鲟亲鱼培育池塘中浮游生物的组成与变化特点的研究

研究了2009年5-9月鲟亲鱼养殖池塘中浮游生物的种类组成,细胞数量、优势种组成和随季节的变化。结果显示：鲟亲鱼的活动导致养殖池塘沉积物再悬浮,水体透明度较低。浮游植物的种类组成以绿藻门（Chlorophyta）的月牙藻（Selenastrum spp．）和小球藻（Chlorella spp．）等小型个体为主,浮游植物密度1．0883×lO^7ind．／L—1．5662×lO^7ind．／L,生物量14．6438～19．2535mg/L。浮游动物以轮虫（Rotifera）和桡足类（Copepoda）为优势种群,浮游动物密度162．0000ind／L～560．0000ind／L,生物量0．3795～1．5482mg／L。研究显示,鲟亲鱼的活动是决定池塘浮游生物的群落结构变化的重要过程之一。     

渔业纵览

正黑龙江所承担的农转资金项目通过验收日前,黑龙江省科技厅组织专家对黑龙江水产研究所承担的"高寒地区止水池塘鲟鳇鱼规模化繁育与养殖技术中试示范"项目进行验收。本项目通过"健康投喂+生物治理+物理调节"的环境友好养殖模式,提高了鲟鳇鱼亲鱼的培育效率。在最适的温度、剂量、注射方法和效应时间应用鲟亲鱼药物催产,实现反季节鱼苗生产;通过对不同规格的苗种进行池塘养殖和越冬试验,优选出了鲟鱼     

鲟鱼养殖技术

一、鲟鱼养殖技术概述从技术角度讲,开发鲟鱼,进行大规模的人工养殖软皈鱼、甲鱼等容易得多。如可用廉价饲料,饲料转化率高,养殖成本低,而且鲟鱼养殖的附加值很大。写鱼适应性强,抗病力强,是一个优良饲养种类。十队工繁殖据报道,目前世界各国已进行人工繁殖研究的种类主要有小体鲟、闪光鲟、高首势、中吻势、俄罗斯鳄、中华势、欧洲鲟、史氏鲟、达氏鳇及十多个杂交种。选择优良的亲鱼是人工繁殖的关键。不论在天然水域捕捞,还是人工培育,都要求亲鱼的性腺发育达到第w期。如亲鱼未完全成熟,可用网箱或池塘暂养,或结合注射催产剂…     

我国鲟鱼类养殖现状及发展前景

我国鲟鱼类天然资源数量稀少，难以满足市场巨大需求，近年来鲟鱼养殖在我国各地快速发展。本文总结了我国鲟鱼养殖的主要种类史氏鲟、俄罗斯鲟、西伯利亚鲟、匙吻鲟等生物学特性．鲟鱼养殖的主要方式网箱养殖、池塘养殖和工厂化养殖．并且阐述了目前我国鲟鱼养殖的规模和发展前景．预计鲟鱼可能是我国海水网箱养殖的优良新品种。     

