Tryptophan operon of Escherichia coli: regulatory behavior in Salmonella typhimurium cytoplasm

Hybrids hemizygous for the tryptophan genes were prepared by episomal transfer of an Escherichia coli element into Salmonella typhimurium. Regulation of enzyme production by hybrids carrying wild-type E. coli genes in response to changes in the growth medium occurs in precisely the same manner as in haploid E. coli wild type. Mutant alleles of the anthranilate synhetase gene of E. coli which prevent derepression in E. coli function identically in S. typhimurium. At least one Salmonella tryptophan regulatory gene unlinked to the structural genes is known. Any dijferences which may exist between the tryptophan regulatory genes of E. coli and Salmonella have little effect on the regulation of enzyme formation in hybrids.     

超高压对大肠杆菌细胞膜流动性的影响

 【目的】对超高压作用后大肠杆菌细胞膜的荧光偏振度和微黏度的影响进行研究,探讨超高压对大肠杆菌细胞膜流动性的影响。【方法】以1,6-二苯基-1,3,5,-己三烯（DPH）为荧光探针标记大肠杆菌细胞膜,用荧光偏技术测定大肠杆菌细胞膜经超高压作用后荧光偏振度和微黏度的变化。【结果】建立了用DPH标记和荧光偏振法测定大肠杆菌细胞膜流动性条件;不同的处理压力和时间对大肠杆菌细胞膜的荧光偏振度和微黏度的影响不同,350～400 MPa作用15～40 min,细胞膜荧光偏振度及微黏度达到稳定水平,350 MPa作用15 min已经使细胞膜流动性显著降低(P<0.05)。【结论】随着压力的增大和保压时间的延长,大肠杆菌细胞膜荧光偏振度及微黏度增大,流动性降低,大肠杆菌死亡数增加。当压力和保压时间增加到一定程度(350 MPa, 15 min),荧光偏振度及微黏度达到相对稳定状态,大肠杆菌几乎全部死亡,说明在超高压的作用下大肠杆菌细胞膜荧光偏振度和微黏度的变化与死亡相关性好(P＜0.05),这为超高压灭活大肠杆菌提供了理论证据。     

Specificity and stability in topology of protein networks

Molecular networks guide the biochemistry of a living cell on multiple levels: Its metabolic and signaling pathways are shaped by the network of interacting proteins, whose production, in turn, is controlled by the genetic regulatory network. To address topological properties of these two networks, we quantified correlations between connectivities of interacting nodes and compared them to a null model of a network, in which all links were randomly rewired. We found that for both interaction and regulatory networks, links between highly connected proteins are systematically suppressed, whereas those between a highly connected and low-connected pairs of proteins are favored. This effect decreases the likelihood of cross talk between different functional modules of the cell and increases the overall robustness of a network by localizing effects of deleterious perturbations.     

Network context and selection in the evolution to enzyme specificity

Enzymes are thought to have evolved highly specific catalytic activities from promiscuous ancestral proteins. By analyzing a genome-scale model of Escherichia coli metabolism, we found that 37% of its enzymes act on a variety of substrates and catalyze 65% of the known metabolic reactions. However, it is not apparent why these generalist enzymes remain. Here, we show that there are marked differences between generalist enzymes and specialist enzymes, known to catalyze a single chemical reaction on one particular substrate in vivo. Specialist enzymes (i) are frequently essential, (ii) maintain higher metabolic flux, and (iii) require more regulation of enzyme activity to control metabolic flux in dynamic environments than do generalist enzymes. Furthermore, these properties are conserved in Archaea and Eukarya. Thus, the metabolic network context and environmental conditions influence enzyme evolution toward high specificity.     

Structure of ribonuclease H phased at 2 A resolution by MAD analysis of the selenomethionyl protein

Ribonuclease H digests the RNA strand of duplex RNA.DNA hybrids into oligonucleotides. This activity is indispensable for retroviral infection and is involved in bacterial replication. The ribonuclease H from Escherichia coli is homologous with the retroviral proteins. The crystal structure of the E. coli enzyme reveals a distinctive alpha-beta tertiary fold. Analysis of the molecular model implicates a carboxyl triad in the catalytic mechanism and suggests a likely mode for the binding of RNA.DNA substrates. The structure was determined by the method of multiwavelength anomalous diffraction (MAD) with the use of synchrotron data from a crystal of the recombinant selenomethionyl protein.     

