大型溞和金鱼藻对三种微藻增殖的影响

为了解生物操纵和恢复水生植被的抑藻效果,分别以大型溞(Daphnia magna)和金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum)作为浮游动物和大型沉水植物的代表,以小环藻(Cyclotella sp.)、小球藻(Chlorella vugaris)和铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)作为浮游植物的代表,在温度25℃、光照度2 600-3 000 lx和光暗比14 h∶10 h的条件下,研究三种藻共培养和单一加入大型溞、金鱼藻以及同时加入大型溞和金鱼藻时各自生物量的变化。结果表明:三种藻共培养时,最终铜绿微囊藻占总藻细胞数的95.9%,成为优势种;单一加入大型溞或金鱼藻时,三种藻的增长被显著抑制,特别是铜绿微囊藻,最终小球藻占优势,单一加入大型溞的抑制效果更好;同时加入大型溞和金鱼藻时,大型溞的数量增加了55.6倍,金鱼藻的质量增加了42%,三种藻提前进入衰减状态,小环藻、小球藻和铜绿微囊藻达到最大藻细胞密度时的增殖抑制率分别为36.02%、-5.46%、99.91%,大型浮游动物和沉水植物的联合作用能更好地控制浮游藻类的增殖。     

铜绿微囊藻和小球藻对水环境pH的影响

以盐碱池塘优势微藻铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)、小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)为研究对象,采用正交实验方法,研究不同温度(20℃,25℃,30℃)和光照强度(2000 lx,4000 lx,6000 lx)组合条件下两种微藻对水环境pH的影响。结果显示,处于对数生长期的铜绿微囊藻和小球藻均能使水环境pH上升。在本实验范围内,不同温度和光照强度组合条件下,铜绿微囊藻的生长均能使水环境pH显著上升至9.50以上,在温度25℃、光照强度2000 lx条件下,藻密度达最大值1.1×10~7 cells/m L,水环境pH也达到峰值10.83;小球藻生长亦能使水环境pH的上升,并随温度升高、光照强度增强而增大,在温度30℃、光照强度6000 lx条件下,藻密度达最大值8.1×10~6 cells/m L,水环境pH也达到峰值7.73。通过ANCOVA分析,水环境pH和藻细胞密度呈正相线性相关,铜绿微囊藻水环境pH和藻细胞密度相关系数R~2=0.904,小球藻水环境pH和藻细胞密度相关系数R~2=0.903。与小球藻相比,同等藻密度的铜绿微囊藻更易使水环境pH显著上升(P0.01),是池塘养殖水体pH偏高的主要原因之一,本研究旨在通过控制藻相方式进行水环境调控,从而防止池塘pH偏高提供了基础数据。     

铜绿微囊藻生长特征及营养盐对其生长的影响

从洋河水库分离出野生铜绿微囊藻,研究了铜绿微囊藻在室内不同氮、磷浓度及不同氮磷比值下的生长特征。在总氮质量浓度为16.0 mg/L、总磷质量浓度为1.60 mg/L、TN/TP值为14时,铜绿微囊藻的日增长率分别达到最大值。铜绿微囊藻“水华”的形成不仅与氮、磷营养盐的浓度有关,而且还与TN/TP值有关。根据实验结果和限制因子的定义,磷是铜绿微囊藻生长的主要限制因子。     

金鱼藻和狐尾藻对铜绿微囊藻生长及藻毒素释放的影响

通过加入金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum)、狐尾藻(Myriophyllum)与铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)共同培养的实验方式,测定其过程中藻密度、总氮和总磷、藻毒素含量的变化,研究金鱼藻、狐尾藻对微囊藻生长及藻毒素释放的影响.结果表明,金鱼藻、狐尾藻不仅能很好地抑制铜绿微囊藻的生长,吸收水中的氮磷元素,还能在一定程度上抑制微囊藻毒素的释放.其中狐尾藻对铜绿微囊藻密度的抑制率能高达91.19%,对氮和磷的吸附率分别为66.84%和53.75%,对藻毒素MC-LR的抑制率达到44.23%.     