三种养殖鲟鱼卵营养成分的比较分析

对养殖施氏鲟（ Acipenser schrenckii）、西伯利亚鲟（ A.baerii）和小体鲟（ A.ruthenus）卵中常规营养成分、氨基酸（AA）和脂肪酸（FA）的组成和含量进行了测定。结果表明,三种鲟鱼中,西伯利亚鲟卵内粗蛋白（22.6％）和粗脂肪（17.9％）含量最高,且与施氏鲟的粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量都显著高于小体鲟（ P＜0.05）;三种鲟鱼卵内均含有18种氨基酸,其中必需氨基酸总量（ TEAA）占总氨基酸（ TAA）均高于49％,且施氏鲟卵内TEAA占TAA的50.06％,显著高于西伯利亚鲟和小体鲟（ P＜0.05）。三种鲟鱼卵内含量最多的必需氨基酸（ EAA ）均为亮氨酸,种类间的色氨酸含量差异显著（P＜0.05）,其他EAA含量无显著差异（P＞0.05）;各种非必需氨基酸（NAA）含量种类间差异不显著（P＞0.05）,以谷氨酸含量最高。三种鲟鱼卵内,含量最高的饱和脂肪酸（SFA）均为C16∶0,种间无显著性差异（P＞0.05）;单不饱和脂肪酸（MUFA）中均以C18∶1n-9含量最高,且施氏鲟卵内含量显著高于西伯利亚鲟和小体鲟（ P＜0.05）;多不饱和脂肪酸（ PUFA）中均以C22∶6 n-3含量最高,其中西伯利亚鲟卵内含量显著高于施氏鲟和小体鲟（ P＜0.05）;西伯利亚鲟卵内n-3/n-6值最高,小体鲟卵内最低,且三种鲟鱼间n-3/n-6值均有显著差异（ P＜0.05）。西伯利亚鲟鱼卵内, DHA、 EPA、 PUFA、 n-3 PUFA总含量及n-3/n-6值均显著高于另外两种鲟鱼卵（ P＜0.05）。因此,在配置鲟亲鱼配合饲料时,要重视各种脂肪酸之间的添加比例。     

三角帆蚌养殖池塘浮游植物群落时空动态及其多样性指数

通过对某一套养有青鱼、鲢和草鱼的2.4 hm2三角帆蚌（ Hyriopsis cumingii）养殖池塘2011-2012年的水质和浮游植物调查,分析了浮游植物群落的时空动态,同时运用细胞密度及群落多样性指数等进行了水质综合评价。调查结果显示,浮游植物群落组成中绿藻44.07％,其次是硅藻（16.95％）;浮游植物群落结构、密度及生物多样性指数都具有明显的季节和月份变化特征。绿藻种类数在秋季最多,硅藻种类数在冬季和春季最多,而蓝藻种类数在夏秋季最多,隐藻种类数在秋季最多;浮游植物细胞密度秋季＞春季＞夏季＞冬季。4月份密度最大,达21.12×106 cells/L,其次是11月份,达到13.68×106 cells/L;整个冬季和春季的3月份浮游植物密度偏低;11次采样获得的 Shannon -Wiener 指数（ H′）与 Simpson 指数（ D ）、 Pielou 指数（ J ）的相关性系数分别达0.934、0.858,说明都具有显著相关性。综合浮游植物细胞密度、多样性指数及污染程度指示种类分析结果,说明该养殖水体处于中污状态。本研究对于利用浮游植物监测三角帆蚌养殖池塘水质综合状况及进行生态评价提供了依据。     

国外鲟类养殖技术研究概述

国外从事商品鲟养殖是开始于本世纪六十年代。１９７０年前苏联商品鲟养殖产量计３００ｔ，近年俄罗斯的养殖产量在８００ｔ左右。现世界从事商品鲟养殖的国家已有１５个，先前开始的有俄罗斯、保加利亚、匈牙利和德国，继后有日本、美国、法国和意大利等国家。在国外最具养殖意义的鲟鱼类为４种，即欧洲产的俄罗斯鲟和杂交种小鲟鳇，以及北美产的高首鲟和匙吻鲟。本文就国外４种主要鲟类养殖技术的研究状况概述如下，供参考。１　俄罗斯鲟养殖技术的研究１－１　俄罗斯鲟的人工繁殖技术（１）亲鱼暂养　选择在适宜的河岸边建造可供暂养和催…     

YY、ZY超雄罗非鱼生产研究的新进展

1 引言 罗非鱼（Oreochromis spp.）是温水性养殖的理想种类。罗非鱼生长快,对营养和水质的适应范围广,具有相对强的免疫力和良好的肉质。但因其性早熟且难以控制,从而造成在池塘环境大面积养殖时,劣质的幼鱼新成员妨碍大鱼原始家系的生长。鉴于雄性个体明显     