反刍月形单胞菌乙酸生成缺陷株的构建及相关酶活性分析(英文)

[目的]构建反刍月形单胞菌乙酸生成的缺陷株并分析其发酵特性。[方法]应用转座子标签法,通过转座子供体菌E.coliS17-1/pZJ25∷Tn5对受体菌反刍月形单胞菌进行转座子诱变,采用含卡那霉素和氟乙酸纳的选择性培养基筛选接合子。[结果]共筛选出稳定的对卡那霉素和氟乙酸具有抗性的转座工程菌7株。对反刍月形单胞菌的突变株进行16SrRNA鉴定和Tn5的PCR鉴定,及乙酸激酶(AK)和磷酸乙酰转移酶(PTA)酶比活力分析,确定突变株属于pta基因缺失型氟乙酸抗性菌株。[结论]为进一步研究反刍兽瘤胃微生物乙酸的细胞代谢网络和调控奠定基础。     

Multiple forms of bacterial NADP-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase

Electrophoretically distinct forms of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-specific isocritrate dehydrogenase have been observed in extracts of Escherichia coli grown under different culture conditions. In glucose-grown cells, two distinct bands of isocitrate dehydrogenase activity were observed on polyacrylamide gels and have been completely resolved by employing ion-exchange chromatography. These multiple forms of the enzyme have been studied and their possible metabolic role is discussed.     

氧化锌纳米颗粒对大肠杆菌的毒性效应及机制

以大肠杆菌为研究对象,通过检测纳米氧化锌暴露下大肠杆菌的生长、胞内活性氧簇(ROS)水平以及酶活性的变化,研究了纳米氧化锌对大肠杆菌的毒性效应以及可能的毒性机制。结果表明,纳米氧化锌能够抑制大肠杆菌的细胞生长;纳米氧化锌浓度越高,对大肠杆菌的抑制作用越大,其半效应浓度(EC50)为251 mg/L。在纳米氧化锌暴露下的大肠杆菌的细胞中ROS随着暴露时间的增加而升高,而细胞内过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性以及总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)均显著升高。这说明氧化损伤是纳米氧化锌的重要毒性机制,同时大肠杆菌能够通过提高酶活性对纳米ZnO暴露做出应激的反应以减轻其对细胞造成的伤害。     

反刍月形单胞菌乙酸生成缺陷株的构建及相关酶活性分析

[目的]构建反刍月形单胞菌乙酸生成的缺陷株并分析其发酵特性。[方法]应用转座子标签法,通过转座子供体菌E.coliS17-1/pZJ25∷Tn5对受体菌反刍月形单胞菌进行转座子诱变,采用含卡那霉素和氟乙酸纳的选择性培养基筛选接合子。[结果]共筛选出稳定的对卡那霉素和氟乙酸具有抗性的转座工程菌7株。对反刍月形单胞菌的突变株进行16S rRNA鉴定和Tn5的PCR鉴定,及乙酸激酶（AK）和磷酸乙酰转移酶（PTA）酶比活力分析,确定突变株属于pta基因缺失型氟乙酸抗性菌株。[结论]该研究为进一步研究反刍兽瘤胃微生物乙酸的细胞代谢网络和调控奠定基础。     

浓缩苹果汁中3种污染菌多重PCR检测方法的建立

根据大肠杆菌的β葡糖醛酸酶基因(uid)、沙门氏菌侵袭性抗原保守基因(invA)和金黄色葡萄球菌的耐热核酸酶基因(nuc),分别设计3对特异性引物,通过对单管多重PCR扩增的特异性、敏感性以及扩增条件进行优化.结果表明:3对引物分别能扩增出147bp、570bp和280bp的特异性条带,反应条件优化后,3种目的菌在104 CFU/mL时均可同时扩增出较清晰条带(大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌在103 CFU/ml浓度下仍然可见到条带),仅沙门氏菌的检测比单基因PCR低一个稀释度,人工模拟果汁污染试验结果稳定.该方法操作简单、快速、特异性强,灵敏度高,能够实现对大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌和金黄色葡萄球菌3种菌的快速诊断检测和生产过程监控.     