金鱼藻和狐尾藻对铜绿微囊藻生长及藻毒素释放的影响

通过加入金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum)、狐尾藻(Myriophyllum)与铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)共同培养的实验方式,测定其过程中藻密度、总氮和总磷、藻毒素含量的变化,研究金鱼藻、狐尾藻对微囊藻生长及藻毒素释放的影响。结果表明,金鱼藻、狐尾藻不仅能很好地抑制铜绿微囊藻的生长,吸收水中的氮磷元素,还能在一定程度上抑制微囊藻毒素的释放。其中狐尾藻对铜绿微囊藻密度的抑制率能高达91.19%,对氮和磷的吸附率分别为66.84%和53.75%,对藻毒素MC-LR的抑制率达到44.23%。     

雨生红球藻的优化培养研究

以MAV为基本培养基，分别研究了光照、氮、磷、铁、碳等对红球藻生长的影响，并用正交试验研究了光照、温度、接种密度对红球藻生长的影响。结果表明：红球藻生长所需适宜的氮、磷、铁、碳的体积质量分别为KNO3 0.1g/L,KH2PO4 0.02-0.04g/L,FeSO4 0.5mg/L,NaHCO3 0.2g/L。多因子正交试验结果表明，在光照强度为700 lx、培养温度30℃、接种密度为5000/mL时，生长最佳。     

光照历史对小檗碱化感抑藻效应的影响

蓝藻水华频发严重制约淡水养殖业的健康发展,铜绿微囊藻(Microcystic aeruginosa)为富营养化水体中的优势种;中草药黄连的主要化感物质小檗碱(C20H18NO4)能够有效抑制铜绿微囊藻的生长,并具有环境友好和毒副作用小的特点,光照强度会影响小檗碱对铜绿微囊藻的抑杀效果。将铜绿微囊藻在光照和黑暗条件下分别培养8 d后重新接种至相同的初始密度,添加不同浓度小檗碱(2 mg/L和4 mg/L)后置于光照条件下继续培养6 d,通过分析测定铜绿微囊藻细胞密度和叶绿素荧光参数,研究施药前光照历史对小檗碱化感抑藻效应的影响。结果表明,铜绿微囊藻在黑暗胁迫8 d后表现出超补偿生长效应;2 mg/L小檗碱不能有效抑杀铜绿微囊藻,藻细胞密度和叶绿素荧光参数(Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ、ETRmax、Yield’)均随培养时间延长先下降后升高,6 d时施药前黑暗处理组的藻细胞密度显著高于施药前光照处理组(P<0.05);4 mg/L小檗碱能够有效抑藻,6 d时藻细胞全部死亡,且施药前黑暗处理组与施药前光照处理组藻细胞密度和叶绿素荧光参数下降趋势相同;黑暗胁迫诱导的超补偿生长效应不会影响高浓度(4 mg/L)小檗碱的化感抑藻效应,但会影响低浓度(2 mg/L)小檗碱的化感抑藻效应。     

拟老年低额溞和大型溞控制水华藻类的实验研究

本文以2种大型浮游动物和1种绿藻、2种铜绿微囊藻为研究对象,初步研究了浮游动物对藻类的摄食关系。实验结果表明当栅藻和无毒铜绿微囊藻CHAB109密度均为1.02×106cells/ml时,拟老年低额溞对二者的去除率分别为54.20%和6.45%,大型溞的则为49.77%和64.77%。同时,拟老年低额溞对栅藻和CHAB109混合藻液中的两种藻均有较好的去除效果,分别为60.65%和34.43%,高于对纯种藻的去除率。在遮光条件下浮游动物摄食量更大,对藻的去除效果更优。拟老年低额溞在锡箔遮光情况下,对初始藻细胞密度为3.023×105cells/ml的有毒微囊藻PCC7806去除率达到32.37%。7d日龄的浮游动物个体大,摄食量也大,有较好的去除效果,且随着添加浮游动物数量的增加,去除率也随着提高。高浓度的藻细胞对两种浮游动物存活率影响较低浓度大。浮游动物应用于藻类水华的控制,作用不容忽视,且若条件适宜,浮游动物也可较好的控制有毒蓝藻。当选用浮游动物控藻藻类水华时,需综合考量选用物种种类、大小、添加数量等因素。     

Cu2+对大型蚤生长和繁殖的影响

研究了不同浓度Cu2+对大型溞生长和繁殖的毒性影响.试验观察了大型溞的繁殖指标(产第1胎时间、每只溞所产总幼溞数、每只溞所产总胎数和内禀增长率),同时还观察了存活和生长(体长)2个指标.试验结果显示,随着Cu2+浓度的增加,内禀增长率显著F降,但是生长和存活仅在9.6μg/L Cu2+浓度下显著下降.产第1胎时间随Cu2+浓度增加而延长;表明Cu2+低浓度下对水生生物的长期慢性影响不容忽视.大型溞繁殖指标可作为水环境Cu2+污染预警生物标志.     