生态浮床对池塘浮游植物群落结构的影响

为研究生态浮床对养殖水体中浮游植物群落的影响,选择鲤鱼精养池塘为试验区域,设置不同浮床覆盖率的试验池塘(10%、20%、30%)和对照池塘,2018年6-9月,定期采集试验池塘和对照池塘水样进行浮游植物检测。结果表明,试验池塘与对照池塘浮游植物的种群结构差异明显,试验池塘浮游植物以绿藻门和硅藻门种类为主,而对照池塘以绿藻门和蓝藻门种类为主;取样期间浮游植物丰度呈现先增加后减少的变动趋势,且明显低于对照池塘;同时,20%浮床覆盖率的试验池塘Shannon-Wiener多样性指数明显高于对照池塘和其它两组试验池塘。以上结果表明:生态浮床能够抑制浮游植物的增长,改变浮游植物的群落结构和生物多样性,预防水体富营养化。     

高温季节鳜及饵料鱼池塘浮游生物调查研究

于高温多雨季节对广东省清远市鳜养殖基地的6个鳜（Siniperca chuatsi）及饵料鱼养殖池塘发病前后的浮游生物组成进行了调查分析。结果表明,易发病池塘,水中浮游生物总生物量比其他池塘略低。浮游植物优势种均为微囊藻（Microcystis sp.）,颤藻（Oscillatoria sp）等蓝藻。此外,池塘出现出血病症状时,浮游生物的马格利夫（Margalef）丰度指数和香农（Shannon-weaver）多样性指数均处于较低水平,这两项指数可作为池塘发病的预警参考指标。在实际生产中,平时应注意调节水质,以稳定水中浮游生物的数量和组成,在天气不佳时更应多加巡塘,以便及早发现病情。     

Correlations between circulating insulin-like growth factor-I and thyroxine and cortisol hormone levels,and some biometrical traits in female brood stocks during the late stages of sex maturation and in juvenile Persian sturgeon (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Acipenser persicus</Emphasis>)

Relationships between insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and thyroxine (T4) and cortisol hormones were studied in female brood stocks of Persian sturgeon [Acipenser persicus; caught from both sea water (SW) and fresh water (FW)] during late stages of sex maturation. A number of biometrical traits were also studied that could represent the reproductive and/or growth states of brood stocks, and the possible relationship between IGF-I and growth was assessed in juvenile Persian sturgeons between 1 and 4 years of age. IGF-I, T4 and cortisol were measured in serum samples using commercially available kits. A four-parameter logistic model test was performed between the standard curves and the sample dilutions for each hormone. Parallelism, linearity and regression coefficients for the linearized standard curves and serial dilutions of samples were not significantly different (P < 0.05). Serum IGF-I levels in the juveniles were higher than those in the SW brood stocks, and cortisol levels in the former were lower than those in both brood stocks (P < 0.05). T4 levels in serum samples of juveniles were below the detectable level. IGF-I concentrations in juveniles were correlated with total weight, total length and fork length, but they did not increase significantly with increasing age from 1 to 4 years old (P < 0.05). Compared with SW brood stock, the FW brood stock was younger, had a smaller girth, smaller polarization index and higher ova diameter (P < 0.05). There were no differences between IGF-I and T4 levels in the two brood stocks, but cortisol levels were significantly higher in the FW brood stock. Percentage of fertilization was correlated with serum IGF-I in both brood stocks (P < 0.05). Our results support a role for IGF-I during the juvenile growth and reproductive physiology in female brood stocks of the Persian sturgeon.     