不同地区猪源和禽源大肠杆菌耐药性监测

2003—2005年自我国6省1市分离鉴定出133株猪源和455株禽源大肠杆菌临床株.采用微量肉汤稀释法测定了对20种抗菌药物的敏感性.结果表明,无论猪源还是禽源大肠杆菌对12种喹诺酮类药物耐药率非常高(耐药率范围34.96%~96.71%),对8种非喹诺酮类药物(除阿米卡星呈较低的耐药率外)也呈较高的耐药率(22.42%~94.07%);多重耐药现象十分严重,3耐及3耐以上菌株占总菌株94%以上;不同地区来源菌株的耐药模式总体一致,但存在耐药水平高低的差异.     

Production of 2-Keto-L-Gulonate, an Intermediate in L-Ascorbate Synthesis, by a Genetically Modified Erwinia herbicola

A new metabolic pathway has been created in the microorganism Erwinia herbicola that gives it the ability to produce 2-keto-L-gulonic acid, an important intermediate in the synthesis of L-ascorbic acid. Initially, a Corynebacterium enzyme that could stereoselectively reduce 2,5-diketo-D-gluconic acid to 2-keto-L-gulonic acid was identified and purified. DNA probes based on amino acid sequence information from 2,5-diketo-D-gluconic acid reductase were then used to isolate the gene for this enzyme from a Corynebacterium genomic library. The 2,5-diketo-D-gluconic acid reductase coding region was fused to the Escherichia coli trp promoter and a synthetic ribosome binding site and was then introduced into E. herbicola on a multicopy plasmid. Erwinia herbicola naturally produces 2,5-diketo-D-gluconic acid via glucose oxidation, and when recombinant cells expressing the plasmid-encoded reductase were grown in the presence of glucose, 2-keto-L-gulonic acid was made and released into the culture medium. The data demonstrate the feasibility of creating novel in vivo routes for the synthesis of important specialty chemicals by combining useful metabolic traits from diverse sources in a single organism.     

枯草芽孢杆菌XF1菌株中XFsacA基因的克隆及功能验证

枯草芽孢杆菌Bacillus subtilis XF1是从土壤中分离的一株利用蔗糖快、能高效防治根肿病的专利菌株.为探明其高效的蔗糖代谢机制,用PCR从该菌中扩增到蔗糖代谢关键基因蔗糖-6-磷酸水解酶基因(XFsacA基因),其编码的蛋白质氨基酸序列与枯草芽孢杆菌B168菌株中的XFsacA基因有97%的相似性,且发生了12个氨基酸突变.将该基因中约1.4 kb的编码框序列连接到表达载体pQE30上,构建了重组表达质粒pQE30-XFsacA,该质粒转入到不能利用蔗糖的Escherichia coli BL21中,后者能在以蔗糖为唯一碳源的M9无机离子培养基中正常生长,并表达出了一条约54 000蛋白条带.结果预示XFsacA基因氨基酸序列的替代可能是XF1高效利用蔗糖的基础,同时XFsacA基因的克隆与其在E.coli中的表达研究,为利用蔗糖发酵的工程E.coli构建奠定了基础.     

声频刺激对大肠杆菌生物学特性的影响

[目的]初步研究复合声频刺激对大肠杆菌生物学特性的影响作用。[方法]采用自行研制的声频发生装置,以大肠杆菌为研究对象,进行声波刺激试验。[结果]结果表明,在固定声频的情况下,随着刺激强度的增加,大肠杆菌的繁殖速率、代谢活性显著增强,并最终呈现出一种"饱和"现象;但随着刺激强度的进一步增加,大肠杆菌的生长却表现为明显的抑制效应。在声频、刺激强度一定的情况下,大肠杆菌在不同培养底物上的生长特性也表现出明显差异,其中在LB液体培养基中被明显促进,而在BPY液体培养基中则表现为抑制效应。[结论]声波刺激对大肠杆菌的生长及代谢具有显著影响。     

