果表明:供港猪群中H1N1和H3N2亚型抗体阳性率分别为26.87%、38.26%,禽流感H5N1和H9N2亚型抗体阳性率均为0%。     

H9N2亚型禽流感病毒血凝素和神经氨酸酶基因的遗传分析

H9N2亚型禽流感病毒自1994年在中国首次发现以来,一直在家禽中流行,其导致的产蛋下降和发病死亡给养禽业发展带来严重危害。以前的研究发现中国的H9N2亚型禽流感病毒在进化过程中形成多个基因型,其表面抗原蛋白血凝素基因(HA)可被划分为以A/chicken/Beijing/1/94、A/quail/Hong Kong/G1/97(G1)和A/chicken/Heilongjiang/35/01等为代表的3个亚群,神经氨酸酶基因(NA)可被划分为以A/chicken/Beijing/1/94、A/quail/Hong Kong/G1/97(G1)和A/chicken/Hong Kong/G9/97(G9)等为代表的3个亚群。其中类G1病毒的HA基因只在香港分离株中出现。本研究对我国2003年～2004年从禽类中分离的H9N2亚型禽流感病毒血凝素(HA)和神经氨酸酶(NA)基因进行测定和遗传演化分析,结果表明其中11株病毒的HA基因属于CK/BJ/1/94群系,NA基因属于CK/BJ/1/94或DK/HK/G9/97群系,并首次发现两株病毒含有类G1病毒HA和NA基因,而且这些类G1病毒具有不同的抗原性以及人流感病毒的受体结合位点。本研究结果提示应对H9N2病毒的防治及其公共卫生意义予以高度重视。     

Coexpression of avian influenza virus H5 and N1 by recombinant Newcastle disease virus and the impact on immune response in chickens

To analyze the contribution of neuraminidase (NA) toward protection against avian influenza virus (AIV) infection, three different recombinant Newcastle disease viruses (NDVs) expressing hemagglutinin (HA) or NA, or both, of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) were generated. The lentogenic NDV Clone 30 was used as backbone for the insertion of HA of HPAIV strain A/chicken/Vietnam/P41/05 (H5N1) and NA of HPAIV strain A/duck/Vietnam/TG24-01/05 (H5N1). The HA was inserted between the genes encoding NDV phosphoprotein (P) and matrixprotein (M), and the NA was inserted between the fusion (F) and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein (HN) genes, resulting in NDVH5VmPMN1FHN. Two additional recombinants were constructed carrying the HA gene between the NDV P and M genes (NDVH5VmPM) or the NA between F and HN (NDVN1FHN). All recombinants replicated well and stably expressed the HA gene, the NA gene, or both. Chickens immunized with NDVH5VmPMN1FHN or NDVH5VmPM were protected against two different HPAIV H5N1 and also against HPAIV H5N2. In contrast, immunization of chickens with NDVN1FHN induced NDV- and AIV N1-specific antibodies but did not protect the animals against a lethal dose of HPAIV H5N1. Furthermore, expression of AIV N1, in addition to AIV H5 by NDV, did not increase protection against HPAIV H5N1.     

H4亚型家养水禽流感病毒分离株的表面膜蛋白基因的序列测定和遗传进化分析

采用常规的血清学试验和特异性RT-PCR方法对华东地区家养水禽中流感病毒的带毒状况进行4年多的监测，分离鉴定出多株H4亚型禽流感病毒。对其中的A／Duck／Yangzhou／216／2002（简称Dk／YZ／216／02）、A／Duck／Yangzhou／526／2003（简称Dk／YZ／526／03）、A／Duck／Yangzhou／36／2004（简称Dk／YZ／36／04）的血凝素基因和Dk／YZ／526／03、Dk／YZ／36／04的神经氨酸酶基因进行了克隆测序，并与GenBank中收录的其它序列进行了比较，遗传进化结果表明Dk／YZ／216／02的血凝素基因（HA）与毒株Tk／Minnesota／833／80（H4N2）同源性最高，而Dk／YZ／526／03和Dk／YZ／36／04的血凝素基因（HA）均与Budgerigar／Hokkaido／1／77（H4N6）同源性最高；而神经氨酸酶基因（NA）遗传进化分析结果表明Dk／YZ／36／04（H4N6）的NA基因与毒株Pigeon／Nanchang／8-142／2000（H3N6）同源性最高，而Dk／YZ／526／03（H4N2）的NA基因与Dk／Hokkaido／13／00（H9N2）同源性最高，3株禽流感病毒的HA推导的氨基酸剪切位点序列均为P-E-K-A-S-R，为典型低致病性禽流感病毒的特征序列，与对SPF鸡的致病力试验相吻合。     

Genomic characterization of H1N2 swine influenza viruses in Italy

Three subtypes (H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2) are currently diffused worldwide in pigs. The H1N2 subtype was detected for the first time in Italian pigs in 1998. To investigate the genetic characteristics and the molecular evolution of this subtype in Italy, we conducted a phylogenetic analysis of whole genome sequences of 26 strains isolated from 1998 to 2010. Phylogenetic analysis of HA and NA genes showed differences between the older (1998-2003) and the more recent strains (2003-2010). The older isolates were closely related to the established European H1N2 lineage, whereas the more recent isolates possessed a different NA deriving from recent human H3N2 viruses. Two other reassortant H1N2 strains have been detected: A/sw/It/22530/02 has the HA gene that is closely related to H1N1 viruses; A/sw/It/58769/10 is an uncommon strain with an HA that is closely related to H1N1 and an NA similar to H3N2 SIVs. Amino acid analysis revealed interesting features: a deletion of two amino acids (146-147) in the HA gene of the recent isolates and two strains isolated in 1998; the presence of the uncommon aa change (N66S), in the PB1-F2 protein in strains isolated from 2009 to 2010, which is said to have contributed to the increased virulence. These results demonstrate the importance of pigs as mixing vessels for animal and human influenza and show the presence and establishment of reassortant strains involving human viruses in pigs in Italy. These findings also highlighted different genomic characteristics of the NA gene the recent Italian strains compared to circulating European viruses.