中华鲟子一代亲鱼长途运输试验

根据中华鲟子一代亲鱼个体大、体表有硬骨板等生理生态学特征,设计构建大型车载水箱运输系统（4．2×2．0×1．0）m,为防止运输途中鱼体与箱体产生碰撞,在水箱内壁加装泡沫板。运输试验在高氧、适温条件下开展（水温控制在8．9．9．8℃,溶氧含量为10．0．20．1mg／L）,以氨氮含量指标作为水体可溶性有毒物质的评价标准,对其进行实时监测。结果表明：试验开始6h时水体中氨氮含量已增至O．8mg／L,此时箱内运输水体更换1,2,再注入等量的优质控温水,换水后运输水体的氨氮降到0．2mg／L以下。经过16h长途运输,亲鱼成活率100％,转入暂养池后,亲鱼能够迅速恢复正常活力。研究结果证实运用该种水箱运输系统进行中华鲟等大型鱼类的长途运输是切实可行的。     

Relationship between biological characteristics of eggs and female brood stocks of Persian sturgeon <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acipenser</Emphasis><Emphasis Type="Italic">persicus</Emphasis>: a comparison with other fish species

We have determined a number of biological characteristics of the Persian sturgeon egg (including diameter, surface-to-volume ratio, yolk sphere and perivitelline space) and of female brood stocks (including age, length, weight, condition and absolute fecundity) in 420 specimens of the migratory population of Acipenser persicus in Gorgan bay of Iran from 2001 to 2004. In the hydrated egg, the average egg diameter, yolk diameter, surface-to-volume ratio and yolk sphere-to-perivitelline space ratio values were: 3.64 ± 0.17 mm, 3.26 ± 0.25 mm, 1.65 ± 0.08 and 0.75 ± 0.01, respectively. In this chondrostean species, the egg surface and volume were found to increase with increasing egg diameter, but the egg surface-to-volume ratio decreased. In Persian sturgeon, the surface-to-volume ratio and yolk sphere-to-perivitelline space ratio is very high; therefore, the metabolic rate is low and female spawning occurs in low-temperature waters. The statistical Pearson correlation between egg diameter relative to a number of brood stock characteristics, including fork length (r = 0.059), weight (r = 0.140), age (r = 0.081) and absolute fecundity (r = 0.095), were not significantly different (P > 0.05). An extensive comparison of these results with data published on other fish species is presented and discussed.     

施氏鲟、西伯利亚鲟、达氏鳇及其杂交种种质鉴定方法的建立及其应用

以施氏鲟（Huso dauricus）为研究材料,分别从线粒体基因组及核基因组两个层面进行物种分子鉴定方法研究。在线粒体基因组层面,对3种鲟及未知鲟种类共计119个样品的D-Loop区进行测序,通过同源序列比对,构建NJ进化树、计算群体间遗传距离,以鉴定其中30尾未知种类。在核基因组层面,利用15对微卫星标记扩增3种鲟DNA,筛选出特异性标记Ls19和SX226。Ls19在施氏鲟中扩增出特异条带126 bp、130 bp,在西伯利亚鲟中扩增出特异条带139 bp、143 bp,在达氏鳇中扩增出特异条带124 bp、127 bp;SX226在施氏鲟中扩增出特异条带185 bp,在西伯利亚鲟中扩增出特异条带260 bp、273 bp、283 bp,在达氏鳇中扩增出特异条带180 bp、182 bp。通过特异条带对未知鲟进行鉴定,结果显示：30尾未知鲟种类中,有西伯利亚鲟17尾,施氏鲟1尾,达氏鳇1尾,达氏鳇×施氏鲟2尾,施氏鲟×达氏鳇1尾,施氏鲟×西伯利亚鲟8尾。结果表明,特异性微卫星引物Ls19和SX226可以应用于施氏鲟、西伯利亚鲟、达氏鳇的纯种及杂交种分子水平种质鉴定。     