DNA ligase: structure, mechanism, and function

DNA ligase of E. coli is a polypeptide of molecular weight 75,000. The comparable T4-induced enzyme is somewhat smaller (63,000 to 68,000). Both enzymes catalyze the synthesis of phosphodiester bonds between adjacent 5'-phosphoryl and 3'-hydroxyl groups in nicked duplex DNA, coupled to the cleavage of the pyrophosphate bond of DPN (E. coli) or ATP (T4). Phosphodiester bond synthesis catalyzed by both enzymes occurs in a series of these discrete steps and involves the participation of two covalent intermediates (Fig. 1). A steady state kinetic analysis of the reaction-catalyzed E. coli ligase supports this mechanism, and further demonstrates that enzyme-adenylate and DNA-adenylate are kinetically significant intermediates on the direct path of phosphodiester bond synthesis. A strain of E. coli with a mutation in the structural gene for DNA ligase which results in the synthesis of an abnormally thermolabile enzyme is inviable at 42 degrees C. Although able to grow at 30 degrees C, the mutant is still defective at this temperature in its ability to repair damage to its DNA caused by ultraviolet irradiation and by alkylating agents. At 42 degrees C, all the newly replicated DNA is in the form of short 10S "Okazaki fragments," an indication that the reason for the mutant's failure to survive under these conditions is its inability to sustain the ligation step that is essential for the discontinuous synthesis of the E. coli chromosome. DNA ligase is therefore an essential enzyme required for normal DNA replication and repair in E. coli. Purified DNA ligases have proved to be useful reagents in the construction in vitro of recombinant DNA molecules.     

福氏志贺菌主动外排基因acrB的克隆与序列分析

以福氏志贺菌2a型菌株基因组为模板,经PCR扩增得acrB基因,将该基因克隆到pMD18-T Vector载体,将重组质粒进行PCR和酶切鉴定及序列测定.结果表明:测定序列与Genbank收录的福氏志贺菌参考序列同源性为99.7%,与大肠杆菌的acrB基因序列比较分析,序列同源性在98%~99%之间,说明志贺菌主动外排基因acrB在碱基序列和编码的氨基酸序列上均与大肠杆菌有很高的同源性,它可能是志贺菌引起多重耐药的主要原因.     

大肠杆菌菌株ATCC 25922碱性磷酸酶的原核表达、纯化及其活性研究

使用常规PCR法以大肠杆菌菌株ATCC 25922基因组为模板,克隆到该菌株的碱性磷酸酶成熟肽基因,并将其构建到原核表达载体pET-30a(+)的Bam HⅠ、XhoⅠ之间,获得重组表达载体pET-30a-EAP。并且我们将pET-30a-EAP转化到大肠杆菌RosettaTM(DE3)pLysS中,经IPTG诱导表达后,获得大小为52ku的目的蛋白EAP。经试验证明该蛋白以可溶形式为主。进而,高效表达的重组碱性磷酸酶经亲和层析法纯化后被用于活性鉴定。pNPP的显色反应与去磷酸化试验证实来自ATCC 25922的重组碱性磷酸酶具有催化磷酸单酯水解活性,而且酶热稳定性高、有效工作温度范围大,与其他蛋白融合表达时仍保持酶活性。以上研究结果为大肠杆菌菌株ATCC 25922碱性磷酸酶的规模化生产及在免疫酶技术领域中的应用提供了重要的参考依据。     

大肠杆菌感染后家蝇幼虫血细胞中ACP和POD活性的变化

[目的]了解酸性磷酸酶（ACP）和过氧化物酶（POD）在家蝇（Musca domestica）幼虫血细胞中的定位以及大肠杆菌（Escherichia coli）对血细胞中ACP、POD活性的影响。[方法]采用酶细胞化学技术测定感染前后家蝇幼虫血细胞中ACP、POD活性,用显微摄影及定量图像法进行观察。[结果]感染后浆血胞和粒血胞中ACP、POD的活性均较正常组极显著增加（P〈0.01）。感染前后原血胞、珠血胞、类绛血胞中均未见ACP、POD的阳性反应物。[结论]感染后浆血胞和粒血胞中ACP、POD的活性增强,提示浆血胞和粒血胞是家蝇幼虫参与免疫反应的主要细胞类型,而原血胞、珠血胞及类绛血胞不参与细胞免疫反应。     

产乙醇重组大肠杆菌的研究进展

利用微生物从低廉的纤维素、半纤维素及其水解产物生产生物燃料乙醇受到高度重视。代谢工程技术构建和改造高产乙醇重组菌成为研究的重点。着重概述了产乙醇重组大肠杆菌的研究进展。以大肠杆菌作为模式菌株进行乙醇代谢工程改造的研究和探索,将为新型的产乙醇重组微生物提供技术依据和借鉴。