氮、磷营养盐对铜绿微囊藻生长的影响

通过室内试验,分别研究了相同磷水平下不同氮磷比(质量比,下同)和相同氮磷比下不同氮、磷质量浓度对形成水华的主要蓝藻——铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)生长的影响。试验结果:在不同氮磷比条件下,从第5天开始,铜绿微囊藻在低氮磷比(N/P=5∶1)下密度均为最低,从第13天开始,随着氮磷比增大,铜绿微囊藻的密度逐渐升高;在相同氮磷比条件下,从第5天开始,氮、磷质量浓度分别为0.03、0.006 mg/L时,铜绿微囊藻的密度均为最低,从第11天开始,铜绿微囊藻的密度随着氮、磷质量浓度的增大呈先升高后下降趋势,当氮、磷质量浓度分别为2.65、0.53 mg/L时,铜绿微囊藻的密度达到最大值;叶绿素a含量的变化与铜绿微囊藻细胞密度的变化基本一致。结果表明,在防控微囊藻水华时,不仅要控制水中的氮磷比,同时还需控制氮、磷的质量浓度。     

Fish assemblage associations and thresholds with existing and projected oil and gas development

Energy development threatens fish and wildlife resources worldwide. This study used constrained ordinations to show fish assemblage structure associated with oil and gas well densities in the Colorado River Basin, Wyoming, but well densities explained only 6.4% of assemblage structure when compared to other factors. Threshold Indicator Taxonomic ANalysis showed significant negative threshold responses by some species to small levels of development (<0.15 wells km^?2), whereas positive thresholds were less distinct. Some native and imperilled species could be disproportionately affected if future oil and gas development proceeds in a manner that will impact aquatic resources. Although existing development has not substantially influenced regional fish assemblage structure, it appears to affect a subset of species. Understanding assemblage‐level responses to development can help land managers determine appropriate development levels, prioritise areas for monitoring associated with future development and identify where land protection measures may be needed to offset potential risks.     

Achieving sustainable aquaculture: Historical and current perspectives and future needs and challenges

Important operational changes that have gradually been assimilated and new approaches that are developing as part of the movement toward sustainable intensive aquaculture production systems are presented via historical, current, and future perspectives. Improved environmental and economic sustainability based on increased efficiency of production continues to be realized. As a result, aquaculture continues to reduce its carbon footprint through reduced greenhouse gas emissions. Reduced use of freshwater and land resources per unit of production, improved feed management practices as well as increased knowledge of nutrient requirements, effective feed ingredients and additives, domestication of species, and new farming practices are now being applied or evaluated. Successful expansion into culture of marine species, both off and on shore, offers the potential of substantial increases in sustainable intensive aquaculture production combined with integrative efforts to increase efficiency will principally contribute to satisfying the increasing global demand for protein and food security needs.     

Esophagoscopy and gastroscopy in dogs and cats. Technics and indications

A report is presented of esophagoscopy and gastroscopy in cats and dogs using flexible endoscopes. Following consideration of the basic equipment, an account is given of patient preparation and anesthesia, topography, investigation technique and normal findings. Diagnostic potential, indications and risks involved are discussed.     

Gar biology and culture: status and prospects

Many lepisosteid populations in North America have declined and many are now threatened as a consequence of habitat loss and alteration and commercial and sport overfishing. Over the last two decades, morphological, histological and molecular studies allowed distinguishing between different phases of development and the nutritional condition of larvae. Ontogeny of the digestive enzymes of gar larvae indicated the possibility to feed them artificial feeds since early developmental stages. An in vitro digestibility system to test different feed ingredients has been used. Important characteristics of artificial diets were identified through different feeding experiments. Endocrinological studies showed the feasibility of altering larval development and the digestive capacity of larvae. Cloning of gar growth hormone opened new avenues to enhance growth in the gars. Plasmatic vitellogenin was isolated and purified, to develop a competitive enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, which allowed the straightforward separation of males from females to establish appropriate proportions for reproduction and also was used to evaluate hormonal protocols to induce gonad recrudescence and spawning. This review analyzes the biology, ecology and physiology of different gar species as a basis for their domestication, mass production of larvae for repopulation experiments and for the culture of commercial‐size gar.     