四种引进鲟幼鱼的培育及生长特性

为了丰富鲟鱼养殖种类,特引进了闪光鲟（Acipenser stellatus）、欧鳇（Huso huso）、西伯利亚鲟（Acipenserbaerii）和杂交鲟（西伯利亚鲟♂×俄罗斯鲟A.gueldenstaeti♀）受精卵,在直径2m的玻璃钢池中进行驯养和流水养殖,水温16-22℃,溶氧5-7mg·L-1。定期测定了上述4种鲟鱼的体长和体质量,应用计算机软件Excel和SPSS对测量的数据进行处理分析。结果表明：孵出的闪光鲟、欧鳇、西伯利亚鲟和杂交鲟鱼苗平均体质量分别为0.01349g、0.02818g、0.02016g,及0.02416g,经过60d驯化养殖,平均体质量分别达到3.80g、11.22g、7.85g,及4.19g;平均体长分别达10.61cm、13.37cm、12.98cm,及9.78cm。全长与日龄之间均呈线性关系,且R2〉0.9,全长日均增长量的大小顺序为：欧鳇〉西伯利亚鲟〉闪光鲟〉杂交鲟;体质量均与日龄呈指数函数关系,且R2〉0.9,体质量日均增长量大小顺序为：欧鳇〉西伯利亚鲟〉杂交鲟〉闪光鲟;体质量与全长的回归曲线中b〈3,均呈异速生长;肥满度分别变动在0.67～0.30、0.86～0.47、0.58～0.35,及0.71～0.44之间,均呈逐渐降低的趋势,且各个时期欧鳇肥满度最高;驯化期结束后30～40日龄生长离散最明显。     

Comparative behaviour and dietary effects in early life phases of American sturgeons

Experiments were conducted with the larvae and early juveniles of three species of sturgeon to determine effects of diet and development on swimming and foraging behaviour as well as depth distribution in 100-L aquaria. About 500 hatchlings were placed in each tank with two or three replicates of three or six diet treatments, including live and dry feeds. Eight types of swimming or foraging activity were recorded with a lap-top event recorder and with fish counts in three depths of water. Analysis of variance showed live diets resulted in greater foraging activity in upper water horizons than most dry diets for Atlantic sturgeon, Acipenser oxyrhynchus Mitchill. Scouring, a foraging activity, differed among diet types in early juvenile lake sturgeon, A . fulvescens Rafinesque. Developmental effects included early peaks in the performance of swim-up for all species and swim near surface for two of three species. Postlarvae (post-yolk-sac larvae) of shovelnose, Scaphirhynchus platorhynchus (Rafinesque), and Atlantic sturgeon swam inverted, an apparent foraging tactic associated with elevated or air-water surfaces. Postlarvae maintained (lake sturgeon) or shifted to (other species) bottom swimming with increased scouring activity. Shovelnose early postlarvae occupied higher average water-column heights than lake or Atlantic sturgeon. Shovelnose (only species tested) postlarvae showed greater activity in upper water horizons at night. These results suggest a fundamental shift to benthic foraging during the postlarval phase, with shovelnose sturgeon continuing to forage in suprabenthic zones to a greater degree than the other two species.     

我国鲟鱼养殖设施的现状与发展对策

我国鲟鱼养殖始于20世纪90年代,其人工养殖的历史较短,并且设施化养殖基础薄弱,养殖模式研究尚处于起步阶段。鲟鱼的养殖方式仍以粗放型养殖模式为主,易受地域、天气等因素的影响,限制了该产业的可持续发展。文中简述了我国鲟鱼设施化养殖的种类,对比了鲟鱼流水养殖、网箱养殖和工厂化循环水养殖的优缺点,详细分析了鲟鱼设施化养殖的工艺流程及养殖过程中使用的设施设备,阐述了设施化养殖的技术要点,指出了目前鲟鱼设施化养殖过程中存在问题,总结了鲟鱼设施化养殖的对策,明确了今后鲟鱼产业的发展方向。     

人工养殖鲟鱼鱼体质量百分组成

以俄罗斯鲟、史氏鲟、西伯利亚鲟、达氏鳇4个品种的19尾活体鱼为试验材料,按照鱼体质量>10 kg和<5 kg分组进行解剖,得出了13个解剖部位的质量分布情况。试验结果表明,鲟鱼的出肉率约50%,且史氏鲟最高,其他依次为西伯利亚鲟、俄罗斯鲟、达氏鳇。