奶牛酮病发病机理研究进展

结合国内外目前研究状况较为详细的综述了奶牛酮病的病因与发病机理,并分析了奶牛酮病发生的生化机制。旨在对临床实践中很好的认识诊断和群体监控奶牛酮病提供较为系统的理论依据,保证奶牛群的高产和稳产,从而创造良好的经济效益。     

添加植酸酶日粮不同磷水平和钙磷比对生长肥育猪血液生化指标和骨骼性能的影响

本试验利用饲养试验方法,研究玉米-豆粕型日粮中添加植酸酶时不同磷水平和钙磷比对生长肥育猪血清指标和骨骼性能的影响。试验选用162头20kg左右的杜长大三元杂交猪进行2×3(磷水平×钙磷比)因子饲养试验,试验分2个阶段进行,前期为生长期体重在20-60kg,后期为肥育期体重为为60-100kg。结果表明:添加植酸酶日粮磷水平对血清磷含量和碱性磷酸酶的活性影响显著(P<0.05);钙磷比对血清钙和血清磷含量的影响显著(P<0.05);添加植酸酶日粮磷水平和钙磷比对生长肥育猪骨骼性能的影响不显著(P>0.05)。在添加植酸酶条件下,降低日粮磷水平不影响猪的正常生长发育。     

加快城乡统筹，推进我国农垦体制创新与经济发展的研究与思考

“十一五”以来,我国农垦加快体制机制改革、结构调整和经济增长方式的转变的步伐,参与市场竞争,努力提升企业和产品竞争力,经济社会事业发展较快,对国家的贡献提升,职工收入、生活质量明显提高和改善,示范引领作用不断增强。本文针对农垦体制机制创新进展滞缓,战略定位与发展方向不明,经济增长方式转变和结构调整缺乏资本、人才、技术的支撑,没有处理好改革、发展、稳定、民生的关系,投资匮乏,发展后劲不足,人才短缺和劳动力素质低下的现状,提出在未来农垦体制机制创新中要特别关注改革方向、目标设定与评估,改革要在现行法律法规的框架内运作,改革时机的选择,处理好改革发展稳定与民生的关系,调整好内部利益分配关系,自觉融入区域经济,与地方协同发展等问题。为了促进农垦的发展,建议国家加大对农垦体制机制创新、现代农业建设、国有农场土地资源的保护、社会保障体系的完善等财政和政策的支持力度。     

川渝地区鸡皮刺螨的流行与综合防治

鸡皮刺螨是鸡的一种体外寄生的节肢动物,流行十分广泛,对养殖业发展有严重影响。为了解鸡皮刺螨的发病情况,对川渝两地的126个鸡场进行流行病学调查,感染率高达71%。同时,介绍了鸡皮刺螨的生活史、危害及防治措施,是防制鸡皮刺螨不可多得的资料。     

Composition and diversity of fish and fish catches in closures and open-access fisheries of Kenya

Abstract  Catch composition, relative abundance and diversity of fish catches in open access and three old fisheries closures were compared and contrasted with previous ecological studies. There was less variation in catch community composition among the fishing grounds than the closures, suggesting that fishing has homogenised catch composition. The trap survey found that some parrotfish [ Leptoscarus vaigiensis (Quoy &Gaimard), Calotomus carolinus (Valenciennes) and Scarus ghobban Forsskål] were relatively more common and that some important predators of macro-invertebrates [ Balistapus undulatus (Mungo Park) and Cheilinus chlorourus (Bloch)] were less common in the fishing grounds than closures. Unexpectedly, and in contrast to visual census results, cumulative number of species in catch surveys was higher in open access than closures sites. This may result from fishers covering more area and habitat or a reduction in the catch of competitively subordinate and rare species by aggressive, early-caught fish that can dominate bait. Comparisons of ecological visual census surveys and fisheries-dependent methods indicated that small differences in catch composition can reflect larger ecological differences and that baiting methods can underestimate biodiversity. Ecological impacts of fishing and large-scale changes in marine ecosystems must be considerable given the many fisheries-dependent assessments report modest changes.     

温度与盐度对老年低额蚤和蚤状蚤生长及生殖的影响_

温度与盐度对老年低额蚤和蚤状蚤生长及生殖的影响王丹丽，李明云，杨天勇，胡章（宁波大学，３１５０１０）关键词老年低额　，蚤状　，温度，盐度，生长，生殖ＥＦＦＥＣＴＳＯＦＴＥＭＰＥＲＡＴＵＲＥＡＮＤＳＡＬＩＮＩＴＹＯＮＧＲＯＷＴＨＡＮＤＲＥＰＲＯＤＵＣＴ...